Definition:
the unwanted, unpleasant or disagreeable sound
that causes discomfort for all living beings.
Unit:
decibel is one tenth of the longest bell.
Noise level:
35-60db normal,.>80db more,140db painful.
TYPES OF NOISE
• INDUSTRIAL NOISE
• TRANSPORT NOISE
• NEIGHBOURHOOD NOISE
INDUSTRIAL NOISE
• high noise pollution is caused by many machines
• the source of noise pollution are from machines of
factories, industries and mills
• industrial noise from mechanical saws and drill is
unbearable is a nuisance to public
• institute of Oto-rino Laryngology, Chennai that
enormously increasing the industrial pollution
damaged the hearing of about 20% workers
TRANPORT NOISE
• it includes road, rail traffic noise, aircraft noise
• vehicles like motors, cars, buses, trucks, diesel
engine vehicle have increased
• this form of pollution gaining importance in
large towns and cities
• in metro Politian cities like Delhi, Bombay,
Calcutta is as high as 90 db
NEGHBOURHOOD NOISE
• it includes disturbance from houses and
community
• common noise makers musical instruments, TV,
VCR, Radio, telephone, loud speaker
EFFECTS
• it affects human health comfort and efficiency.
• it causes high blood pressure, mental distress, heart
attacks, birth defects
• it changes the hormone content of the blood which
in turn increases rate of heart beat contraction of
blood vessels
• it may cause damage to heart, brain, kidneys, liver.
• hearing when exposed to very loud and sudden
noise
EFFECTS
• excessive noise also causes psychological and
pathological disorders
• ultrasonic sound affect the digestive, respiratory
system
• brain is also affected by loud noise of get and
aero plan
• blood is thickened
CONTROLS MEASURES OF NOISE
POLLUTION
• source control : such as acoustic treatment to
machine surface, design changes, limiting the
operational timings
• construction of noise barrier or provision of
sound absorbing materials along the path
• planting trees around the houses
• different types absorptive materials
PREVENTIVE MEASURES
• it can be reduced by noise limits for vehicles
• ban on honking of horns in certain areas
• creation of silent zones near schools and
hospitals
AMBIENT NOISE LEVEL dB
ZONE
DAY
TIME
NIGHT TIME
SILENT ZONE
50
40
RESIDENTIAL ZONE
55
45
COMMERCIAL ZONE
65
55
INDUSTRIAL ZONE
70
70
THERMAL POLLUTION
Addition of undesirable heat to water
that makes it harmful to life.
SOURCES (CAUSES)
•
•
•
•
•
Nuclear power plants
coal-fired power plants
Industrial effluents
Domestic sewage
Hydro-electric power
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
• Drainage from research institutes, nuclear
experiments and explosion-heat and traces of
toxic radio nuclides
• Emissions from nuclear reactors
• Heated effluents are discharged at 100C
COAL-FIRED POWER PLANTS
• condenser coils are cooled with water from
nearby lake or river and discharging hot water
to about 150C
• Decrease dissolved oxygen
INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS
• Industries like coal powered and nuclear
powered plants require huge amounts of
cooling water.
• Textile, paper and pulp sugar
• 100MW-8 TO 100C
DOMESTIC SEWAGE
• Domestic sewage is discharged into rivers,
lakes canals or streams
• Decrease dissolved oxygen
• release foul and offensive gases
HYDROELECTRIC POWER
• Generation of power results in negative
thermal loading in water systems
• About 18% more heat is given to cooling
waters in nuclear power plants
THERMAL POLLUTION INTO STREAMS
BY HUMAN
•
•
•
•
Industries
Removal of stream side vegetation
Soil erosion caused by construction
Poor farming practices
EFFECTS OF THERMAL POLLUTION
• Reduction in dissolved oxygen
• Increase in toxicity: rise in temp increase toxicity of
the poison present in water
• Interference with biological activities
• Interference with reproduction :nest building,
hatching, migration and reproduction
• Direct mortality
• Food storage for fish
CONTROL MEASURES
• Cooling towers: types
• Wet cooling tower: hot water from condenser is allowed
to spray over baffles
• Dry cooling tower
• Cooling ponds
• Spray ponds
• Artificial lakes
WET COOLING
COOLING PONDS
SPRAY PONDS
SPRAY PONDS
ARTIFICIAL LAKE
ARTIFICIAL LAKE
ARTIFICIAL LAKE
NUCLEAR HAZARDS
• The radiation comes from UV, visible, cosmic rays,
microwave radiation.
• The hazards comes from X-rays account for 95% of
out radiation exposure other than cosmic rays.
• In US about 53 power plants were cancelled between
1980 and 1984 due to enormous radiation danger.
SOURCES OF NUCLEAR HAZARDS
• Natural sources-space which emit cosmic rays.
• Soil, rocks, air, water, food, radioactive radon222 also contain one or more radioactive.
• Man-made sources-nuclear power plants, Xrays, nuclear accidents, nuclear bombs,
diagnostic kits.
EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR HAZARDS
• Exposure of the brain and CNS to high doses of
radiation causes delirium, convulsions, death within
hours or days.
• It forms cataracts and impairs eye sight.
• Acute radiation sickness is marked by vomiting,
bleeding of the gums, mouth cancer.
• Internal bleeding and blood vessel damage show red
spots on the skin.
• Unborn children are vulnerable to brain damage or
mental retardation affects CNS at early pregnancy.
CONTROL MEASURES FROM NUCLEAR
HAZARDS
• Nuclear devices should never be exploded in air.
• In nuclear reactors, closed cycle coolant system with
gaseous coolants may be used.
• Containments may be employed to decrease the
radioactive emissions.
• Production of radioisotopes should be minimized.
• Minimum number of nuclear installations should be
commissioned.
CONTD CONTROL MEASURES
• In nuclear and chemical industries, the use of
radioisotopes carried under jet of soil or water
instead powder or gaseous forms.
• In nuclear mines wet drilling are employed.
• Nuclear medicines and radiation therapy
should be applied in minimum doses.
• Use of high chimneys, ventilations at the
working place where radiation is high.
MEDIUM LEVEL WASTES
• Examples- filters, reactor components.
• MLW are solidified and mixed with concrete in
steel drums before being burried in deep
mines or below the sea bed.
LOW LEVEL WASTES
• Examples-solids or liquids contaminated with
traces of radioactivity.
• They are disposed off in steel drums in
concrete lined trenches.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
• Rapid population growth and urbanization led
to enormous quantities of solid wastes.
• An estimated 7.6 million tones of municipal
waste is produced per day in developing
countries.
• Management of solid waste is become very
important in order to minimize the adverse
effects of solid wastes.
TYPES AND SOURCES OF SOLID
WASTES
• Urban or municipal wastes.
• Industrial wastes.
• Hazardous wastes.
SOURCES OF URBAN WASTES
• Domestic wastes-food waste,cloth,waste
paper,glass bottles,polythene bags.
• Commercial wastes-waste paper,packing
material,cans,bottle,polythene bags.
• Construction wastes-wood,concrete,debris.
• Biomedical wastes-anatomical
wastes,infectious wastes.
TYPE & CHARACTERISTICS OF URBAN
WASTES
• Biodegradable wastes- food, vegetables, tea
leaves, egg shells, dry leaves.
• Non biodegradable wastes-polythene bags,
scrap metals, glass bottles.
SOURCE OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES
• NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS-it generates radioactive
wastes.
• THERMAL POWER PLANTS-fly ash.
• CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES-hazardous,toxic chemicals.
• OTHER INDUSTRIES-packing
materials,rubbish,organic
wastes,acids,alkalies,rubber,plastic,paper,glass,wood,
oils,dyes.
HAZARDOUS WASTES
• Sources-chemical manufacturing
company,petroleum refineries,paper
mills,smelters,radioactive
substances.biological wastes.
TYPES& CHARACTERISTICS OF
HAZARDOUS WASTES
• Toxic wastes-poisonous even in traces.
• Acute toxicity-immediate effect on humans or
animals causing death.
• Chronic toxicity-they have long term effect
difficult to determine.
REACTIVE WASTES
• It react with air water heat & generate toxic gases.
gun powder, nitro glycerine
• Corrosive wastes-destroy materials, living tissues.
Acids, bases
• Radioactive wastes-persists in the atmosphere for
thousands of years.
• Infectious wastes-used bandages, human tissue from
surgery, hypodermic needles.
• Heavy metals-lead mercury, arsenic are toxic
substances.
EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTES
• Due to improper disposal of municipal solid wastes
biodegradable materials undergo decomposition
produces foul smell and breeds various types of
insects.
• Industrial solid wastes,metals affect the
characteristics of soils.
• Toxic substance may percolate into the ground water
and contaminate.
• Burning of cans, pesticides, plastics,batteries
produce furans, dioxins,polychlorinated biphenyls
are harmful to human beings.
PROCESS OF SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
• It includes the waste generation,mode of
collection,transportation,segregation of
wastes and disposal techniques.
• Steps involved in solid waste managementReduce,Reuse and Recycle(3R)
• Discarding wastes.
1.REDUCE,REUSE AND RE CYCLE
• Reduce the usage of raw materials.
• Reuse of waste materials-the refillable
containers which are discarded can be reused.
• rubber rings can be made from discarded
cycle tubes reduces waste generationdurung
manufacture.
RECYCLING OF MATERIALS
• Recycling is the reprocessing of the discarded
materials into new useful products.
• Examples-old aluminium cans,glass bottles.
• It saves money energy,raw materials.
DISCARDING WASTES
• For discarding solid wastes the following
methods can be adopted.
• Landfill
• Incineration
• Composting.
LANDFILL
• Solid wastes are placed in sanitary land fill
system in alternate layers.
• Landfill structure is built either into the
ground oron the ground into which the waste
is dumped.
• It involves spreading the solid waste on the
ground,compacting it,covering it with soil.
ADVANTAGES
• It is simple and economical.
• Segregation not required.
• Landfilled areas can be used for other
purposes.
• Natural sources are returned to soil and
recycled.
DISADVANTAGES
• A large area is required.
• Transportation cost is heavy.
• Bad odours if land fills are not properly
managed.
• It will be the sources of mosquitoes,flies.
INCENERATION
• In this method the municipal wastes areburnt
in afurnace called incenerator.
• The combustible materials such as
rubbish,garbage and the non combustible
materials such as glass,porcelain are
seperated before fedding to incinerators.
ADVANTAGES
•
•
•
•
It requires very little space.
Cost of transportation is not high.
Safest from hygienic point of view.
An incinerator plant of 300 tonnes per day
generate 3MW of electricity.
DISADVANTAGES
• Its capital and operating cost is high.
• Needs skilled person
• Formation of smoke,dust may be caused.
COMPOSTING
• In this method bulk organic waste is converted
into a fertilising manure by biological action.
• WHO set up compost plant in new delhi in
1981 with a capacity to handle 90 to 100
tonnes of waste.
ADVANTAGES
• When the manure is added to soil it increases
water retention,ion exchange capacity of soil.
• A number of solid wastes can be treated.
• It can be sold.
• Re-cycling occurs.
DISADVANTAGES
• The non consumables have to be disposed
seperately.
• Use of compost has not yet caught up with
farmers.
SIGNIFICANCE FOR PREVENTION OF
HAZARDOUS WASTES
•
•
•
•
•
Reduce generation of hazardous wastes.
Dispose the waste as close as possible where they generated.
Manage the wastes in in environmentally effective way.
Prevent illegal international traffic in hazardous wastes.
Promoting & strengthening international coperation in the
management.
• Promoting the prevention & minimisation of using hazardous
wastes.
ROLE OF AN INDIVIDUAL IN PREVENTION
OF POLLUTION
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Plant more trees.
Help more in pollution prevention.
Use water,energy resources efficiently.
Purchase recyclable products.
Use CFCfree refrigerators.
Use natural gas than coal.
Reduce deforestation.
Use office in ventilated areas.
ROLE OF AN INDIVIDUAL
• Use of ecofriendly products
• Don’t use polystyrene cups destroy ozone
layer.
• Use rechargeable batteries.
• Reduce garbage by recycling.
• Slow population growth.
ROLE OF WOMEN
• In rural areas women plant trees, grass, grow
vegetables.
• In urban areas go shopping using cloth bags.
• Women refuse to use disposal products.
• Women buy non phospate detergents.
• They refuse to eat the meat.
• They value paper and thus protect trees.
Case Studies
• Bhopal Gas Tragedy -3 Dec1984
Gulf War – Jan 16 to Feb 26, 1991
Cherbonyl Nuclear Disaster- Apr 26 1986
Minimata disaster-1953
WATER POLLUTION
Definition: The alteration in physical,
biological and chemical characteristics of water
which may cause harmful effects on humans and
aquatic life.
TYPES, EFFECTS, SOURCES OF WATER
POLLUTION
• infectious agents
• examples-bacteria, virus, protozoa and
parasitic worms.
• human sources-human and animal wastes.
• effects-variety of diseases.
OXYGEN DEMANDING WASTES
• Examples-organic wastes such as animal
manure and plant debris that can be
decomposed by aerobic bacteria.
• dissolved oxygen.
• human sources-sewage, animal feedlots,
paper mills and food processing.
• effects-degrade water quality, aquatic life dies.
INORGANIC CHEMICALS
• EXAMPLES-WATER SOLUBLE INORGANIC CHEMICALS.
• ACIDS,COMPOUNDS OF TOXIC METALS, SALTS.
• HUMAN SOURCES-SURFACE RUN-OFF,INDUSTRIAL
EFFLUENTS AND HOUSEHOLD CLEANSERS.
• EFFECTS- MAKE FRESH WATER UN USEFUL.
• CAUSE SKIN CANCER, DAMAGE NERVOUS SYSTEM
LIVER, KIDNEYS.
• HARM FISH , AQUATIC LIFE.
ORGANIC CHEMICALS
• examples- oil, gasoline, plastics, pesticides,
detergents.
• human sources- industrial effluents,
household cleansers.
• effects- nervous system damage and skin
cancers.
• harm fish and wild life
PLANT NUTRIENTS
• examples-water soluble compounds containing
nitrate, phosphate, ammonium ions.
• human sources- sewage, manure, agricultural
fertilizers.
• effects-growth of algae, deplete do.
• drinking water with excessive levels of nitrates.
SEDIMENT
• examples-soil, silt.
• human sources-land erosion
• effects-reduce photosynthesis, carry
pesticides, destroy feeding of fish. clog and fill
lakes, artificial reservoirs harbours.
RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS
• examples-radioactive isotopes of iodine,
radon, uranium, cesium, thorium.
• human sources-nuclear power plants, mining
of uranium, nuclear weapons.
• effects-genetic mutations, birth defects,
cancer.
HEAT
• example-excessive heat
• human sources-water cooling of electric
power plants.
• effects-lowers Dissolved oxygen, thermal
shock.
POINT AND NON-POINT SOURCES
• POINT SOURCES:
• Discharge pollutants through pipes, ditches into the
bodies of surface water.
• examples-sewage treatment plants, oil tankers.
• NON-POINT SOURCES
• Location cannot be easily identified. examples-acid
deposition, chemicals into croplands, logged forest.
CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTE WATER
• DISSOLVED OXYGEN
• significance of Dissolved oxygen is to support
fish, aquatic life, means of control of river
pollution.
• minimum level of do 4mg/lit must be
maintained.
BOD
• It is the amount of oxygen required for the
biological decomposition of organic matter
present in the water
• SIGNIFICANCE
• indication of the amount of organic matter
present.
• the rate of oxidation depends on organic
matter present.
COD
• It is the amount of oxygen required for the
chemical oxidation of organic matter with
oxidizing agents like potassium permanganate
or dichromate
• SIGNIFICANCE
• determine the pollution strength of river
water.
• it is rapid process occurs within 3 hours.
CONTROL MEASURES
• WATER POLLUTION CONTROL SHOULD BE IN THE HANDS OF
STATE OR CENTRAL GOVT.
• SCIENTIFIC TECHNIQUES ARE NECESSARY.
• INDUSTRIAL PLANTS SHOULD BE ON RECYCLING OPERATIONS.
• PLANTS TREES FOREST CONTROL POLLUTION ACT AS AIR
CONDITIONERS.
• NATIONAL GOAL SHOULD BE CONSERVATION OF
FOREST,PLANT MORE TREES.
• DISCHARGE OF WASTE MATERIALS IS NOT ADVISABLE.
• PUBLIC AWARENESS.
• RESEARCH IN PUBLIC HEALTH SHOULD BE ENCOURAGED.
WASTE WATER TREATMENT
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
PRELIMINARY TREATMENT
PRIMARY TREATMENT
SECONDARY OR BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT.
A.TRICKLING FILTER PROCESS
B.ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS.
TERTIARY TREATMENT.
DISPOSAL OF SLUDGE.
PRELIMINARY TREATMENT
• coarse solids and suspended impurities are
removed by passing the waste water through
bar and mesh.
• greater proportion of the suspended inorganic
and organic solids are removed by settling.
• Al2(SO4)3 +6H2O->2Al(OH)3+3H2SO4
SECONDARY TREATMENT
• TRICKLING FILTER PROCESS.
• SEWAGE IS SPREAD OVER THE BED BY MEANS
OF ROTATING ARMS.
• THIS PROCESS REMOVES ABOUT 80-85% OF
BOD.
Referring to the process
mechanism involves adsorption of
any organic compounds in the
sewage or other wastewater by
the layer of microbial slime
followed by the diffusion of air into
the slime layer to furnish the
oxygen (O2) required for the
biochemical oxidation of the
organic compounds that results in
releasing gaseous carbon dioxide
(CO2), water (H2O) and other
oxidized by-products. The air may
be provided by natural draft or by
forced aeration using large fans or
blowers.
Trickle filter
The aerobic biochemical oxidation occurring in a trickle filter
may be expressed as:
Organic compounds + microbes + nutrient + O2 →
oxidized organics + CO2 gas + H2O
Figure : A schematic cross-section of the contact face of the
bed media in a trickle filter.
As the slime layer thickens, it becomes more difficult for air to
penetrate the layer and an inner anaerobic layer is formed.
For some plastic media , this inner layer will build up and
eventually slough off the smooth plastic into the treated
effluent water as a sludge that requires subsequent removal
and disposal. The sludge consists of dead microbes, nongaseous oxidized materials, inorganic minerals which are not
biodegradable and other substances.
Other than the primary carbon dioxide, water and sludge byproducts of the biochemical processes occurring in a trickle
filter, there may also be some by-product nitrogen (N2) and methane
(CH4) gases.
ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS
• In a sewage (or industrial
wastewater) treatment plant,
the activated sludge process
can be used for one or several
of the following purposes:
• oxidizing carbonaceous matter:
biological matter.
• oxidizing nitrogeneous matter:
mainly ammonium and
nitrogen in biological materials.
• removing phosphate.
• driving off entrained gases
carbon dioxide, ammonia,
nitrogen, etc.
• generating a biological floc that
is easy to settle.
• generating a liquor low in
dissolved or suspended
material.
• An important part of the municipal wastewater
treatment is the BOD-removal. The removal of BOD
is done by a biological process, such as the
suspended growth treatment process. This
biological process is an aerobic process and takes
place in the aeration tank, in where the wastewater
is aerated with oxygen. By creating good conditions,
bacteria will grow fast. The grow of bacteria creates
flocks and gases. These flocks will removed by a
secondary clarifier
TERTIARY TREATMENT
• After the secondary treatment the sewage effluent contains
25ppm of BOD removed by tertiary treatment process. In
this the effluent is allowed inside a tank where lime added
to remove phosphates. From there allowed to ammonia
stripping tower with pH 11 and ammonium ion is converted
in to gaseous ammonia. From there allowed in to activated
charcoal column where minute organic wastes are adsorbed
and finally the effluent was treated with chlorine which acts
as a disinfectant
DISPOSAL OF SLUDGE
•
•
•
•
DUMPING INTO LOW LYING AREAS.
BURNING OF SLUDGE.
DUMPING INTO THE SEA.
USING IT AS LOW GRADE FERTILISERS.
SPECIFICATIONS FOR DRINKING WATER
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Water should be clear and odourless
Pleasant to taste
Turbidity should not exceed 10ppm
pH range 7.0-8.5
Chloride and sulphate should be less than 250ppm
Total hardness less than 500ppm
TDS less than 500ppm
Fluoride less than 1.5 ppm
Free from disease producing bacteria's
Free from dissolved gases like hydrogen sulphide
Free from objectionable minerals like lead chromium etc.,
ROLE OF AN INDIVIDUAL IN
PREVENTION OF POLLUTION
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Plant more trees.
Help more in pollution prevention.
Use water, energy resources efficiently.
Purchase recyclable products.
Use CFC free refrigerators.
Use natural gas than coal.
Reduce deforestation.
Use office in ventilated areas.
ROLE OF AN INDIVIDUAL
• Use of ecofriendly products
• Don’t use polystyrene cups destroy ozone
layer.
• Use rechargeable batteries.
• Reduce garbage by recycling.
• Slow population growth.
ROLE OF WOMEN
• In rural areas women plant trees, grass, grow
vegetables.
• In urban areas go shopping using cloth bags.
• Women refuse to use disposal products.
• Women buy non phosphate detergents.
• They refuse to eat the meat.
• They value paper and thus protect trees.
Case Studies
• Bhopal Gas Tragedy -3 Dec1984
Gulf War – Jan 16 to Feb 26, 1991
Cherbonyl Nuclear Disaster- Apr 26
1986
Minimata disaster-1953
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
• DEFINITION: The undesirable alteration of our
surroundings leading to its destruction
• Types of pollution:
• 1.Biodegradable pollutants
• 2.Non- degradable pollutants
CLASSIFICATION OF POLLUTION
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1.Air
2.Water
3.Soil
4.Marine
5.Noise
6.Thermal
7.Nuclear Hazards
AIR POLLUTION
Air pollution may be defined as the presence
of one or more contaminants like
dust, smoke, mist, and odour in the
atmosphere which are injurious to
human, animal or plant life.
SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION
• Natural sources :- volcanic eruptions, forest fire,
biological decay, radioactive materials.
• Man made {anthropogenic} activities :- Thermal
power plants, vehicular emissions, fossil fuel
burning, agricultural activities.
CLASSIFICATION OF AIR POLLUTANTS
• Primary air pollutants:• These are directly emitted in to atmosphere
CO,NO,SO2
• Secondary air pollutants :• Primary air pollutant react among themselves or
with atmospheric air and form them
NO/NO2 ----------moisture---- HNO3/NO3
INDOOR AIR POLLUTANTS
•
•
•
•
•
Radon gas
Sources {causes} of indoor air pollutants
:-bricks, concrete, tiles
Natural gas and ground wastes
Burning of fuels in kitchen, cigarette smoking,
liberate the pollutants like CO, SO2, HCHO, BAP.
COMMON AIR POLLUTANTS
Carbon monoxide
• Colorless, odorless, poisonous gas formed by
incomplete combustion of fuels
2C+O2
2CO
• Human sources [causes]:- cigarette smoking,
incomplete burning of fuels, 77% from motor vehicle
exhaust.
• Health effects;- reacts with hemoglobin, at higher
levels it causes coma, brain cell damage.
• Environmental effects:- increase global temperature
NITROGEN DIOXIDE
• Reddish brown gas with irritating odour that gives
photochemical smog.
NO2+Moisture
HNO3
• Human sources:-fossil fuel burning in motor
vehicles{49%}and power industrial plants{49%}
• Health effects:-lung irritation and damage
• Environmental effects:- acid rain.
SULPHOR DIOXIDE
• Colorless gas with irritating odor formed by
combustion of fossil fuels such as coal and oil.
SO2+Moisture
H2SO4
• Human sources:-coal burning in power plants{88%}
and industrial processes{10%}
• Health effects;-breathing problem
• Environmental effects:- Reduce visibility. acid rain
Suspended particulate matter (SPM)
• Includes variety of particles and droplets including
aerosols for short periods to long periods.
• Human sources:-coal burning in power plants{40%} and
vehicles{17%}, agriculture, unpaved roads, construction
• Health effects;- nose and throat irritation,
Lung damage, asthma bronchitis, reproductive problem
and cancer.
• Environmental effects:- acid deposition affects life in
terrestrial and aquatic systems, affects visibility.
OZONE
• Highly reactive irritating gas with unpleasant
odor found in stratosphere.
• Major component of photochemical smog.
• Human sources:-chemical reaction with
organic components and nitrogen oxides.
• Environmental effects:- moderates the climate
PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG
• Brownish smoke like appearance forms on clear
sunny days over large cities with significant amount
of automobile traffic
• Sources:-chemical reaction among Nitrogen oxide
and hydrocarbon by sunlight.
• Health effects:-breathing problems, cough,eye,nose
and throat infection.
• Environmental effects:- can damage trees and plants,
smog reduces visibility.
LEAD
• Solid Toxic metal and its compounds released in
to atmosphere as particulate
• Human sources:-paint, metal refineries, storage
batteries.
• Health effects:-accumulates in the body, damage
brain and other nervous system and even causes
cancer
• Environmental effects:- harm wild life
HYDROCARBONS
• Colorless gases formed by the decay of
vegetable matter
• Human sources:-agriculture, decay of
plants .
• Health effects:-carcinogenic
• Environmental effect: it produces oily film
on the surface.
CHROMIUM
• Solid Toxic metal its compounds released in to
atmosphere as particulate.
• Human sources:-paints, smelters, chromium
plating
• Health effects:-gastro intestinal ulcer, nervous
system disease and cancer.
Indian ambient air quality standards
• These are the legal limits placed on the
concentration of air pollutants in a community
where people and things are exposed
• These quality standards are permissible exposure
of all living and non living things for 24 hrs or per
day or per week.
Category
Area
SPM In
Mic.gm
Per lit
SO2In NOx In
Mic.gm Mic.gm
Per lit
Per lit
CO In
Mic.gm
Per lit
A
INDUSTRIAL AND
MIXED USE
500
120
120
5000
B
RESIDENTIAL AND
RURAL
200
80
80
2000
C
SENSITIVE
(RESORTS, HILL
STATIONS,
MONUMENTS ETC.,)
100
30
30
1000
CONTROL METHODS OF AIR POLLUTION
• Atmosphere has several built in self cleaning processes
such as dispersion, gravitational settling, flocculation,
absorption, rain washout and so on.
Source Control:
• Since we know the substance that causes pollution the
source control enables to control pollution to
maximum extent
• To use a petrol which is unleaded low sulphur and ash
content
• To reduce no of private vehicle and use public
transportation and encourage peoples to walk and use
bicycles
Plant trees along busy streets where they remove
particulates and carbon monoxide and absorb
noise
Industries and waste disposal sites located outside
the city
Use catalytic converters to control the emissions of
CO and RH
CONTROL METHODS OF AIR POLLUTION
• In industries emission levels should be restricted
within the permissible level
• Incorporation of air pollution control equipments in
the design of the plant layout must be made
mandatory
• Continuous monitoring of the atmosphere for the
pollutants should be carried out
CONTROL METHODS OF AIR POLLUTION
• To ensure sufficient supply of oxygen to the
combustion chamber and adequate
temperature so that combustion is complete
eliminating much of the smoke and partly
burnt ashes and dust
• To use mechanical devices such as scrubbers
cyclones bag houses and electrostatic
precipitators
• They are used as control methods for
removing particulates from the exhaust
gases of electric power and industrial
plants. All these methods retain the
hazardous materials that must be
disposed in a safe way
•
The disposal of the collected air
pollutants is equally important for
successful control of air pollution
CONTROL METHODS OF AIR
POLLUTION
SOIL POLLUTION
• Definition-the contamination of soil by human
and natural activities which may cause effects
on living beings.
• composition of soil
• mineral matter 45%,
• organic matter 5%,
• soil water 25%
• ,soil air 25%.
TYPES,EFFECTS,SOURCES OF SOIL
POLLUTION
•
•
•
•
•
INDUSTRIAL WASTES.
URBAN WASTES.
AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES.
RADIOACTIVE POLLUTANTS.
BIOLOGICAL AGENTS.
INDUSTRIAL WASTES
• SOURCES:
• pulp paper mills, chemical industries, oil refineries, sugar factories,
tanneries,textiles,drugs,steel,fertilizers, pesticides,glass,petroleum.
• EFFECTS
• Alter chemical, biological properties of soil, enter into food chain.
• URBAN WASTES
• sources-garbage rubbish materials like plastics,glasses,mettallic
cans,fibers,paper,rubbers,
• street sweepings, leaves.
• effects-they cannot be easily degraded can still be dangerous
AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES
• SOURCES-AGRO TECHNOLOGY,HUGE
QUANTITIES OF
FERTILISERS,PESTICIDES,HERBICIDE,DEBRIS
,MANURE.
• EFFECTS- POLLUTE THE SOIL TO THE LARGE
EXTENT.
RADIOACTIVE POLLUTANTS
• RADIUM,THORIUM,URANIUM,ISOTOPEOF
POTASSIUM,CARBON ARE COMMON IN
SOIL,ROCK,WATER,AIR.
• EXPLOSION OF HYDROGEN WEAPONS.
• Sr-90,I-129,Cs-137 ARE MORE INJURIOUS
GETS DEPOSITED.
• NUCLEAR REACTOR WASTES DEPOSITED ON
THE SOIL EMIT GAMMA RADIATIONS.
BIOLOGICAL AGENTS
• WASTES OF HUMANS,ANIMAL,BIRDS
CONSTITUTE MAJOR SOURCE OF LAND
POLLUTION BY BIOLOGICAL AGENTS.
• HEAVY APPLICATION OF MANURES.
• MUNICIPAL WASTE.
UNTREATED WASTES OF ORGANIC
CHEMICALS
• PULP&PAPER-SUSPENDED SOLIDS,HIGH OR
LOW Ph,COLOUR,BOD,COD.
Characteristics of untreated waste of
organic chemical industries
S. no. Industry
Phyico-Chemical Characteristics
1
Pulp and Paper
Suspended solids, high or low Ph, colour, BOD,
COD.
2.
Rubber industry
Chlorides, suspended & dissolved solids.
3.
Oil refineries
Acids, alkalies, phenols.
4.
Antibiotics
Toxic chemicals, high acidity or alkalinity.
5.
Synthetic drugs
High suspended & dissolved organic matter.
6.
Distillery
Very high cod, low Ph,
7.
Organic chemical
industry
Toxic chemicals, phenols, high acidity, alkalinity.
Characteristics of untreated waste of
inorganic chemical industries
S. no
Industry
Physico-Chemical Characteristics
1.
Thermal power
plants
Heat, heavy metals, dissolved solids.
2
Steel mills
Acids, phenols, pH, alkali, limestone, oils, cyanides,
cyanates.
3.
Cotton industry
Sodium, organic, colour, high Ph.
4
Metal plating
Metallics, toxic cyanides, cadmium chromium, zinc,
copper, Al.
5
Iron foundry
Coal, clay, suspended solids, iron.
6
Pesticides
Aromatic compounds, acidity, high organic matter.
7
Acids
Low pH, organic content.
8
Tanneries
Calcium, chromium, high salt content, colour,
dissolved & suspended matter.
9
Explosives
Alcohol, metals, TNT, organic acids.
CONTROL MEASURES OF SOIL
POLLUTION
• control of soil erosion
•
•
•
•
•
•
proper dumping of unwanted materials.
production of natural fertilizers.
proper hygienic condition.
public awareness.
recycling& reuse of wastes.
ban in toxic chemicals.
CONTROL OF SOIL EROSION
• trees may be planted on barren slopes.
• contour cultivation, strip cropping may be
practiced.
• by reducing deforestation.
• substitute chemical manures by animal wastes.
PROPER DUMPING OF UNWANTED
MATERIALS
• open dumping is commonly practiced.
• controlled tipping is followed recently.
PRODUCTION OF NATURAL
FERTILISERS
• excessive use of chemical fertilizers & insect
icides should be avoided.
• Bio pesticides should be used in place of toxic
chemical fertilizers
• examples-organic wastes present in animal
dung, biogas.
PUBLIC AWARENESS
• informal & formal public awareness programs
should be given.
• examples-mass media, educational institutions,
voluntary agencies.
RECYCLING & REUSE OF WASTES
• wastes such as paper, plastics, metals, glasses,
organics, petroleum products should be
recycled & reused.
• examples-industrial wastes should be properly
treated at source.
BAN ON TOXIC CHEMICALS
• ban should be imposed on chemicals &
pesticides like DDT AND BHC
• improper disposal of radioactive wastes
should be banned.
MARINE POLLUTION
• definition-the discharge of waste substances
into the sea which is harmful to living sources,
hazards to human health, hindrance to fishery.
SOURCES OF MARINE POLLUTION
• about half of the world population live nearer
to coastal zones.
• the coastal zones contains rich heritage, coral
reefs, wet lands, sea grass beds.
BENEFITS OF CORAL REEFS
• reefs support more than one million species.
• they provide feeding, breeding, nursery areas to
fishes.
• they offer medicines.
FACTORS AFFECTING CORAL REEFS
• the sediment from deforestation
• the agricultural & industrial chemicals reaching
through river dischargers.
• rising ocean temperatures.
COASTAL WETLANDS
• it provide habitats for over 2000 species of
fish & plants.
• wet lands have been destroyed by conversion
to agricultural lands or fish ponds.
SEA GRASS BEDS
• they are found under water ocean.
• it supports wide variety of commercially
species of fish.
FACTORS AFFECTING SEA GRASS BEDS
• dumping the wastes such as sewage garbage,
pesticides, heavy metals.
• oil pollution of marine water.
• oil enters from cracks of oil tankers.
• cleaning of fuel tanks and war ships.
EFFECTS OF OIL POLLUTION
• heavy petroleum products precipitate to the
bottom.
• one drop spreads over larger area.
• it inhibits photosynthesis & formation of
oxygen.
EFFECTS OF MARINE POLLUTION
• the presence of heavy metals damage the egg
shells of birds.
• oil pollution cause damage to marine fauna
&flora.
• oil spilling affects body temperature of birds.
• oil films slows the rate of oxygen uptake by
water.
• detergents used to clean up the spill are harmful
to marine life.
CONTROL MEASURES OF MARINE
POLLUTION
• conservation of marine biodiversity.
• people should be educated about marine
ecosystem.
• local communities must be involved in
protecting coastal areas.
• govt must manage their own waters while
extending to the other states.
OTHER CONTROL MEASURES
• the industries units on the coastal areas should
have pollution control instruments.
METHODS OF REMOVAL OF OIL
•
•
•
•
physical-skimming the oil with a suction.
the floating oil can be absorbed.
chemicals can be used to coagulate the oil.
chemical-dispersion, emulsification, using
chemical additives.
PROTECTIVE MEASURES
• municipal waste, industrial waste should be
treaded.
• soil erosion in the coastal land should be
controlled