Copyright 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
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CHAPTER
2
Safety
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Copyright 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
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Examples of Zoonoses
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Rabies
Ascarids and Hookworms
Toxoplasmosis
Ringworm
Parrot Fever
Cat-scratch fever
Salmonella
Strep Throat
Copyright 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
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Zoonoses Project
• Choose a type of Zoonosis to research.
• Make a flyer warning other students about the
dangers of the disease.
• What to include:
– Name and scientific name (if applicable)
– Description of what the disease is
– What animals primarily carry the disease
– How is the disease transmitted (given to humans)
– What are the symptoms
– How can it be prevented
– Pictures!!!
Copyright 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
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NOTES TO TAKE
• Make sure you have the following
information included in your zoonotic
disease chart!
• Add any information that you do not have
to your chart!
• Take additional notes on a blank sheet of
paper.
Copyright 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
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Risks with Small Animals
• Zoonoses: Diseases transmitted from animals to
humans
– Children and Elderly – at a greater risk because
they have a lower resistance to disease.
– Children play with animals and in areas
contaminated by animals (sand boxes,etc)
Copyright 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
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Risk of Rabies
• Rabies is a viral disease that causes
inflammation of the brain in warm-blooded
animals.
• It has a long history
– Dog bites in Ancient Greece
– Bubonic plague via rats in the 1400s
• More detail later
Copyright 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
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Risk of Ascarids and Hookworms
• Parasite
• Common roundworms for dogs & cats
• Transmission
– Contact with feces-contaminated surfaces
– The larvae stage can affect humans
• Symptoms
– Fever, cough, headache, poor appetite
• Prevention
– Cover play areas and sand boxes
– Wash hands after animal or feces handling
Copyright 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
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Risk of Toxoplasmosis
• Caused by Toxoplasma gondii (parasite)
• Transmission
– Mouth contact after handling raw meat or materials
contaminated by cat feces
• Symptoms
– fever, headache, swollen lymph glands, cough, sore
throat
– Pregnant women: Toxoplasmosis can cause
miscarriage, premature births and blindness in unborn
children
Copyright 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
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Risk of Toxoplasmosis
• Prevention
– Clean litter box daily (unless pregnant)
– Use litter box properly (clean daily, wash hands)
Copyright 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
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Risk of Ringworm
• Skin disease caused by fungus - NOT actually a
worm
• Transmission
– Direct or indirect contact with infected person or
animal
• Symptoms
– Round, scaly, or encrusted skin lesions
• Prevention
– Avoid contact with infected subjects
– Change clothing and wash right after contact
Copyright 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
11
Risk of Psittacosis
• Caused by Chlamydophilia psittaci (bacterium)
in birds
• Transmission
– Contact with feces or fecal dust of contaminated birds
• Symptoms
– Coughing, chest pains, fever, chills, weakness,
vomiting, muscular pain
• Prevention
– Purchase birds from reliable sources
– Wear protective clothing while cleaning birds’ cages
Copyright 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
12
Risk of Cat-Scratch Fever
• Caused by Bartonella henselae
(bacterium)
• Transmission
– Scratch or bite from infected cat
• Symptoms
– Swollen, slow-healing wound site; swollen,
tender lymph nodes
• Prevention
– Handle cats properly
Copyright 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
13
Risk of Salmonellosis
• Caused by Salmonella (bacterium)
• Can be carried by all types of animals – but turtles &
reptiles are a common source
• Transmission
– Contact with infected animal, improper handling
or consumption of raw meat or dairy
• Symptoms
– Vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain
• Prevention
– Practice proper sanitation and husbandry
Copyright 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
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Risk of Streptococcal Infection
• Strep Throat! 10 million cases a year…
• Caused by Streptococcus (bacterium)
• Transmission
– Contact with infected animals (e.g., dogs)
– Children are most susceptible
• Symptoms
– Sore throat, mild skin infection, tiny blisters
• Prevention
– Wash hands properly
– Take other sanitary measures
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Risk of Ticks
• Cause human and animal illness
– Rocky Mountain spotted fever
– Lyme disease
• Brought inside by outdoor dogs and cats
– Pets owners/shelter workers at greatest risk
• Prevention
– Hygiene, long clothing, pet grooming, insect
repellent
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Injuries from Small Animals
• Major health problem in America
– ~4.7 million dog bites annually (most minor)
– ~386,000 bites need emergency treatment
• Primary victims: Children aged 5 to 9
• Infection potential varies
– Low risk for tetanus
– Rabies most important consideration
Copyright 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
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Procedure for Pet Bites
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Wear gloves during pet handling.
Isolate the pet from other animals and
people.
Call a veterinarian.
— Obtain a booster shot, if needed.
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Report the bite to local animal control
authorities.
Copyright 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
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Overview of Rabies
• Especially prevalent along Atlantic Coast
• Bats and feral carnivores are the most
common sources (carriers)
• Is decreasing in domestic animals, but
increasing in wild animals
• Appears most common in the summer
• Human deaths average 1 to 2 annually
Copyright 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
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Criteria for Rabies Treatment
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Species of biting animal
Rabies frequency in the community
Bite circumstances (animal provoked?)
Behavior of biting animal
Potential for animal quarantine
and observation
• Ability to send wild animal’s brain for
lab exam
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Prevention of Human Rabies
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Avoid feeding, touching, or adopting wild or
stray animals.
Contact local animal control authorities when
animals behave oddly.
Stay up to date on pet vaccinations.
Keep pets indoors at night and attended
outside.
Leave no food outside or accessible.
Secure attics, basements, porches, and
garages.
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Physical Restraint of Animals
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Avoid prolonged restraint
Wrap or bag cats and use carriers
Use a catch pole carefully, as last resort
Restrain dogs using forearms on head
Apply muzzles for bite prevention
Use Elizabethan collar during healing
Grasp rabbits by scruff of neck and rump
Take special care with rats and mice
Copyright 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
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General Safety Guidelines
• Wash hands often, especially when working with
different species and in different areas.
• Keep hands from the mouth, eyes, and face when
working with chemicals and animals.
• Neither consume nor store food or drinks where
contamination could occur.
• Provide instruction in proper small animal handling.
• Keep first-aid kits in work or instructional areas.
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General Safety Guidelines (cont’d)
• Remove lab/work clothing when leaving possible
contamination area.
• Never wash lab/work clothing with regular clothing.
• Ensure all chemical containers are correctly labeled.
• Properly dispose of all chemicals and their
containers.
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General Safety Guidelines (Cont’d)
• Provide instruction in proper small animal
handling.
• Keep first-aid kits in work or instructional
areas.
• Communicate locations of first aid kits.
Copyright 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
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