Chapter Three
Navigation Technology
11~12 hours
1
Review what we have learned in this chapter.
Different types of navigation
How to choose an anchorage?
Aids to Navigation System
Standing Orders and Night Orders
Rhumb lines and Great Circles
2
Important definitions in Traffic Separation Scheme
Formation of tides
Different types of tides
Tidal Datum
3
Exercises
Multiple Choices
1. A Danforth (燕尾锚) lightweight anchor does
B
NOT hold well in which type of bottom?
A. Mud
B. Grass
C. Sand
D. Clay
4
2. A vessel moored with two anchors,
sometimes, at an exposed roadstead to
D
______.
A. aid turning the ship
B. obtain a fine bearing
C. increase ship swings to wind or tide
D. lighten the stress of anchor chains
5
3. When determining the direction of approach,
mariners should consider the following
D
conditions except ________.
A. limitations of land
B. current, shoals
C. other vessels
D. her deadweight tonnage
6
5. When anchoring, seafarers should veer the
D
anchor chain to a length equal to ________the
depth of water at the anchorage.
A. two times
B. three times
C. four
times D. five to seven times
7
6. Which one is not a floating aids to navigation?
A
A. a light house
B. a wreck buoy
C. a lighted buoy
D. a buoy
8
7. After anchoring, fixes should be taken frequently,
at least ________ for theB first thirty minutes.
A. every two minutes
B. every three minutes
C. every five minutes
D. every ten minutes
9
A
8. An eastern quadrant buoy marks ________
which lies to the west of the buoy.
A.a danger
B. a safety area
C. a wreck nearby
D. nothing important
10
9. After each course change, check the gyro
repeaters and the magnetic compass against
D
the gyro compass ________.
A. every four hours
B. every three hours
C. every two hours
D. every hour
11
10. The Night Order book can contain orders
C
for ________
after which the Captain
signs it.
A.nine hours
B. twelve hours
C. twenty-four hours
D. forty-eight hours
12
11. The principal advantage of a rhumb line is
that it maintains ________.
B
A.constant true bearing
B.constant true direction
C. constant true course
D. relative bearing
13
12. The shortest line on the surface of a sphere
between two points on the surface is part of
A
________.
A. a great circle
B. a small circle
C. rhumb line
D. celestial equator
14
13. The best method of determining if a vessel
D
is dragging anchor is to note ________.
A. the amount of line paid out
B. how much the vessel sheers while at anchor
C. any change in the tautness of the anchor
chain
D. changes in bearings of fixed objects onshore
15
14. The most doubtful and unpredictable factor
in a mooring system is the ______.
A
A. ability of the anchors to hold in a seabed
B. anchor chain catenary length
C. variability of the fairlead
D. angle of the flukes
16
15. We took usual steps: sounding the depth,
reversing and stopping engine, paying out
anchor and 60 fathoms of chain cable in the
depth of 12 fathoms. The operation above is
C
______.
A.berthing
B.searching
C. anchoring
D. picking up pilot
17
16. Which of the following is not a typical kind of
tide?
A. diurnal tide
B. flood tide
C. semidiurnal tide
D. mixed tide
18
17. By international agreement, the level
used as chart datum should be low enough
C
so that ________do
not fall very far below
it.
A. high waters
B. higher high waters
C. low waters
D. ebb tides
19
18. On a gnomonic chart，a great circle
track between Los Angeles and Brisbane
will appear as a ______.
B
A. loxodromic curve (恒向线)
B. straight line
C. curved line concave to the equator
D. spiral approaching the poles as a limit
20
19. The term flood current refers to that time when
the water ________.
A
A. is flowing towards the land
B. is moving towards the ocean
C. level is not changing
D. level is rising because of heavy rains
21
20. A mooring line that prevents a vessel from
moving sideways away from the dock is a
______.
B
A. bow line
B. breast line
C. stern line
D. spring line
22
II. Translate the following Chinese into English.
1. 航迹推算
2. 雷达导航
dead reckoning
radar navigation
3. 在水中静止 be dead in the water
4. 搁浅
go aground
5. 富余水深
under keel clearance
6. 孤立危险
isolated dangers
23
7. 推荐航线
recommended track
8. 分道通航制
Traffic Separation Schemes
9. 沿岸通航带
10. 混合潮
inshore traffic zone
mixed tide
11. 通航分道
traffic lane
12. 低潮基准面
low water datum
24
15.警戒区
mean low water
spring tide
precautionary area
16. 大圆航线
great circle route
17. 分隔带
separation zone
18. 侧标体系
lateral systems
19. 等明暗光
isophase light
20. 沿海航行
coastal navigation
13. 平均低潮面
14. 大潮
25
III. Translate the following sentences
into Chinese.
谨慎小心
1. All concerned are advised to exercise due
caution as the weather is liable to deteriorate
without warning.
变坏
26
变暗
2. An occulting light is a light totally eclipsed at
regular intervals, the duration of light always
being greater than the duration of darkness.
27
回声测深仪
最近会遇点
3. In the
Standing Order, the Captain sets
required fix intervals, intervals for fathometer
operations, minimum CPA’s, and other general
navigation and collision avoidance
requirements.
28
4. As such basins are acted upon by the tide全日的
半日的
producing forces, some respond more readily to
daily or diurnal forces, others to semidiurnal
forces, and others almost equally to both. Hence,
tides are classified as one of three types,
semidiurnal, diurnal, or mixed, according to the
characteristics of the tidal pattern.
29
不一致，相
矛盾
术语
5. Inconsistencies of terminology are found
among charts of different countries and between
charts issued at different times.
30
Test bank anchoring and berthing
______is not a step for anchoring preparation．
A．To take off the covers from the hawse pipes and clear the spurling
pipes
B．To make
sure that the windlass is out of gear and the brakes are on
应为
C．To turn the windlass over slowly
ONthe
船首向海抛锚，船尾系于栈桥的系泊法
D．To inform
engine room to ensure that deck power and water are
off
A “Mediterranean moor” should be used when ______．
A．anchoring in the Mediterranean
B．docking stern to a berth
C．docking bow to a berth
D．anchoring in a strong current
A ______ is the intersection of the surface of a sphere and a plane
passing through the center of the sphere．
A．great circle
B．small circle
C．large circle
D．general circle
31
A check line is ______．
(驳船等靠码头时用的)手系缆
A．A safety line attached
to a man working over the side
B．Used to measure water depth
C．Used to slow the headway of a barge
D．Used to measure the overhead height of a bridge
A Danforth lightweight anchor does NOT hold well in which
type of bottom ________．
A．Mud
B．Grass
C．Sand
D．Clay
A mooring line is described as being 6x24，1-3/4 inch wire
rope．What do the above numbers refer to ________．
A．Strands，yarns，circumference
B．Strands，wires，diameter
C．Wires，yarns，diameter
D．Strands，circumference，wires
32
A sufficient amount of chain must be veered when anchoring a vessel to ensure
______．
A．The vessel has enough room to swing while at anchor
B．The anchor flukes bite into the ocean bottom
C．There is a sufficient scope of chain to keep the anchor on the bottom
D．There is more chain out than there is in the chain locker
A tug is to assist in docking an oceangoing vessel on a hawser．The greatest
danger to the tug is ______．
A．From the ship's propeller when making up aft
B．From being overrun if making up forward
C．Hull damage while alongside passing a hawser
D．Getting in a tripping position
A vessel brought alongside should be fended off the towing vessel by ______．
A．crew members using their arms
B．crew members using the strong muscles of their legs
C．fenders
D．no fending is necessary due to the rugged construction of most towing
vessels．
TRIPPING POSITION:
横拖位置，最危险
33
A vessel moored with two anchors，sometimes，at an
exposed roadstead to ______．
A．Aid turning the ship
B．Obtain a fine bearing
C．Increase ship swings to wind or tide
D．Lighten the stress of anchor chains
After casting off moorings at a mooring buoy in calm
weather，you should ______．
A．Go full ahead on the engine（s）
B．Back away a few lengths to clear the buoy and then
go ahead on the engines
C．Go half ahead on the engines and put the rudder
hard right
D．Go half ahead on the engines and pass upstream of
34
the buoy
Before letting the anchor go，you should check that the ______．
A．Chain is clear
B．Anchor is clear of obstructions
C．Wildcat is disengaged
D．All of the above
Consideration should be given in planning for the mooring orientation in a new
location so that in adverse weather a crane is available to off-load the supply
vessel on what side of the unit ________．
A．Weather side
B．Leeward side
C．Upwind side
D．Crosswind side
Conventional anchors are least likely to hold in a bottom consisting of
______．
A．soft clay
B．hard mud
C．very soft mud
D．sand
35
In determining the scope of cable to be used when anchoring，what would
NOT be considered ________．
A．Depth of the water
B．Character of the holding ground
C．maintenance cost for the chain
D．Type of anchor cable
It is sometimes necessary to moor bow and stern to two mooring buoys in
order to ______．
A．Avoid any swing in a restricted space
B．Shelter the ship from strong winds
C．Prevent from touching with other vessels
D．Make a convenience of cargo discharging
Mariners should ensure correct ______ of aids to navigation during twilight
periods when some lighted aids to navigation are lit while others are not．
A．identification
B．distinction
C．discrimination
36
D．clearly seeing
Owing to the big draught of the ship，she has to go alongside by the time of
______．
A．Spring tide
B．Flood tide
C．Ebb tide
D．Slack water
Pilotage in this country is _______．
A．Free of charge
B．Important
C．Required
D．Unnecessary
Sometimes lights are ______ by fog，haze，dust，smoke，or precipitation
which may be present at the light，or between the light and the observer，
and which is possibly unknown by the observer．
A．obscured
B．darkened
C．greyed
37
D．delighted
The holding capabilities of an anchor are determined PRIMARILY by the
______．
A．design of the anchor
B．weight of the anchor
C．scope of the anchor chain
D．size of the vessel
The Pilotage-quarantine anchorage，______ between Damen Dao and
Qingshan Dao，is defined by the lines ______ the given points．
A．Situated/connected
B．Situated/connecting
C．Situating/connected
D．Situating/connecting
When anchored，increasing the scope of the anchor chain normally serves to
______．
A．prevent fouling of the anchor
B．decrease swing of the vessel
C．prevent dragging of the anchor
38
D．reduce strain on the windlass
When anchoring a vessel under normal conditions，which scope of chain is
recommended ________．
A．Four times the depth of water
B．Two and one-half times the depth of water
C．Five to seven times the depth of water
D．Fifteen times the depth of water
Which safety check（s）should be made before letting go the anchor
________．
A．See that the anchor is clear of obstructions
B．See that the chain is all clear
C．See that the wildcat is disengaged
D．All of the above
You are mooring to a buoy．You should approach the buoy with the current
from ______．
A．ahead
B．broad on the bow
C．abeam
39
D．astern
Coastal and ocean navigation
______ is not a type of IALA maritime buoyage
system．
A．special marks
B．isolated danger marks
C．cardinal marks
D．fore and aft marks
______ is prohibited in this area．
A．Anchor
B．Anchoring
C．Anchored
D．Being anchored
40
A traffic separation zone is that part of a traffic separation scheme which
______．
A．is between the scheme and the nearest land
B．contains all the traffic moving in one direction
C．is designated as an anchorage area
D．separates traffic proceeding in one direction from traffic proceeding in the
opposite direction
A vessel shall not ______．
A．enter the traffic separation zone in an emergency
B．cross a traffic lane
C．engage in fishing in the separation zone
D．proceed in an inappropriate traffic lane
A vessel shall so far as practicable avoid ______ in a traffic separation
scheme or in areas near its terminations．
A．sailing
B．proceeding
C．anchoring
D．maneuvering
41
A vessel using a traffic separation scheme shall so far as
practicable ______ a traffic separation line or separation
zone．
A．keep well clear
B．keep very far
C．keep clear of
D．keep clear from
A wedge of water building up between the bow and nearer
bank which forces the bow out and away describes ______．
A．Bank cushion
B．Bank suction
C．Combined effect
D．Bend effect
42
One of the factors which affects the circulation of ocean currents is ______．
A．humidity
B．varying densities of water
C．vessel traffic
D．the jet stream
Some of these shoals have been disproved and are not
charted．Nevertheless mariners should ______ with particular caution in this
area．
A．go
B．proceed
C．move
D．Remove
Sometimes a tropical storm moves so slowly that a vessel，if astern of it，
can ______ it．
A．Cross
B．Approach
C．Proceed near
D．Run into
43
Systems of inbound and outbound lanes to promote the safe flow of vessel
traffic in certain areas around the world are known as ______．
A．merchant vessel reporting systems
B．traffic separation schemes
C．collision avoidance fairways
D．restricted maneuverability channels
The term of Landfall means ______．
A．Land first sighted when vessel approaching from seaward
B．Land last sighted when vessel leaving from a port
C．In sight of one another when vessel underway
D．In sight of an island during a ship on her voyage
The VTS has been designed to aid in ______．
A．the prevention of collision
B．the promotion of the traffic flow
C．the complying of port regulation
D．the development of navigational technique．
44
Traffic separation schemes established by the International Maritime
Organization ______．
A．provide routing and scheduling procedures to reduce shipping delays
B．provide traffic patterns in congested areas，so that vessels can operate
without having a separate lookout
C．provide inbound and outbound lanes to promote the safe flow of vessel
traffic
D．prohibit vessels carrying hazardous cargoes from entering waters that are
environmentally sensitive
When liquid is free to move transversely in a tank，the effect is called
______．
A．free communication
B．free density
C．free surface
D．negative GM
45
Geographic navigation
______ is a defined area within which ships must use particular caution and
should follow the recommended direction of traffic flow．
A．Recommended Direction of Traffic Flow
B．Roundabout
C．Separation Zone or Line
D．Precautionary Area
______ is a circular traffic lane used at junctions of several routes，within
which traffic moves counterclockwise around a separation point or zone．
A．Traffic Lane
B．Roundabout
C．Inshore Traffic Zone
D．Two-way Route
______ is not likely to be a methods of Traffic Separation．
A．Separation of opposing streams of traffic by separation zones or lines
B．The separation of through traffic from local traffic by provision of inshore
traffic zones
C．Division of traffic from several different direction into sectors
D．Control of routing traffic through shipping routes
46
______ means the curve on the earth's surface which cuts all the meridians at
the same angle．
A．Great Circle
B．Position Line
积算船位-从已知船位开始，根据计程
C．Rhumb line
D．True Bearing 仪航程在计划航线上截取的船位，它与
推算船位的区别是未考虑风流的影响。
A fairly accurate estimation of a ship's position can be calculated by a
technique known as ______．
A．Dead reckoning
B．Pilotage
C．Great circle sailing
D．Geographic navigation
A position obtained by applying only your vessel's course and speed to a
known position is a ______．
A．Dead-reckoning position
B．Fix
C．Probable position
D．Running fix
47
How would you pass a red buoy in the maritime buoyage system“A”
________．
A．keep the buoy on the vessel's starboard side when approaching a port
and on the vessel's port side when leaving
B．keep the buoy on the vessel's port side when approaching a port and on
the vessel's starboard side when leaving
C．keep the buoy on the vessel's starboard side when approaching and
leaving
D．keep the buoy on the vessel's port side when approaching and leaving
The Earth has the shape of a（n）______．
A．Sphere
B．Oblate spheroid
C．Spheroid of revolution
D．Oblate eggoid
The equator is ______．
A．the primary great circle of the Earth perpendicular to the axis
B．the line to which all celestial observations are reduced
C．the line from which a celestial body's altitude is measured
D．All of the above
48
The positions and characteristics of lights and buoys shown within the port
area are ______．
A．Untrue
B．Impossible
C．Suspectful
D．Unimportant
The shortest distance between any two points on earth defines a ______．
A．Small circle
B．Great circle
C．Rhumb line
D．Hyperbola
The symbol which appears beside a light on a chart reads“Gp Fl R（2）10
sec 160 ft 19M”．Which characteristic does the light possess ________．
A．It is visible two nautical miles
B．Its distinguishing number is“19M”
C．It has a red light
D．It flashes once every ten seconds
49
The time required for a lighted aid to complete a full cycle of light changes is
listed in the Light List as the ______．
A．Set
B．Frequency
C．Period
D．Function
There is sufficient anchorage for ______ at all time around the No.1 buoy
and for smaller vessels around the No.4 buoy．
A．Deep laded vessels
B．Deeply load vessels
C．Deep loading vessels
D．Deeply loaded vessels
Traffic separation schemes adopted by the IMO are listed in ______．
A．NM
B．Ship's Routing
C．Colreg
D．Solas
50
Under the IALA-A Buoyage System，a green spar buoy with a triangular
topmark would indicate that the buoy ______．
A．Should be left to port when heading out to sea
国际浮标制度A区：进港方向
B．May be left close aboard on either side
来看，左红右绿，左罐右锥
C．Is on the north side of a point of interest
D．Is marking the preferred channel
What area of the earth cannot be shown on a standard Mercator chart
________．
A．Equator
B．Areas including both North and South latitudes
C．North and South Poles
D．A narrow band along the central meridian
What defines a great circle ________．
A．A curved line drawn on a Mercator Chart
B．A course line that inscribes a loxodromic curve
C．The shortest distance between any two points on the earth
D．The smallest circle that can be drawn on the face of a sphere
51
What describes a flood current ________．
A．Horizontal movement of the water toward the land after
high tide
B．Horizontal movement of the water toward the land after
low tide
C．Horizontal movement of the water away from the land
following high tide
D．Horizontal movement of the water away from the land
following low tide
What is a lighted safe water mark fitted with to aid in its
identification ________．
A．A spherical topmark
B．Red and white retroreflective material
C．A sequential number
D．A red and white octagon
52
What is an ebb current ________．
A．A current at minimum flow
B．A current coming in
C．A current going out
D．A current at maximum flow
When navigating a vessel，you ______．
A．Can always rely on a buoy to be on station
B．Can always rely on a buoy to show proper light characteristics
C．Should assume a wreck buoy is directly over the wreck
D．Should never rely on a floating aid to maintain its exact position
Which position includes the effects of wind and current ________．
A．Dead reckoning position
B．Leeway position
C．Estimated position
D．Set position
53
Tides and tidal current
______ is not a type of tide．
A．SEMIDIURNAL
B．DIURNAL
C．MIXED
D．OSCILLATING
涌潮，怒潮
A wave entering ______ is likely to produce bores．
A．shallow water
B．deep water
C．river
D．Tide
54
小潮，当月球在上弦或下
Neap tides occur ______．
弦时，太阳，月球潮汐椭
A．At the start
of spring，when the Sun is
nearly over圆体的长，短轴在同一个
the equator
B．Only when
the Sun and Moon are on the
子午圈平面内，即太阳潮
same sides汐椭圆体与月球潮汐椭圆
of the Earth and are nearly in line
C．When the Sun and Moon are at
体的长轴方向相互垂直，
approximately
90° to each other，as seen
因此引潮力互相抵消，出
from the Earth
D．When the
Sun，Moon，and Earth are
现了高潮最低，低潮最高
nearly in line，regardless
of
现象，称为小潮。
alignment order
55
Neap tides occur only ______．
（月的）上（下）
A．at a new or full Moon
B．when the Sun，Moon，and 弦；90度相位差
Earth are in line
C．at approximately 28-day intervals
D．when the Moon is at quadrature
Neap tides occur when the ______．
A．Moon is in its first quarter and third quarter
phases
B．Sun and Moon
are on opposite sides of the Earth
（月亮的）上弦或下弦
C．Moon's declination is maximum and opposite to
that of the Sun
D．Sun and Moon are in conjunction
56
Spring tides are tides that ______．
A．have lows lower than normal and highs
大潮：当月球处在新月
higher than normal
B．have lows或满月时，太阳，月球
higher than normal and highs
潮汐椭圆体的长轴在同
lower than normal
C．are unpredictable
一个子午圈平面内，即
D．occur in the
spring of the year
太阳与月球潮汐椭圆体
的长轴方向一致，互相
叠加，出现了高潮最高，
低潮最低现象。
57
Stand of the tide is that time when ______．
A．the vertical
rise or fall of the tide has stopped
停潮Stand：低潮发生后，海面有一段时
B．slack water 间呈现停止升降的现象。
occurs
C．tidal current is at a maximum
D．the actual depth of the water equals the
charted depth
平潮Slack：高潮发生后，海面有一段
时间呈现停止升降的现象。
58
Swell is the rise and fall of the ocean's surface due to ______．
A．Fetch
B．Distant winds
C．Local storms
D．The pull of the moon
The easiest way to anchor a vessel in a current is to ______．
A．Stem the current and make very slow headway when the anchor is
dropped
B．Stem the current and be falling aft very slowly when the anchor is
dropped
C．Stem the current and endeavor to make neither headway nor sternway
when the anchor is dropped
D．Stop all headway through the water and keep the current astern when
the anchor is dropped
The movement of water away from the shore or downstream is called a（n）
______．
A．reversing current
B．ebb current
C．flood current
59
D．slack current
The period at high or low water during which there is no apparent change of
level is called ______．
A．HEIGHT
B．RANGE
C．STAND
D．FALL
The set of the current is the ______．
A．speed of the current at a particular time
B．maximum speed of the current
C．direction from which the current flows
D．direction in which the current flows
The set of the ocean current is caused by ______．
A．density differences of the water
B．rotation of the earth
C．direction of primary circulation of air
D．All of the above
60
The term flood current refers to that time when the
water ______．
A．is flowing towards the land
B．is moving towards the ocean
C．level is not changing
D．level is rising because of heavy rains
The two most effective generating forces of surface
ocean currents are ______．
A．temperature and salinity differences in the water
B．wind and density differences in the water
C．water depth and underwater topography
D．rotation of the Earth and continental interference
61
The velocity of the current in large coastal harbors is ______．
A．predicted in Tidal Current Tables
B．unpredictable
C．generally constant
D．generally too weak to be of concern
The velocity of the wind，its steady direction，and the amount of time it
has blown determines a wind driven current's ______．
A．Temperature
B．Density
C．Deflection
D．Speed
风生流
Tide is ______ in direction ENE．
A．Getting
B．Setting
C．Being
D．Having
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When there are small differences between the heights of two successive
high tides or two successive low tides，the tides are called ______．
A．Diurnal
B．Semi-diurnal
C．Solar
D．Mixed
Which current is responsible for the movement of icebergs into the North
Atlantic shipping lanes ________．
A．Iceland Current
B．Baltic Current
C．Labrador Current
D．Baffin Current
Which current would you encounter on a direct passage from London，
England，to Capetown，South Africa ________．
A．Falkland Current
B．Brazil Current
C．Norway Current
D．Benguela Current
63
Which current would you encounter on a direct passage from southern
Africa to Argentina，South America ________．
A．South Atlantic
B．South Equatorial
C．Agulhas
D．Guinea
You are anchoring in a river where the current is from one direction
only．The best way to lay out two anchors is to have them ______．
A．Directly in line with the bow
B．Side by side，with their lines on the port and starboard side
C．So that their lines form an angle
D．On top of one another
8字锚
You are docking a vessel．Wind and current are most favorable when they
are ______．
A．crossing your course in the same direction
B．crossing your course in opposite directions
C．parallel to the pier from ahead
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D．setting you on the pier