INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
WHY STUDY THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION?
 This Revolution has altered our lives more than any other event in the
past 12,000 years
 Where we live
 How we work
 What we wear
 What we eat
 What we do for fun
 How we are educated
 How long we live
 How many children we have
 This gave countries the technological and economic advantage
necessary to eventually rule the world
WHAT IS THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION?
Societal shift
 using tools to make products  using new sources of energy
 Coal, power machines, etc.
 Home  factory
 Country  city
 Human/animal power  engine power
 (coal later oil)
WHERE IT ALL BEGAN
 Take a guess…
 England
 Why did countries want to industrialize?
 To make labor more efficient and productive
 Three Phrases
 1770’s -1860’s  Started in Britain and spread to Western Europe and the US
 1870’s -1950’s  Spread to Russia, and Island Nations
 1960’s –Present  Spread to Asia and South America
 Some countries did not industrialize – Britain tried to spread
Industrialization
REASONS
 Had
ALL the factors necessary to Industrialize
 Other countries had some, but not all
 -Agricultural Revolution
- Coal and Iron
 -Population growth
-Government Policies
 -Financial Innovations
-World Trade
 -Enlightenment and Scientific Rev
-Cottage Industry
 -Navigable Rivers and Canals
-Continent of Eurasia
CONSEQUENCES
 Rapid urbanization
 By 2008 more people in urban than rural (world population)
 Uneven spread of wealth
 Monopolies  Dominate the market
 2006 10% of the world’s wealthiest people owned 85% of the world’s wealth
 2010 in developing countries (85% of people in the world live) 16,000 children die an
hunger each day – 1 child every 5 minutes (global hunger)
 Grow accustom to new technologies
 Wouldn’t know what to do without, cell phones, cars, etc
INVENTIONS
And Inventors
AGRICULTURE
How it influenced other inventions
JETHRO TULL
 Invention: Mechanical seeder
 sowed the seeds deep and in neat rows
 Invention: Horse drawn Hoe
 more efficient planting (pull a plow quickly)
 provided the basis for modern agriculture
CHARLES “TURNIP” TOWNSHEND
 Idea: Plant clover to nourish soil
 Four field crop rotation
 Turnip
 to provide food for live-stock
 stored longer
 a lot into a small area
Ireland's lord-lieutenant
ROBERT BAKEWELL
 Idea: Stock Breeding
 Breeding certain animals for desirable qualities
 Cattle, horses and Sheep
WILLIAM COKE
“COKE OF NORFOLK”
 Ideas:
 Fertilizer – they ran out of poop!

field grasses

how to manage an estate
 Different varieties of animals

breeding – cattle, sheep and pigs
ARTHUR YOUNG
 English writer who traveled around Europe
 Invention: Created a periodical of annuls of agriculture
 Campaigned for the rights of agricultural workers
JUSTUS VON LIEBIG
 Invention : Chemical (nitrogen-based) Fertilizer
 Father of fertilizer Industry
 plant nutrition and maintained that plants feed upon nitrogen
compounds, carbon dioxide from air, and some minerals found in the
soil.
CYRUS MCCORMICK
 Invention: improved the reaper
 used interchangeable parts so the reapers could be fixed easily
 2-3 acres by hand  12 acres with reaper / per day
JOHN DEERE
 Cast Iron plow was used in the westward expansion of the US
 Invention : Steel plow
 1837 used steel from broken saw blade and field tested this new plow
 Farmers were able to till more fertile soil
ENCLOSURE
 landowners closed off public lands in order to better organize and keep
track of land and animals
 Divisions made with dry-stone wall or hedges
 Caused massive urbanization
 Peasant farmers were forced to give up their shares
of land to wealthy land owners
IMPORTANCE OF THE AGRICULTURAL TO
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
 Crop yield increased
 Enough food was available for people in the cities
 Falling food prices meant more money to spend on consumer goods
 Healthier population which meant decline in death rate, especially in infants
 In the 18th century, the population doubled from 5 million to 10 million
 Wool yield increased due to better care of animals and
selective breeding
 More wool was available for the textile industry and at less cost
 Ready workforce available
 Peasants were turned off their land by enclosures
 Families moved into the cities
 There was much unemployment and many people were looking for work
 Labor was cheap
RECAP – ENTRANCE SLIP
Name at the top!
1. Why did new agricultural inventions help lead to the decline in
farmers in the late 1700s?
1. What was the most important/significant invention discussed today?
This is your opinion, so back it up… why?
2. What connection(s) can you make to today’s society and the
industrialization occurring in Great Britain in the 1700s/1800s?
TEXTILES
Inventions and ideas
MATERIALS
 Wool
 Silk
 Linen
 Cotton
COTTON
 Hard to grow
 needs certain climates
 Hard to harvest
 Britain didn’t have the climate for cotton
 India had been growing it for years
 Britain had already taken control of India
 parliament banned all cotton products in India

so Britain could take over production
 Through tariffs and other restrictions, the British government discouraged the production of cotton





cloth in India; rather, the raw fiber was sent to England for processing. The Indian Mahatma Gandhi
described the process:
English people buy Indian cotton in the field, picked by Indian labor at seven cents a day, through an
optional monopoly.
This cotton is shipped on British ships, a three-week journey across the Indian Ocean, down the Red
Sea, across the Mediterranean, through Gibraltar, across the Bay of Biscay and the Atlantic Ocean to
London. One hundred per cent profit on this freight is regarded as small.
The cotton is turned into cloth in Lancashire.You pay shilling wages instead of Indian pennies to your
workers. The English worker not only has the advantage of better wages, but the steel companies of
England get the profit of building the factories and machines. Wages; profits; all these are spent in
England.
The finished product is sent back to India at European shipping rates, once again on British ships. The
captains, officers, sailors of these ships, whose wages must be paid, are English. The only Indians who
profit are a few lascars who do the dirty work on the boats for a few cents a day.
The cloth is finally sold back to the kings and landlords of India who got the money to buy this
expensive cloth out of the poor peasants of India who worked at seven cents a day.
SO WHERE ARE THEY GETTING IT?
JOHN KAY
 Invention: Flying shuttle
 http://youtu.be/tg2ZqO1X-Qs
 allowed a single weaver to weave much wider fabrics, and it could be mechanized,
allowing for automatic machine looms
JAMES HARGREAVES
 Invention : Spinning Jenny

cotton production could not keep up with demand
 Double productivity of yarn production
SIR RICHARD ARKWRIGHT
 Invention: ( World’s first “true”) factory to produce cotton
 Invention: Water frame
 Water power to produce better thread than the spinning jenny
 combine power, machinery, semi-skilled labor and new
raw material (cotton)
SAMUEL CROMPTON'S
 Invention: Crompton’s Mule
 Combined spinning Jenny and the water frame
 Produced large amounts of fine, strong yarn
EDWARD CARTWRIGHT
 Invention: Power loom
 improve the speed and quality of weaving
 Didn’t work so well at first
FRANCIS LOWELL CABOT
 Idea: Power loom

idea taken from Britain to bring industry to America
 First factory in Mass. ( Lowell named after him)
ELI WHITNEY
 Invention : Cotton Gin
 allowed cotton to be easily separated from its seed in a short amount of time.
 Took him 10 days to put his ideas together
 Took almost a year to get a patent
 Industry in the South Benefitted (more slaves)
 1 man could do the work of 10
LOOKING FOR A NEW POWER SOURCE
 Two sources of free energy
 Wind
 Water
 Water supply areas were scarce
 Usually too far for people to travel to
Coal / Iron Ore
What Mr. Duton gets in his stocking
every year
RAW MATERIALS
 fuel for heating and other purposes

wood
 Forests were depleted
 Coal makes its debut
 Hard to extract from the ground
 coal has a higher carbon content than wood. This means that it is a
more efficient fuel. When wood or coal are heated to about 1200°C in
the absence of air (oxygen), they provide charcoal and coke respectively.
Both charcoal and coke have higher carbon contents than wood or coal
which means that they make even more efficient fuels.
%mass
wood
peat
lignite (soft, brown coal)
Bituminous (household) coal
anthracite (hard) coal
carbon
53
60
67
88
94
oxygen
42
34
28
6
3
hydrogen
5
6
6
6
3
COAL MINES
 Dangerous
 Ventilation of tunnels
 a fire was lit at the bottom of one of the access shaft
 This created hot air which drifted upwards and drew fresh air into the tunnel
 carbon monoxide and other explosive gases were common in coal
mines
 frequent explosions and fires
COAL PRODUCTION
 Coal output was able to increase so rapidly because steam pumps were
developed which enabled deeper seams to be exploited
Year
Coal output (tons)
1700
2600000
1790
7600000
1795
over 10000000
IRON ORE
 brittle due to impurities
 (Steel is a perfect form of Iron ore

(steel is more flexible- meant to give)
 Only the rich had steel swords because it was so hard to make
 Where there is a demand – there is a supply ** someone will make it
ABRAHAM DARBY
 Idea: coke smelting
 iron ore with coke from coal removed some impurities improved iron – “refining
metals”
 advanced the mass production of brass and iron good
 Charcoal was becoming scarce
JOHN “IRON MAD” WILKINSON
 Invention: world's first iron barge in 1787
 iron bridges, ships cannons, boring holes in iron
 burred in an iron coffin
HENRY CORT
 Idea: puddling furnace
 cast iron  wrought iron
 large-scale and inexpensive conversion of cast iron into wrought iron, one of the
most essential materials
 iron alloy with a very low carbon
 Rolled straight away while it was still soft
 rails for railways

pipes
 sheet iron for shipbuilding
HENRY BESSEMER
 Invention: Bessemer Process molten iron pig
 A method for making steel by forcing compressed air through molten iron to burn
out carbon and other impurities
 How many have you seen this?
 Bessemer court – it was from a mill who closed
Steam
Inventions and ideas
 Steam power had been around for thousands of years – no one knew
how to use it
THOMAS SAVERY
 Invention: vacuum-powered mine pumping engine
 “first steam engine”
 Engine driven by steam power – advanced labor power
THOMAS NEWCOMEN
 Inventions: (invented a simple engine that used steam to) pump water
out of coalmines
 Here’s how his engine worked:

Boiled water created steam, which entered a chamber or cylinder, which pushed a
piston up.
 The piston lifted a pump
 Partnered with Savery
JAMES WATT
 Watt and Matt Boulton (business partner)
 Invention: watt engine
 absent minded genius
 Couldn’t focus for too long

always trying to improve inventions
 4x as productive
 Cheap!
Transportation
Inventions and ideas
Roads, canals and trains
JOHN MACADAM
 Invention: Road construction
 (every road was curved so there was no standing water)
 much faster, more comfortable and easier than before
 tar mixed with road-stone
 Europe and England – First used in Maryland (all over PA)
 Macadam’s roads - excellent
CANALS
 1760 -1840
 Digging a canal – done by hand
 (France thought it was a waste of resources)
 Erie canal – connected Lake Erie to the Hudson River – wanted to build
all the way to PITTSBURGH!
GEORGE STEPHENSON
 Invention: steam engine locomotive and iron rails
 -“Father of Railways”
 cotton industry was so large- needed a way to transport
 tracks at four feet, eight and a half inches
 become the worldwide standard railroad gauge.
THE ROCKET
 Competition in Liverpool
 (other 6 broke down – no contest)
 29 miles per hour – no other way to go that fast before
 1900’s - miles of track
 Russia had 53,234
 Germany 51,000
 set the stage for WWI
ADVANTAGES OF RAILROADS
 Increased demand for coal and iron
 Jobs for railway workers
 Better transportation of materials, goods, food
 Ripple effect on industrial economy
 cars  better roads  hotels for travelers  gas
ROBERT FULTON AND LIVINGSTON
 Inventions: First steam ship
 5 miles per hour
 Overload them to make money
 Engines weren’t regularly inspected
 Paved the way for ship improvements
Factories
 symbols of the Industrial Revolution
FACTORIES
1850 – Britain is the wealthiest
country at this time
US in 1945 (#2)
 semi- skilled labor
 horrible places to work
 Long hours
 Little pay
 Hazards environments
 Work discipline
 Rural workers had to adjust to boring work and long hours (new)
 Fines,
 Dismissal
 beat if you were not performing tasks – no rights – if you quit, hire someone
 http://www.saburchill.com/history/chapters/IR/033.html
SAMUEL SLATER
In 1789, Samuel Slater
memorized the British
spinning machines
He came to the USA
and began building
cotton spinning
machines to sell to
Americans.
FRANCIS CABOT LOWELL
 He built the USA’s first
power loom in Waltham,
Massachusetts.
 Girls worked in the power
loom factory. They would
work 12 to 14 hours a day
6 days a week.
 They had to go to bed by
10 and wake up at 5:00 to
work.
 They got $3 a week for
working 70 hours.
THOMAS ALVA EDISON
 He loved inventing new




machines.
When he was 11, he built his
own telegraph set.
His workshop was called, Menlo
Park where he invented 1093
machines.
He spent years trying to come up
with a substance which would
burn for a long time.
His dad wanted Edison to read
books and stop doing science
experiments so Edison’s dad gave
Edison a penny every time he
read. Edison used the pennies to
buy chemicals.
INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT
THOMAS ALVA EDISON
 At the age of 12 years old, he
got his first job selling
newspapers and candy to
passengers on the trains.
 He also printed a weekly
newspaper, the Weekly
Herald.
 After about a years time, he
got permission to use one of
the train baggage cars for his
science experiments.
 One day his chemicals spilled
causing a fire in the train. He
lost his job and his chemicals.
INTERESTING FACTS
 He used the Detroit Free Library to get books. He
read almost every book there by going book by
book, shelf by shelf.
 He loved Science books best and decided he wanted
to invent ways to make life better for people.
 At 16, he got a job as a telegraph operator. His job
was to report to Toronto every hour by telegraph
signal. Edison invented a way to have the signal sent
to Toronto automatically every hour. He almost got
fired when his boss found him asleep.
ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL
He invented the
telephone.
By 1900, 1.5 million
telephones were being
used.
He started the
Telephone Bell
Company.
 Elijah’s parents were slaves
ELIJAH MCCOY
who escaped to the North.
 He went to Scotland to study
machinery and engineering.
 After getting his degree, he
moved back to After that, he
moved to Detroit. Because he
was black, he could only get a
job as a machinist.
 While working, he noticed
that men called "grease
monkeys" had to crawl
around on the machines oiling
them. Some of these boys got
hurt.
 In 1872, he invented a way to
oil machines without stopping
JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER
He came from a poor
family. However, he
started an oil-refinery
business/
Through buying other
companies and labeling
them different names,
he got a monopoly.
VOCABULARY
Corporation:
A large business owned by people who invest
into it.
Shareholders:
People who invest money into a company.
Sweatshops:
Small factories that wer unsafe and
unhealthy and paid little money for the
work.