THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION : relevant vocabulary
Spinning-wheel; to spin; cottage handloom; power loom; spinning; thread;
weaving; blacksmith; forge; mines/pits/colliery; tunnels; coal transported by
water; Duke of Bridgewater; from 7d. a sack to 3d. a sack; barge; 5 locks on a
canal; embankments; empty boat; top gets open bridges; river Dee; James
Watt; Newcomen had already drained mines; pumped water; consumed a lot
of coal; separate condenser; 2/3 (two/thirds) less with steam engines under
pressure; cage in the shaft; charcoal was scarce; Derby; in a furnace; iron
production; all iron instead of wood and stone; (Railway Station) iron bridge
on the river Severn; smelting steel; (iron + small quantities of carbon and
other minerals); crucible; higher temperature; combined with carbon in
Sheffleld; unmarried daughter: spinster; yarn for the shuttle through the
threads; 1733: flying shuttle; James Heargreaves; Arkright: spinning frame;
stronger threads; water wheels and water frames; Crompton : the mule
(mixing of Arkright and Heargreaves discoveries) still used; quality power;
driven mills in town; no longer near rivers; drift from countryside; very low
wages; working long hours; pollution was accepted as an unavoidable evil;
flanks from pits; environment; transport; roads were bad; toll gates to pay
customs; money for new roads; bridge near Bristol; rail; steam engines; 1st
passenger train to run a time-table; the Rocket; locomotion by George
Stevenson; Manchester; viaducts; Robert Stevenson was George’s son;
Brunel; also ships; extreme poverty; middle class developed; maids were
cheap ornaments; pottery; 1851: Crystal Palace; Royal Botanical Garden;
Great Exhibition: 1.5.1851; iron dome; drawbacks.
Some useful questions:
1- What were the main inventions and their inventors?
2- How was coal transported in the beginning? And later?
3- What was the practical consequence of the building of the Bridgewater
canal?
4- What’s “charcoal”?
5- What’s “steel”?
6- Which English town is famous for steel industries?
7- How were roads improved?
8- When was the Great Exhibition opened? By whom?
9- Which new social class emerged?
10-Which factories moved from near rivers to towns? Why? What were the
consequences?
11-What about the working class? And wages?