Anatomy & Physiology
Mrs. Brondel
A&P
 Knowledge of animal anatomy and
physiology is helpful if one is to be
successful in the feeding and care of
domesticated animals
 Why?
Cells and Tissue
 All organisms are built from cells. As
cells divide and grow they differentiate
into tissues
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Muscle
Connective Tissue
Nerves
Epithelial (skin)
Fluid
Cells & Tissue cont.
 These tissues are then grouped
together to form organs that perform
complex functions in the body
 A group of organs that carry out major
functions are called systems
Systems of the Body
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Skeletal
Muscle
Respiratory
Circulatory
Nervous
Urinary
Digestive
Skeletal System
 Composed of bones, cartilage, teeth,
and joints
 Cartilage is a tough connective tissue
that is flexible and elastic
 Name some areas where cartilage can
be found in your body
 Trachea, nose, larynx, external ear,
between bones of the vertebrae in the
form of discs
Skeletal System cont.
 Bones are comprised of calcium
compounds and a gelatin like protein
 Bones are living structures containing
blood and lymph vessels and nerve
fibers
 Bones grow and repair themselves if
damaged
Skeletal System cont.
 Some bones are hollow allowing for
flight
 birds
 Nutrients must be supplied to the bones
to remain healthy.
 Drink your milk
Functions of the Skeletal
System
 Main function is to provide form,
protection, support, and strength for
the body
 With the muscles attached, the bones
act as levers permitting the animal to
move
Types of Skeletal Systems
 Rigid--able to move because of muscles
 Endoskeleton-skeleton on the inside of the
body (cows, pigs, etc.)
 Exoskeleton--skeleton on the outside of the
body (insects, crustaceans)
 Hydraulic--achieve movement by the
application of force to a fluid confined
in a small space and surrounded by
muscle tissue. Ex: Octopus and Starfish
Cow Skeletal System
 http://www.ca.uky.edu/agripedia/agma
nia/interactive/index.htm
Muscle System
 There are three types of muscle found
in the body based on structure,
location, and method of control
 Skeletal
 Smooth
 Cardiac
Skeletal Muscle
 Much of the flesh referred to as meat is
composed of skeletal muscle
 Exist in bundles enclosed in connective
tissue
 Skeletal muscle is usually attached to
the skeleton by tendons
Smooth Muscle
 Muscles that surround the hollow
internal organs such as blood vessels,
stomach, intestines, and bladder
 These muscles are not under conscious
control of the mind
Cardiac Muscle
 Found only in the muscular wall of the
heart
 Essential to the circulation of the blood
Respiratory System
 Process in which oxygen is taken into
the body and carbon dioxide leaves
 Structures: nostrils, nasal cavity,
pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi,
bronchioles, and alveoli
 Air is drawn into the system through the
nostrils then warmed, moistened, and filtered
in the nasal cavity. The pharynx is where the
air and food passages cross. Air passes
through the larynx which vibrate producing
sound. The trachea is a tube that leads to
the bronchi. The bronchi are two tubes
leading to the lungs. The bronchioles are
subdivisions of the bronchi. Finally, the
alveoli is where the gas exchange occurs.
Oxygen breathed in and Carbon Dioxide is
flushed out of the system.
Your Assignment
 Bring items from home for tomorrow to
build your own respiratory system
Circulatory System
 The heart, arteries, capillaries, and
veins make up the major parts of the
circulatory system
Heart
 organ that pumps blood through the
system
 Four chambers in mammals
 The rhythmic cycle of contraction and
relaxation forces the blood to move
Arteries and Capillaries
 Arteries are constructed in three layers
of tissue: outer, middle, and inner
 The arteries are elastic enough to
smooth out the pulsation of blood
pumping, which helps maintain a steady
blood flow
 Arteries branch into arterioles and then
branch into capillaries
Arteries and Capillaries
 Capillaries allow the proper exchange of
nutrients
 Capillary walls permit the exchange of
oxygen and nutrients to the blood and
body tissues
 All body tissues contain capillary walls
except hair, cartilage, hooves, horns,
nails, part of the teeth, and the cornea
of the eye
Arteries, Capillaries and Veins
 The capillaries begin to come together
again in the tissues , forming small
veins
 The walls of veins are thinner than that
of arteries
 Therefore, veins have a greater
capacity than arteries
Arteries, Capillaries and Veins
 The rate of blood flow in the arteries
also vary with the heart contractions
 The pressure is highest (Systolic
pressure) when the heart contracts and
is lowest (Diastolic pressure) when the
heart relaxes
 Blood pressure is necessary to move
blood through the body
Blood and its Functions
 Transport nutrients from digestive
system
 Transport oxygen from the lungs to the
tissues and carbon dioxide to the lungs
 Transport waste products
 Help regulate body temps
 Transport hormones as needed
Blood and its Functions
 Clot to reduce blood loss when injuries
occur
 Maintain the electrolyte balance and pH
level
 Help protect the body from disease
organisms
Nervous System
 Transmits information to and from the
various parts of the body
 Two major parts: central and peripheral
 The central nervous system is located in
the skull and vertebral column and the
master control system for the entire
body
 Consists of the Brain and the spinal
cord
Nervous System
 The peripheral system radiates from the
central system to all other parts of the
body
 The nerve fibers carry information to
the central nervous system where it is
analyzed and appropriate responses are
transmitted to the body
Urinary System
 The major components are the kidneys,
urethra, and the bladder
 Blood passes through the kidneys and
waste and some water is filtered out
 The liquid is then passed to the bladder
where it is stored until it’s full
 Then the liquid is voided from the body
through the urethra
Digestive System
 Knowledge of the digestive systems
aides in selecting proper feeds
 Digestion is the breaking down of feed
into simple substances that can be
absorbed by the body
 Species, age, breed, and size of animals
affect the capacity of the animals
digestive system
Digestive System
 Ruminants can digest large quantities of
roughages such as hay and pasture due
to the bacteria present. These bacteria
produce proteins and Vitamins B & K
 Non-ruminants need a high energy, low
fiber ration such as grains
Digestive System
Digestive System
“The Process”
 The food enters the mouth and travels
down the esophagus into the stomach.
The stomach receives the feed and
adds chemicals to aid in the process.
The food then enters the small intestine
then the large intestine. From the large
intestine the food then travels to the
rectum. Undigested food exits the body
through the anus.
Summary
 All organisms are built from what?
 What are the seven systems of the
body?
 What is the skeletal system made up
of?
 Name an animal with hollow bones?
 What is the main function of the
skeletal system?
Summary
 Do cattle have an endoskeleton or
exoskeleton?
 What are the three types of muscle
found in the body?
 What system has a process in which
oxygen is taken into the body and
carbon dioxide leaves?
Summary
 Name the three components that make
up the circulatory system.
 Name some functions of blood?
 What system transports information to
and from various parts of the body?
 Name the components to the urinary
system?
Summary
 What is digestion?
 Why can ruminants digest more than a
monogastric animal?
 Describe the process of digestion.
Summary