Kingdom Animalia
Bellringer 3/22/11—Copy questions
and answer on page 29
Gerbils
Porcupine
Sponges
Barnacles
Jellyfish
1. Which of these organisms do you think
are animals?
2. On what characteristics did you base
your answer?
Characteristics of Animals
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Multicellular
Eukaryotic
Heterotrophic
Have to digest food
Lack cell walls
Ability to move
Two Categories of Animals
• Invertebrates
– Without a
backbone
• Vertebrates
– With a backbone
Growth and Development
• Fertilization: may be internal or
external; most animals develop
from a fertilized egg cell called a
zygote.
• After fertilization, the zygote of
different animal species all have
similar, genetically determined
stages of development.
Body Temperatures—
Endothermic vs. Ectothermic
• Endotherms are warm-blooded; they
maintain a stable internal body
temperature (by homeostasis)
regardless of environmental temp.
• Ectotherms are cold-blooded; their
body temperatures are dependent on
environmental heat sources
(temperature, basking in the sun)
Review Questions
1. What are the 6 major
characteristics of animals?
2. What is fertilization?
3. Name an ectothermic animal.
Body Symmetry
• Symmetry describes the
arrangement of body structures
Symmetry
• Asymmetry: body
with an irregular
shape
– Ex- Sponges
Symmetry
• Radial- body can
be cut through
any plane and be
exactly alike
(Ex: Starfish)
• Bilateral – body
can be cut in
two with both
halves being
exactly alike.
(Ex: Humans)
Anatomical Terms
•
•
•
•
Dorsal/Posterior—towards the back
Ventral/Anterior—towards the front
Superior—towards the head
Inferior—towards the bottom
Body Plan Terms
• Cephalization—concentration of
sensory/brain structures at
anterior end of animal (head)
Digestive System:
Function = Provides energy
HOW???
1) stores & digests food; 2)absorbs
nutrients; 3) eliminates wastes
• Incomplete digestive system: one
opening; food and waste enter and exit
from the same opening
• Complete digestive system: two
openings; food enters the mouth and
wastes exit the anus
• Exoskeleton:
Skeletal System:
FUNCTION =
Provides protection
– Rigid outer covering to protect the animal’s
soft tissue
– Limits size & impedes movement
– Does not grow; must be shed & replaced
• Endoskeleton:
– Internal skeleton
– Can support a large, heavy body
– Grows as the animal grows
FYI
• The endoskeleton is
an internal skeleton
that protects
internal organs and
provides an internal
brace for muscles to
pull against.
• Bony fish, amphibians, reptiles,
birds, and mammals all have
endoskeletons made of bone.
Review Questions
1. What are the three types of
symmetry? What are some animal
examples of each?
2. What are some of the anatomical
terms used to describe animals?
3. What type of digestive system do
humans have?
Circulatory System:
FUNCTION = Moves materials to and
from the cells
• Open circulation—fluid pumped
from vessels into body cavity, then
returned to vessels (Ex. arthropods
and most mollusks)
• Closed circulation-- fluid stays in
vessels (Ex. some mollusks, higher
invertebrates, and all
vertebrates
Reproductive System:
FUNCTION = Provides
offspring
• Hermaphrodites- individuals who
have both male & female
reproductive structure; usually
sessile (fixed in one place) – this
increases the chances of finding a
mate
Reproductive System:
FUNCTION = Provides offspring
• Asexual reproduction- Involves only
one parent; no recombination of
genes—a clone is made
• Sexual reproduction- Involves two
parents; recombines genes from
two parents; helps with genetic
recombination
Reproductive System:
FUNCTION = Provides offspring
• External fertilization- egg and
sperm are released into the water;
large numbers of eggs
• Internal fertilization- eggs are
fertilized by sperm inside the
mother’s body; fewer numbers of
eggs
Reproductive System:
FUNCTION = Provides offspring
• Amniote egg; an egg enclosed in
amniotic fluid and membranes for
protection
Animal Phyla
Phylum Porifera
Phylum Cnidaria
Phylum: Porifera
“Sponges”
CHARACTERISTICS:
Invertebrates
Ectothermic (cold-blooded)
Asymetrical (no shape)
Digestive System – None
Skeletal System – None
Circulatory System – None
Reproductive System –
Hermaphrodite or Asexual
Examples - Sponges
Phylum: Porifera
*means “pore-bearing”
*simplest multicellular animals.
Description:
a.) sessile – do not move.
b.) filter-feeders
c.) no tissues or organs.
d.) spicules make up skeleton.
e.) osculum - opening at top
hydra
Phylum:
CNIDARIA
CHARACTERISTICS:
Invertebrates
Ectothermic (cold-blooded)
Radial symmetry
Digestive System – Incomplete
Skeletal System – None
Circulatory System – None
*Reproductive System
Hermaphrodite or Asexual
Sea
anemone
jellyfish
Phylum: CNIDARIA
Examples: hydra, jellyfish, coral, sea anemone
Description:
a.) have tentacles
b.) have nematocyst – stinging cells
c.) body forms: medusa & polyp
MEDUSA FORM – mobile
POLYP FORM - sessile
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Phylum Nematoda
Phylum Mollusca
planarian
Phylum:
Platyhelminthes
“Flatworms”
tapeworm
CHARACTERISTICS:
Invertebrates
Ectothermic (cold-blooded)
“BILATERAL” symmetry
Digestive System – Incomplete
Skeletal System – None
Circulatory System – None
*Reproductive System
Hermaphrodite or Asexual
fluke
Phylum: Platyhelminthes
*from Greek “platy” means “flat”, and
“helminthes” means “worm”.
Description:
a.) soft, flat and unsegmented body
b.) many are parasitic
c.) a mouth but no anus
d.) nerve system called nerve net.
Nerve net
Examples:
planarians, tapeworms, flukes
fluke
Life Cycle of a Flatworm
Adult flukes
Embryos
released
Larva
Human
host
Snail host
Larva
HOOKWORM
Phylum:
NEMATODA
“ROUND WORMS”
CHARACTERISTICS:
Invertebrates
Ectothermic (cold-blooded)
Bilateral symmetry
Digestive System – *COMPLETE
Skeletal System – None
Circulatory System – None
*Reproductive System - *
Hermaphrodites
SPECIAL FEATURES:
Complete Digestive System
Hermaphrodites
trichinosis
Phylum: NEMATODA
Description:
a.) cylindrical, ROUND body
b.) *contain 3 cell layers
c.) *complete digestive system.
d.) many are parasitic
hookworm
Ascaris
Examples:
hookworms, pinworms, trichinella
Trichinella
FYI: Roundworm parasites of
humans
• Hookworm infections are common in
humans in warm climates where they
walk on contaminated soil in bare feet.
• Hookworms cause
people to feel weak and
tired due to blood loss.
FYI: Roundworm parasites of
humans
• Pinworms are the most common human
roundworm parasites in the United States.
• Pinworms are highly contagious because eggs
can survive for up to two weeks on surfaces.
FYI: Ascaris
• Eggs of Ascaris are found
in soil and enter a
human’s body through
the mouth.
Ascaris worm coming out of a
pig.
FYI: Heartworms
• Spread from host to host through the bites
of mosquitoes.
• Most common host is the dog but it can
also infect cats, wolves, coyotes, foxes
and other animals, such as ferrets, sea
lions and even, under very rare
circumstances, humans.
Squid
Phylum:
MOLLUSCA
CHARACTERISTICS:
Invertebrates
Ectothermic (cold-blooded)
Bilateral symmetry
Digestive System – Complete
Skeletal System – None
Circulatory System – *OPEN*
*Reproductive System –
*Hermaphrodites (some)
**SPECIAL FEATURES**
– 2 or 3 chambered heart.
Nautilus
octopus
Phylum: MOLLUSCA
*from Latin word, “molluscus” - soft
*2ND Largest Phylum of Animals
Description:
a.) consists of shell and soft body
b.) 3 Main Body Parts
*head, visceral mass, and foot
c.) have simple nervous systems and some
even have brains
d.) terrestrial and marine
Giant clam
Sea
Slug
Examples:
oysters, clams, snails, slugs,
octopus, squid, nautilus
Mollusks
Earthworm
Phylum:
ANNELIDA
“Segmented worms”
CHARACTERISTICS:
Invertebrates
Ectothermic (cold-blooded)
Bilateral symmetry
Digestive System – Complete
Skeletal System – None
Circulatory System – *Closed*
*Reproductive System –
*Hermaphrodites; Sexual
Reproduction
**SPECIAL FEATURES**
Closed Circulatory System
Leeches
Beard worm
Phylum:
ANNELIDA
“Segmented worms”
Description:
a.) oxygen diffuses through
skin
b.) have setae—external
bristles for movement
c.) terrestrial and marine
Examples:
Earthworms, leeches,
marine worms
Christmas tree worm
Crabs
Phylum:
ARTHROPODA
“Arthropods”
CHARACTERISTICS:
Invertebrates
Ectothermic (cold-blooded)
Bilateral symmetry
Digestive System – Complete
Skeletal System – ExoCirculatory System – *Closed*
*Reproductive System –
*Sexual Reproduction
**SPECIAL FEATURES**
Jointed parts
Bull Ant
Locust molting
“Evil” Butterflies
Description:
a.) have segments fused into
three main body sections:
head, thorax, abdomen
b.) they shed exoskeletons by
molting
c.) terrestrial and marine
(breathe by gills, chest holes,
or lungs)
Examples:
Insects, arachnids, millipedes,
centipedes, crustaceans
Lobster
A termite mound made by the cathedral termite
The Arachnids: Ticks & Mites
Tick
American House Mites
Phylum:
Echinodermata
“Echinoderms”
CHARACTERISTICS:
Invertebrates
Ectothermic (cold-blooded)
Radial symmetry
Digestive System – Complete
Skeletal System – ExoCirculatory System – Open
Reproductive System –
* Sexually with gametes,
asexually with regeneration
**SPECIAL FEATURES**
Both sexual & asexual
Spiny Cushion Sea Star
Description:
a.) have exoskeletons made of
calcium carbonate.
b.) Move with tube feet—
appendages with suction
cups
c.) Have mouth, stomach,
intestines, but no head/brain
Feather
Star
Egyptian Sea Star
Sand Dollars
Examples:
Sea stars (starfish), sea
cucumbers, sea urchins,
sand dollars, feather stars