Propositum: DWBAT conjugate verbs in the present and perfect systems and translate according to tense 7/8/14 Facite Nunc: 1. Take out the following handouts for COLLECTION and leave them on my desk: 1. 2. Syllabus and Expectations (*Must be SIGNED*) Noun Case Review 1. Take a packet from the front of a room and take out a black/blue pen PENSUM #2: 1. Visit my website for a practice Verb Synopsis: http://magistrasnyder.weebly.com 1. Bring all of your MATERIALS to class for inspection (Hw Credit) QUIZ 1: Noun and Case Review • You have 10 minutes to complete your quiz • When I call time, pass your quiz forward in your row QUIZ 1: Noun and Case Review 1. insula, insulae f. island a) b) c) d) 2. diēs, diēī m. day a) b) c) d) 3. st Declension number: 1 _____ Noun stem: insulGenitive singular form: insulae Translation: of the island th Declension number: 5 _____ Noun stem: diAccusative plural form: diēs Translation: days exercitus, exercitūs m. army a) b) c) d) 4th Declension number: _____ Noun stem: exercitDative plural form: exercitibus Translation: to/for the armies QUIZ 1: Noun and Case Review 4. “egō tamen propter crīmen Sextī ab omnibus condemnābor- id sciō!,” Lucrētia dīxit. – Case of Sextī = genitive – Usage/function of Sextī = possession – Sentence translation = “I nevertheless will be condemned by everyone on account of Sextus’ crime- I know it!,” Lucretia said. PRESENT SYSTEM • The tenses in the present system include the present, the future, and the imperfect. These tenses belong to what is known as the ‘present system’ because they are all formed using the Present Stem of a verb. • Most verbs have 4 principal parts. The Present Stem comes from the 2nd principal part of a verb. – Ex. dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dīctus to say, tell CONJUGATION NUMBER -āre -ēre -ere -īre PRESENT STEM laudāhabēcapiaudī- PRESENT ACTIVE PERSONAL ENDINGS (PAP) -ō -s -t -mus -tis -(u)nt 1) habeō, habēre, habuī, habitus to have 2nd Conjugation number: ______ habeō habēs habet habēmus habētis habent I have you have he/she/it has we have you all have they have Exerceāmus! • Independent Work (7 minutes) – Complete Parts I (conjugations for dūcō, dūcere and capiō, capere) and II (translation) on pgs. 2 and 3 II. Translate the following forms into either Latin or English you love 1. amās 2. inveniunt they find we attack/seek 3. petimus I destroy 4. deleō you all think 5. cogitātis tenēs/habēs 6. you hold 7. we understand intellegimus 8. they desire cupiunt curritis 9. you all run respondeō 10. I respond PERFECT SYSTEM (pg. 5) • The tenses in the perfect system include the PERFECT, the PLUPERFECT, and the FUTURE PERFECT. These tenses belong to what is known as the ‘perfect system’ because they are all formed using the Perfect Stem of a verb, coming from the 3rd principal part. – Ex. dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dīctus: to say, tell • The Perfect Stem comes from removing the “___” from the 3rd principal part. Exerceāmus! • Independent Work (20 minutes) – Complete pgs. 3-9 for ALL other tenses and practice conjugation charts associated with each Quiz 2: Verb Review • Tomorrow’s quiz will be a VERB SYNOPSIS for the ACTIVE voice only moveō, movēre, movī, motus to move you all are movētis moved you all were movēbātis movēbāminī being moved you all will be movēbitis you all will move movēbiminī moved you all were you all moved mōvistis moved you all had you all had been mōtī eratis moved moved you all will havemōtī eritis mōveritis moved you all move movēminī movēte! to move movērī to be moved Move! movēminī! Be moved! Propositum: DWBAT determine the voice of a verb and translate sentences in English and Latin in both the active and passive voices 7/9/14 Facite Nunc: 1. Take a ‘Passive Voice’ packet from my desk and write your name and the date at the top 1. Keep all of your MATERIALS on top of your desk for inspection 1. Take out a black/blue pen for your quiz and a red pen for corrections PENSUM #3: 1. HW: The Passive Voice (pg. 3 front and back) Quiz 2: Verb Review • You have 5 minutes to complete your quiz • When you are done, switch quizzes with someone sitting close by and write your initials at the bottom of their quiz Quiz 2: Verb Review facitis faciēbātis you all make/do you all were making faciētis fēcistis you all will make fēceratis you all had made fēceritis • Each Latin form = 2 pts. • Each English translation = 1 pt. you all made you all will have made There are 3 main components that are used to describe the various features of a verb… 1. Tense: describes the _______________ TIME when a verb occurs present – ______________________ = I praise, I am praising, I do praise future – ______________________ = I will praise perfect – ______________________ = I have praised, I praised, I did praise imperfect – ______________________ = I used to praise, I was praising pluperfect – ______________________ = I had praised future perfect – ______________________ = I will have praised There are 3 main components that are used to describe the various features of a verb… 2. Mood: describes the way a verb is conceived or thought of indicative – ______________________ = verbs that are certain (did, do, will happen) imperative – ______________________ = commands and orders subjunctive – ______________________ = verbs that are uncertain (may/could/would/should/might happen) There are 3 main components that are used to describe the various features of a verb… 3. VOICE: describes whether the action is being done BY TO ________ the subject or ________ the subject ACTIVE – ______________________ = subject is doing the action of the verb PASSIVE – ______________________ = subject is receiving the action of the verb VOICE: Active vs. Passive – Present Tense • Active = he/she/it praises (laudat) • Passive = __________________________ he/she/it is praised – Perfect Tense • Active = he/she/it praised, has praised (laudāvit) he/she/it was praised • Passive = __________________________ – Imperfect Tense • Active = he/she/it was praising, used to praise (laudābat) he/she/it was being praised, • Passive = __________________________ used to be praised VOICE: Active vs. Passive – ONLY __________________________ verbs, or TRANSITIVE verbs that take direct objects, can be made passive • Ex. I praise the student The student is praised by me – INTRANSITIVE verbs do NOT take direct objects and CANNOT be made passive • Ex. I run I am ran (BAD!!!!!) Formation – PRESENT SYSTEM • Present: Present stem + Passive Personal Endings (1st sg. drops vowel in Pres. stem) – laudor = I am praised • Imperfect: Present stem + bā/ēbā + PPE – laudābar = I was being praised • Future: Present Stem + bō/bi/bunt OR a/ē + PPE – laudābor = I will be praised – dūcar = I will be led Formation PERFECT SYSTEM • Perfect: 4th PP + Present tense of sum, esse – laudātus/a/um sum = I was praised • Pluperfect: 4th PP + Imperfect tense of sum, esse – laudātus/a/um eram = I had been praised • Future Perfect: 4th PP + Future tense of sum, esse – laudātus/a/um erō = I will have been praised Ablative of Agent vs. Ablative of Means LIVING THINGS • Use Ablative of Agent with ___________________ and NON-LIVING THINGS Ablative of Means with ___________________ • Ablative of Agent = ā/ab + abl. = by _____________ – Ex. ā virīs = by the men • Ablative of Means = noun in the ablative case (NO preposition) – Ex. flammā = by/with a flame Active to Passive Changes in Latin Ablative (of Agent/Means) Subject (nominative) Passive verb ENGLISH • ACTIVE: Fire destroys the city. • PASSIVE: The city is destroyed by fire. LATIN • ACTIVE: ignis urbem dēlet. • PASSIVE: urbs igne dēlētur. Exerceāmus! • Paired Work (15 minutes) – Complete sentences 1-5, translating all sentences and answering all relevant questions Propositum: DWBAT identify and translate pronouns in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd person 7/10/14 Facite Nunc: 1. Take a ‘Introduction to Pronouns’ packet from my desk and write your name and the date at the top 1. Turn in your Passive Voice HW to my desk 1. Take out a black/blue pen for your quiz and a red pen for corrections PENSUM #4: 1. Complete your ‘Introduction to Pronouns’ packet in full, including the translation of passages 2. + IB ACCELERATORS- Translate Term 4 IA Text Quiz 3: Passive Voice • You have 5 minutes to complete your quiz • When you are done, switch quizzes with someone sitting close by and write your initials at the bottom of their quiz Quiz 3: Passive Voice – signō deōrum Romulus rēgere urbem electus est. Ablative, Ablative of Means • Case and function of signō (4 pts.): • Tense, person, number, and voice of electus est (4 pts.): perfect, 3rd, sing., passive Romulus was chosen to rule the city by a sign of the gods • Translation (10 pts.): A sign of the gods chose Romulus to rule the city • Switch voice in English (2 pts.) signum deōrum Romulum rēgere urbem(5elēgit. • Re-write the sentence in Latin pts.): THE 3RD PERSON LATIN PRONOUN IS, EA, ID 1) The 3rd Person pronoun is, ea, id is used in Latin to talk about she _____________, _____________, _____________ in the singular, he it they and _____________ in the plural. 2) is and its declined forms are used for the masculine __________________________ gender. feminine ea is used for the __________________________ gender, and id is neuter used for the __________________________ gender. 3) Like every Latin noun, these pronouns will DECLINE and appear in each case according to the grammatical role of the pronoun within its clause. 4) In situations in which these pronouns appear in cases other than the nominative, we will need to translate them in English with the proper _______________________________________ . case translation MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER NOMINATIVE is he ea she id it GENITIVE eius eius DATIVE eī eī eum eam id eō eā eō ACCUSATIVE ABLATIVE eius eī Exerceāmus! • Paired Work (25 minutes) – Complete all work for is, ea, id in the PLURAL as well as the 1st and 2nd person pronouns in both the SINGULAR and the PLURAL – Before you leave today, pick up a Pronoun Reference Sheet Propositum: DWBAT identify and translate relative pronouns in Latin and English Facite Nunc: 7/14/14 1. Take a ‘Relative Pronouns’ handout from my desk and write your name and the date at the top 1. IB ACCELERATORS- Turn in your Term 4 IA Text translation HW to my desk (Other discipulī – no HW collection today) 1. Take out a piece of looseleaf and a black/blue pen for your quiz PENSUM #5: 1. Complete your ‘Relative Pronouns’ handout in full 2. Make a study sheet for relative pronouns on looseleaf 3. Go to the website and check and correct in red pen your translations from the 1st and 2nd personal pronouns packet Quiz 4: 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Person Pronouns Copy down and translate the following sentences: 1. Dido Aeneam amāvit, et is eam amāverat. 1. eī oraculum deōrum audīvērunt et ea oracula eōs terruērunt. 1. Romulus fratrī dīxit “numquam fīdus tibi erō.” 1. cīves Romulō dīxērunt, “tū, rex magnus, ā nōbīs amāris.” VOCABULARY • • • • fīdus, -a, -um: loyal numquam: never oraculum, -ī n.: oracle, prophecy terreō, terrēre, terruī, territus: to frighten, scare, terrify • frater, fratris m.: brother • cīvis, cīvis m./f.: citizen Quiz 4: 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Person Pronouns Copy down and translate the following sentences: 1. Dido Aeneam amāvit, et is eam amāverat. Dido loved Aeneas and he had loved her. 1. eī oraculum deōrum audīvērunt et ea oracula eōs terruērunt. They heard the oracle of the gods and these oracles frightened them. 1. Romulus fratrī dīxit “numquam fīdus tibi erō.” Romulus said to (his) brother, “I will never be loyal to you.” 1. cīves Romulō dīxērunt, “tū, rex magnus, ā nōbīs amāris.” The citizens said to Romulus, “You, great king, will be loved by us.” Facite Nunc: Read the sentences below and combine the following pairs of sentences into a single sentence with two clauses using the word you see in parentheses: 1. Rome was a newly created republic. Rome had ended its monarchical government. (which) Rome was a newly created republic, WHICH had ended its monarchical government Rome WHICH was a newly created republic, had ended its monarchical government 1. Rome was now a major world power. Rome’s influence was growing. (whose) Rome was now a major world power WHOSE influence was growing 2. Hannibal was a great Carthaginian leader. The Romans hated Hannibal. (whom) Hannibal was a great Carthaginian leader WHOM the Romans hated. CLAUSES • Clause: a grammatical phrase consisting (at least) of a subject and a verb. A clause can be INDEPENDENT or DEPENDENT. – A DEPENDENT clause is a clause that is INCOMPLETE on its own Ex. • I ran… • …to which he responded… • while you were away… – An INDEPENDENT clause is a clause that is COMPLETE; expresses a complete thought, action, or idea Ex. • I ran in the marathon. • I told him “I’ll see you later”, to which he responded, “See you then!” • While you were away, I redecorated the living room. • I arrived at 8:00 AM this morning. Independent or dependent? • • • • • • • So I said… Monkeys LOVE bananas! Monkeys love. Bananas. Yes, bananas. Ok…I love bananas. Who’s hungry? RELATIVE PRONOUNS Relative Pronoun: a word that stands in for/takes the place of another noun (PRONOUN) that begins a DEPENDENT clause and further describes a noun in the independent clause (RELATIVE). – Ex. I will give the book, which I just finished reading, to you tomorrow. • ‘which’ is a PRONOUN that stands in for the word ‘book’. • ‘which’ begins the DEPENDENT clause ‘which I just finished reading’ • ‘which’ further describes the word ‘book’ in the independent clause. It gives more information about the book (it’s not just any book; it’s a book I’ve just finished reading) ANTECEDENTS Antecedent: a word that a relative pronoun refers back to (ante = before, cedent cedō, cedere = to go; antecedent = the word that goes before) – Ex. I will give the book, which I just finished reading, to you tomorrow. • The antecedent to the relative pronoun ‘which’ is ‘book’. The relative pronoun ‘which’ is talking about the book I will give to you tomorrow. RELATIVE PRONOUNS IN LATIN Singular MEMORIZE! MEMORIZE! RELATIVE PRONOUNS IN LATIN Plural 1st, 2nd 1st, 2nd 3rd 1st, 2nd 3rd RELATIVE PRONOUNS English Translations Exerceāmus! Directions: For each sentence, Bracket off [ ] the dependent clause in the Latin sentence Identify the antecedent, its case, number, and use Translate the independent clause Identify the relative pronoun, its case, number, and use Translate the dependent clause 1. Carthāgo, quae urbs in Africā est, fortem classem habēbat. Carthāgo = nom., sing., subject Carthāgo … fortem classem habēbat = Carthage used to have a strong navy RELATIVE PRONOUN quae = nom., sing., subject Dependent Clause quae urbs in Africā est = which is in Africa ANTECEDENT Independent Clause FINAL = Carthage, which is in Africa, used to have a strong navy. Notāte bene!!! • Antecedents and relative pronouns agree in 2 ways- gender and number • Antecedents and relative pronouns don’t necessarily agree in case, because relative pronouns can have a different usage in their own, dependent clauses Exerceāmus! • Paired Work (25 minutes) – Complete all steps for sentences 2-8 – Write out the final versions of each sentence on a piece of looseleaf paper Quiz 4: 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Person Pronouns (MAKE-UP) Copy down and translate the following sentences: 1. Aeneas filiam rēgis in Italiā amāvit, sed quoque Turnus eam amāvit. 1. in Italiā nōn pācem, sed bella, invēnērunt, et ea dura erant. 1. Romulus, Rōmae rex, vōs salutat. 2. ‘Rōmae regem, Romulum, nōs salutāmus!’ cīvēs dīxērunt. Propositum: DWBAT differentiate between degrees of adjectives and adverbs in English and Latin; translate all degrees of adjectives and adverbs in Latin Facite Nunc: 7/15/14 1. Take a ‘Comparative and Superlative Adjectives’ handout from my desk and write your name and the date at the top 1. Take out a piece of looseleaf and a black/blue pen for your quiz PENSUM #6: 1. Complete the translation of ‘Gaius et Licinia, Vir et Uxor’ 2. Complete worksheet ‘Gaius et Licinia: Adverbs and Adjectives’ Quiz 5: Relative Pronouns • • • • • • Bracket off [ ] the dependent clause in the Latin sentence Identify the antecedent, its case, number, and use Translate the independent clause Identify the relative pronoun, its case, number, and use Translate the dependent clause Write a FINAL whole sentence translation 1. Punicī, quōrum copiae decrescēbant, militēs prō eīs pugnāre conduxērunt. FINAL sentence: Quiz 5: Relative Pronouns (Make-Up) • • • • • • Bracket off [ ] the dependent clause in the Latin sentence Identify the antecedent, its case, number, and use Translate the independent clause Identify the relative pronoun, its case, number, and use Translate the dependent clause Write a FINAL whole sentence translation 1. Hannibal, cuius copiae decrescēbant, militēs prō eō pugnāre conduxit. FINAL sentence: Quiz 5: Relative Pronouns 1. Punicī, quōrum copiae decrescēbant, militēs prō eīs pugnāre conduxērunt. Punicī = nom., pl., subject The Carthaginians hired soldiers to fight for them quōrum = gen., pl., possession whose supplies were diminishing FINAL sentence: The Carthaginians, whose supplies were diminishing, hired soldiers to fight for them. DEGREES OF ADJECTIVES • Positive Degree: denotes a quality of a noun _____________________________________ __________________________________ – translated as the basic definition of the adjective • ex. Gaius is a young man. DEGREES OF ADJECTIVES • Comparative Degree: denotes a greater degree of a quality of a noun ____________________________________________ _____________________ – usually translated into English by adding the suffix “________” to the end of the adjective; otherwise by -er adding the word “ _____________”. If not being used to more directly compare two nouns, translated as “____________” rather • ex. Gaius was younger and more energetic than his brother, Tiberius. • Gaius was rather young and energetic. DEGREES OF ADJECTIVES • Superlative Degree: denotes the greatest degree of a quality of a noun ________________________________________ ___________________________ -est translated into English by adding the suffix – usually “________” to the endmost of the adjective; otherwise by adding the word “ _____________” • ex. Gaius was the youngest and most influential orator in Rome at this time. COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES Formula: of adjective (Gen Sing - Ending) + -ior, iōr- + ___ 3rd • STEM _________ decl. endings • Exception: – Neuter Nominative and Accusative Singular = STEM + -ius • nota bene: – the 3rd declension endings are NOT i-stem (e.g. ablative singular = -e) – these 3rd declension endings are added on to any adjective of any declension (2-1-2 adjectives or 3rd declension adjectives) Decline celer, celeris, celere quick in the comparative: Case NOMINATIVE SING. GENITIVE SING. DATIVE SING. ACCUSATIVE SING. ABLATIVE SING. NOMINATIVE PL. GENITIVE PL. DATIVE PL. ACCUSATIVE PL. ABLATIVE PL. MASCULINE, FEMININE NEUTER celerior celerius celeriōris celeriōris celeriorī celeriorem celeriore celeriorēs celeriorum celerioribus celeriorēs celerioribus celeriorī celerius celeriore celeriora celeriorum celerioribus celeriora celerioribus SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES Formula: of adjective • STEM ______________ (Gen Sing - Ending) + -issim- + -us, -a, -um – -us = masculine adjectives will decline with 2nd declension endings; – -a = feminine adjectives will decline with 1st declension endings; – -um = neuter adjectives will decline with 2nd declension neuter endings. • Exceptions: If the stem of the positive-degree adjective ends in -l or -r, replace -issim- with -illim- and -irrim-, respectively. – ex. similis, simile (similar) = simillimus, -a, -um (most similar) – ex. celer, celeris, celere (quick) = celerrimus, -a, -um (quickest) Decline potēns, potentis powerful in the superlative: Case MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER NOMINATIVE SING. potentissimus potentissima potentissimum GENITIVE SING. potentissimī potentissimae DATIVE SING. potentissimō potentissimae ACCUSATIVE SING. ABLATIVE SING. NOMINATIVE PL. GENITIVE PL. DATIVE PL. ACCUSATIVE PL. ABLATIVE PL. potentissimī potentissimō potentissimam potentissimum potentissimā potentissimō potentissimae potentissima potentissimī potentissimōrum potentissimārum potentissimōrum potentissimīs potentissimīs potentissimīs potentissimōs potentissimās potentissima potentissimīs potentissimīs potentissimīs potentissimum potentissimō EXERCEĀMUS! Independent Work • Identify the degree of the adjective; then parse and translate the noun- adjective pairs. Translate according to case. – 8. Change to ‘manuum’ manus, -ūs f. hand inimicus, -a, -um hostile, enemy levis, levis, leve light; small; trivial metus, -ūs m. fear What is an ADVERB? adjective adverb • An adverb describes a ___________________, or a verb _. • Underline the adverbs in the Latin sentence below and in its English translation: Latin • Opimius malum consilium ibi in domō suō celeriter fēcit English • Opimius quickly devised an evil plan there in his home. , Positive Degree – translated as “___________ly” (if derived from an adjective) or as a basic definition – ex. Opimius quickly devised a plan there in his home. Formula: STEM ___________ (Gen Sing - Ending) + -ē (2-12)/-iter (3rd) – Ex. fīdus, -a, -um loyal, faithful fīdē loyally, faithfully – potens, potentis powerful potentiter powerfully – ferox, ferōcis fierce; cruel; arrogant ferōciter fiercely; cruelly; arrogantly Comparative Degree – usually translated into English by adding the word “more ____________” to the adverbs when making a comparison or “rather ______________” or “too ____________” if no comparison is being made ex. Opimius consilium celerius cēpit. • ex. Opimius devised a plan more quickly (than his supporters did). • Opimus devised a plan rather/too quickly. COMPARATIVE ADVERBS Formula: Adjective STEM + -ius • Ex. fīdus, -a, -um loyal, faithful fīdius more loyally, more faithfully • potens, potentis powerful potentius more powerfully • ferox, ferōcis fierce; cruel; arrogant ferōcius more fiercely; more cruelly; more arrogantly Superlative Degree – usually translated into English by adding the word “most____________” to the adverb – If quam comes before a superlative adverb, it is translated “as ___________ as possible” • Ex. Opimius celerrimē consilium cēpit. – ex. Opimius devised a plan most quickly. • Ex. Opimius quam celerrimē consilium cēpit. • Opimius devised a plan as quickly as possible SUPERLATIVE ADVERBS • Formula: Adjective stem + -issimē (-rimē, -limē) • Ex. fīdus, -a, -um loyal, faithful fīdissimē most loyally, most faithfully • celer, celeris, celere quick, swift celerrimē most quickly, most swiftly • facilis, facilis, facile easy facillimē most easily IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADVERBS EXERCEĀMUS Independent Work • Complete the graphic organizer below by filling in either the form, the degree, the root (positive degree of the) adjective, or translation of the adverb. GAIUS ET LICINA, VIR ET UXOR CONTEXT • After the death of his brother Tiberius, Gaius Gracchus has been elected to the office of tribune of the people with the hopes of continuing his brother’s legacy and helping homeless veteran Roman soldiers and the plebian (lower) class after the Punic wars in the late 2nd century B.C. • Another tribune, Opimius, who supported the optimate (aristocratic) class of society felt threatened by Gaius’ popularity and declared him a threat to the state. The following text details Gaius’ fear for his life and interaction with his beloved wife before he sets out to face his enemies and ultimate fate. Propositum: DWBAT translate and identify deponent verbs in Latin Facite Nunc: 7/16/14 1. Take a ‘Deponent Verbs’ handout from my desk and write your name and the date at the top 1. Take out a piece of looseleaf and a black/blue pen for your quiz 2. Take out a red pen to correct your HW PENSUM #7: 1. Complete the translation of ‘Gaius’ Flight’ Quiz 6: Comparatives and Superlatives Translate the following sentences: 1. uxor Gaiī virum perditē nōn cēdere (ē) domō orāvit. 1. Tiberius, quī frater Gaiī erat, ā potentissime senātore interfectus est. Vocabulary perditus, -a, -um desperate domus, -ī m. house, home orō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus to beg potens, potentis powerful interficiō, interficere, interfēcī, interfectus to kill GAIUS ET LICINA, VIR ET UXOR 1. posterō diē Gaius celeriter surrexit tacitissimēque domō cessit. tamen Licinia, bona On the next day Gaius rose quickly and left from (his) home most (extremely) quietly. 2. uxor, cui mātūtīnissima hora sōlum luctum, nōn pācem, cedēbat, celerius surrexit et Nevertheless Licinia, (his) good wife, to whom the earliest (extremely early) hour was granting grief alone, not peace, 3. 4. in viā Gaium impedīvit. “ Ō bonus vir, Ō tūtor populī, Ō frāter sōlus superstes, manē, rose rather quickly and blocked Gaius in (his) path. “Oh good husband, (oh) defender of the people, (oh) only surviving brother, stay, I beg you. tē orō. crūdēllimē Tiberius ā ferōcissimō senātū interfectus est. Tiberius was killed most cruelly by the fiercest (an extremely fierce) senate. GAIUS ET LICINA, VIR ET UXOR 4. illīs tū maior odio* You are a greater (as a) source of to those (men) than (your) brother 5. quam frāter es, itaque illī tibi perīculōsiōrēs sunt. tē orō- tua mors minimum and so those (men) are more dangerous to you. I beg you – your death will be the least/smallest help to the republic. 6. auxilium reī pūblicae erit. sī interficeris, speī populus carēbit, et virō cārissimō carēbō.” If you are killed, the people will lack hope, and I will lack (my) dearest husband.” 7. Gaius, perditē suam uxōrem amāns, tamen ē bracchiīs, minoribus quam suīs, cessit et Gaius, loving his wife desperately, still departed from (her) arms, smaller than his and walked to Rome. 8. Rōmam ambulāvit. GAIUS ET LICINA, VIR ET UXOR ADVERBS AND ADJECTIVES tacitissimē celer, celeris, celere rather quickly celerius crūdellimē peditē most quietly Superlative Superlative Positive most cruelly perditus, -a, -um GAIUS ET LICINA, VIR ET UXOR ADVERBS AND ADJECTIVES mātūrīnus mātūrīnissima Positive superstes ferōcissimō good superstes cruelest Superlative maior magnus Comparative Superlative minoribus bonus earliest perīculōsus cārus greater more dangerous dearest smaller /1/advocatī Opimiī sociōs Gaiī oppugnāvērunt, quī in urbe conveniēbant. (conveniō, -īre, convēnī, conventus to gather, meet Parse oppugnāvērunt: person and number 3rd plural tense and voice perfect, active TRANSLATION: The supporters of Opimius attacked the allies of Gaius, who were gathering in the city. /2/ advocatī Opimiī sociōs Gaiī aggressī sunt, quī in urbe conveniēbant. [aggressī sunt > to attack] Parse aggressī sunt: person and number tense and voice 3rd plural perfect, passive TRANSLATION: The supporters of Opimius were attacked allies of Gaius, who were gathering in the city. DEPONENT VERB FORMS aggredior, aggredī, aggressus sum: to attack, approach What is unusual about this dictionary entry? > the verb has 3 principal parts, instead of 4 passive > the principal parts all look > although the verbs look passive , the translation of the verb must be . active Deponent Verbs! • Deponent verbs LOOK different than other verbs 3 because they have ____ principal parts instead of 4 ____ passive but are • Deponent verbs always look ______ active translated _______ly passive voice translations for a • There are NO ______ deponent verbs because deponent verbs don’t 4th principal part have a _________________. • Make an analogy! Deponent verbs are like …. because they look like one thing but are really the opposite. Deponent Verb List 3rd io 1st 3rd -io 3rd -io 1st 3rd 4th 3rd io 2nd 3rd 3rd Independent Work EXERCEĀMUS! • Annotate and translate the sentences below. The underlined verbs are deponent. EXERCEĀMUS 1. Gaius uxorī aliquid praeter amōrem nōn pollicērī poterat antequam domō cessit. Parse pollicērī: tense and voice present, active • Translation: Gaius was not able to promise anything to (his) wife besides love before he departed from (his) home. EXERCEĀMUS 2. Licinia, timēns virum interficī poterit, illum in viā perīculosiore perditissimē impedīre conābātur. • Parse conābātur: tense, voice, person, number imperf., active, 3rd, sing. • Translation: Licinia, fearing (her) husband will be able to be killed, was trying most desperately to stop that (man) in the rather dangerous street. EXERCEĀMUS 3. passa Gaiī digressum, Licinia luctū metūque in terrā cecidit et multum flevit. • Parse passa: tense, voice, person, number perf., active, 3rd, sing. • Translation: Having endured Gaius’ departure, Licinia fell on the ground in grief and fear and wept a lot. Propositum: DWBAT translate, distinguish, and indentify gerunds and present active participles Facite Nunc: 7/17/14 1. Take a ‘Participles and Gerunds’ handout from my desk and write your name and the date at the top 1. Take out a piece of looseleaf and a black/blue pen for your quiz PENSUM #8: 1. Complete your ‘Participles and Gerunds’ packet in full 2. ‘HW: Participles’ worksheet Quiz 7: Deponent Verbs Translate the following sentence: amicī Gaiō suadissimē loquēbāntur et eum servāre pollicitī sunt. Person, number, tense, voice of pollicitī sunt: Translation: Vocabulary Gaius, -ī m. Gaius suadus, -a, -um persuasive loquor, loquī, locutus sum to talk, speak polliceor, pollicērī, pollicitus sum to promise Quiz 7: Deponent Verbs (MAKE UP) Translate the following sentence: Gaius cum amicīs loquēbātur et eī eum servāre pollicitī sunt. Person, number, tense, voice of loquēbātur: Translation: Vocabulary Gaius, -ī m. Gaius loquor, loquī, locutus sum to talk, speak polliceor, pollicērī, pollicitus sum to promise pugnāre malum est. infinitive • pugnāre is an _______________________. In noun this sentence it is acting like a ____________ because it is the subject of the verb ‘est’. • If this verb is acting like a noun which is the subject of a sentence, if it were a noun, what case would it be in? nominative ________________________ Gerunds 3rd io and 4th conjugations: Pres. stem + -end + 2nd decl. endings -nd GERUND FORMATION: Pres. __________ Stem + _______ + 2nd decl. sing. endings English Example CASE Latin Form Fighting is bad. To fight is bad. NOMINATIVE Most men weren’t skilled in the art of fighting. GENITIVE pugnāre (2 PP) pugnandī Roman men are suited to/for fighting DATIVE pugnandō From an early age Roman boys practice fighting. ACCUSATIVE pugnandum The Romans defended their land by fighting. ABLATIVE pugnandō Decline the following gerund: audiō, audīre English Translation CASE Latin Form to hear, hearing NOMINATIVE audīre (2 PP) GENITIVE audiendī to/for hearing DATIVE audiendō (for the purpose of) hearing ACCUSATIVE audiendum by hearing ABLATIVE audiendō of hearing PARTICIPLES Participles are verb forms which act as ADJECTIVES and modify and AGREE with another noun in GNC The two we will concentrate on are Perfect Passive and Present Active. Perfect Passive Formation: 4th PP of any verb (ex. amātus) Present Active Formation**: Present Stem + nt + 3rd declension i-stem endings (ex. amā + nt + is = amāntis) Future Active Formation: 4th PP – us + -ūrus (ex. amātus – us + ūrus = amātūrus) PARTICIPLES TRANSLATION: • PERFECT PASSIVE (P3) cōnsul victus the having been conquered consul; the conquered consul • PRESENT ACTIVE (PAP) the conquering farmer agricola vincēns wanting participle Hannibal, wanting to surprise the Romans, crossed the Alps to enter Italy. Q: In the sentence above, is the word “wanting” an adjective, verb, a combination of both, or something else? Briefly justify your answer Present Active Participle Hannibal, wanting to cross the surprise the Romans, crossed the Alps to enter Italy. – Represents an action that is ONGOING with the main verb of the sentence • As Hannibal crossed the Alps, he was at that time continuously wanting to surprise the Romans – Shows PRESENT time, or time contemporaneous with the main verb • At the time when Hannibal crossed the Alps, he was presently wanting to surprise the Romans – Is ACTIVE in voice, the subject performs the action • The subject, Hannibal, actively wants to do something Present Active Participle FORMATION: Present Stem + nt + 3rd declension adjective endings Ex. vince + nt + is = vincentis (gen. sg. m/f/n) (‘of the conquering ______) TRANSLATION ‘______ing’ EXCEPT Nom. Sg. present stem (long vowel) + ns Ex. vincē + ns = vincēns (‘the conquering ______) ‘the conquering general’ Present Active Participle Case Nom. Gen. Dat. SINGULAR PLURAL dux vincēns ducēs vincentēs ducis vincentis ducum vincentium ducī vincentī Acc. ducem vincentem Abl. duce vincentī/e ducibus vincentibus ducēs vincentēs ducibus vincentibus Perfect Passive Participle FORMATION 4th PP *Declines like a 2-1-2 adjective TRANSLATION ‘having been _____ed’ or ‘_____ed’ Ex. dux victus (‘the general having been conquered’ or ‘the conquered general’) ‘the general having been conquered’ or ‘the conquered general’ Perfect Passive Participle Case Nom. SINGULAR PLURAL dux victus ducēs victī ducis victī ducum victōrum Dat. ducī victō ducibus victīs Acc. ducem victum ducēs victōs Abl. duce victō Gen. ducibus victīs Directions: Manipulate each of the following phrases according to the directions. /1/ fratrem amāntem (change to ABLATIVE) fratre amānte/ī /2/ agricolae audientī (change the NUMBER) agricolīs audientibus /3/ hostis recipientis (change to PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLE) hostis receptī /4/ regem dicentem (change to DATIVE) /5/ exercitus vincēns (change the NUMBER) regī dicentī exercitūs vincentēs Directions: Translate the underlined words in each sentence using a participle. /1/The consuls, listening to the demands of the enemy, waited for the terms of the treaty. consulēs, audientēs /2/We had no fear of the withdrawing army of Hasdrubal. recipientem exercitum Hasdrubalis /3/Hannibal wondered about the fate of his returning brother. redientis fratris Participles vs. Gerunds NOUN pres. stem neuter sing. 2nd nom. ADJECTIVE pres. stem i 4th 3rd noun Decline iubeō, iubēre as a GERUND iubēndī iubēndō (ad) iubēndum iubēndō Decline iubeō, iubēre as a PAP: iubēns iubēntis iubēntī iubēntēs (m./f.)/iubēntia (n.) iubēntium iubēntibus iubēntem (m./f.)/iubēns (n.) iubēntēs (m./f.)/iubēntia (n.) iubēnte/ī iubēntibus Clausal Translation of Participles • What is a ‘clausal’ translation? – Translating a participle as if it were a complete clause (as opposed to “____ing “or “having been ____ed”) • What are types of clausal translations can I use? Ex. Hannibal, vincēns (PAP) / Hannibal, victus (PP) (ex. Hannibal, conquered) (ex. Hannibal, he was conquered) (ex. Hannibal, was conquered) (Ex. Hannibal, he was conquered). was conquering/Hannibal, having been he was conquering/Hannibal, he is conquering/Hannibal, because he he is conquering/Hannibal, although Rōmānī, victī in proeliō, etiam contrā Punicōs fortiter pugnāvērunt. (fortis, fortis, forte brave, strong) a. The Romans, (having been) conquered in battle, still fought bravely against the Carthaginians. (PARTICIPIAL TRANSLATION) b. The Romans, who were/had been conquered in battle, still fought bravely against the Carthaginians. (RELATIVE TRANSLATION) c. The Romans, after they were conquered in battle, still fought bravely against the Carthaginians. (TEMPORAL TRANSLATION) d. The Romans, because they were conquered in battle, still fought bravely against the Carthaginians. (CAUSAL TRANSLATION) e. The Romans, although they were conquered in battle, still fought bravely against the Carthaginians. (ADVERSATIVE TRANSLATION) C E The BEST translations are ______ and _______ because the word etiam (still) in this sentence sets up a contrast for the dependent clause, making the adversative translation for ‘although’ the best option exercitus, quattuor bella simul pugnāns, nōn satis dūcum bonōrum habuit. (quattuor = IV; simul = at the same time; satis = enough (+GEN.)) a. The army, fighting 4 wars at the same time, did not have enough (of) good generals. (PARTICIPIAL TRANSLATION) b. The army, which was fighting 4 wars at the same time, did not have enough (of) good generals. (RELATIVE TRANSLATION) c. The army, while/when it was fighting 4 wars at the same time, did not have enough (of) good generals. (TEMPORAL TRANSLATION) d. The army, because it was fighting fighting 4 wars at the same time, did not have enough (of) good generals. (CAUSAL TRANSLATION) e. The army, although it was fighting fighting 4 wars at the same time, did not have enough (of) good generals. (ADVERSATIVE TRANSLATION) B A The BEST translations are ______ and _______ because the sentence describes a quality of the army, not having enough good generals, and the relative translation expands upon that idea, further describing the militaristic situation the army is in Substantive Participles Participles function like these two parts of verb speech: ____________ and ___________. adjective Just like all adjectives, participles can be used substantively: this means that they can stand alone without an expressed noun. When translating from Latin to English, an expressed implied noun must be ____________. Latin prefers to leave out nouns and just imply them when possible because the sentences become more concise. Substantive Adjectives • An adjective that does not modify a noun, but stands on its own • Translate substantive adjectives according to their GENDER – Masculine man/men – Feminine woman/women – Neuter thing/things • Ex. omnia ā mē administrata sunt (line 4) = all (things) were managed by me Translate the sentences below, with the nouns modified by participles having been removed: • ______ causam bellī quaerēns Saguntum petivit. – What is the GNC of quaerēns? m./f./n sing. nom. – What word needs to be implied in English for quaerēns to modify? Using context, we can imply from the subjects of prior sentences, that this subject should be masculine. We can conclude that ‘he’ or ‘man’ should be implied. • urbs Rōmae tamen nōn capta est ab _____ volentī sed timentī capere …. sing. abl. – What is the GNC of volentī/timēntī? m./f/n – What word needs to be implied in English for volentī and timentī to modify? Using context, we can imply from the subjects of prior sentences, that this subject should be masculine. We can conclude that ‘he’ or ‘man’ should be implied. Facite Nunc: Revisit the ‘Second Punic War Comes to a Close’ passage you saw on 11/27 and complete the chart below identify the type, GNC, contextual referent of and translating each substantive participle from the passage. vi vi Punicīs (line 2) PAP / PP masc. nom. pl. mal PAP / PP masc. nom. pl. Punicīs (line 4) socia PAP / PP masc. abl. pl. NO REFERENT they (the Carthaginians) (havin been) conquered they (the Carthaginians) preferring by the men/soldiers/people allying (with him) N.B. Translate substantive participles according to number and gender If they are contextualized within a passage, looking for ________. a referent (or expressed noun the substantive is referring to) to help you translate the word using context. Ex. victus = masc., sing. he having been conquered/he conquered Hannibal was masc. and sing. (and nom.) in the sentence before (lines 1-2), so I can infer from the context that the substantive participle victus refers to him and translate victus as he (Hannibal) having been conquered or he (Hannibal) conquered. they (fem.) pl. gen. masc. sg. nom. masc. sg. nom. pl. gen. he she he awaited she awaited of them (having been) awaited them (m.) to them pl. conquering by them them (m.) conquering by them them (f.) conquered pl. pl. sg. they leading they (mas.) of them leading gen. nom. him they (having they (m.) been) recalled Second Punic War Comes to a Close 1. interim Hannibal cupiēns pacem ad Āfricam vēnit quamquam multa hostilia ab 2. Puncīs facta sunt. victus frequentibus proeliīs ā Scīpiōne etiam pācem petēbat. 3. pax data est hīs condicionibus: victī magis quam XXX nāvēs tenēre nōn Meanwhile Hannibal desiring peace came to Africa although many hostile (things) were done by the Carthaginians. (He/the man), having been conquered in frequent battles by Scipio, was even seeking peace. Peace was given on these conditions: the conquered (men/Carthaginians) are not able to have more than 30 ships, 4. possunt, DC milia argentī pondō solvere et captivōs reddere debent. Punicīs 5. condiciōnēs displicuērunt. malentēs in bellō manēre iussērunt Hannibalem (they) ought to pay 600,000 (pounds) by weight of silver and to give back the captives. 6. 7. The conditions displeased the Carthaginians. They preferring to remain in war ordered Hannibal pugnāre. ā Scīpiōne et eius sociantibus proelium usque ad moenia Carthāginis to fight. The battle was waged by Scipio and the men/those allying (with him) all the way to the walls of Carthage. lātum est. Part II Directions: List the POSSIBLE GNCs of each participle and then give translations of each sentence according to each GNC. 2. revocātī redivērunt. – Possible GNC of revocātī: masc.,_________, gen., sg._________ • ________, masc.,_________, nom., pl._________ • ________, – Translate the sentence with revocātī having the GNC in a): Of the having been recalled (man), they returned (BAD!) Translate the sentence with revocātī having the GNC in b): They, having been recalled, returned (GOOD!) 3. revocātōs exspectō. – GNC of revocātōs: masc., acc., pl. • ________, _________, _________ Translate the sentence: I am waiting for them, having been recalled. 4. vastāns terram nōn recessit. – GNC of vastāns: masc., nom., sg. • ________, _________, _________ Translate the sentence: Ravaging the land, he did not withdraw. He, ravaging the land, did not withdraw. 6. hostēs nuntium vastantī terram dedērunt. GNC of vastantī: sg. dat. masc., _________, _________ Translate the sentence: The enemies gave a message to him, ravaging the land. 7. audentēs deus iuvat. (Ovid) (audeō, audēre, ausus sum = to be bold, to be daring; iuvō, iuvāre, iūvī, iūtus = to help; to assist) GNC of audentēs: pl. acc. masc., _________, _________ Translate the sentence: The god helps them (those who are) (being) bold/daring. 8. dūcunt volentem fāta, nōlentem trahunt. (Seneca the Younger) (fātum, fātī, n. = fate; trahō, trahere, traxī, tractum = to drag) – GNC of volentem, nōlentem: sg. acc. masc., _________, _________ Translate the sentence: The fates lead him (the man who is) wanting, they drag him not wanting. Scīpiōnī nuntius nuntium dedit: Punicī Hannibalem revocāvērunt. revocantēs ducem cōndicionēs pācis ā Rōmānīs accipere nōn potuerant. vastāns omnia in Africā pugnāre volēbat et trānseuntem mare Romā avidē exspectāvit. Romā = ē/ā Romā (cōndicio, cōndiciōnis f.: condition; accipiō, accipere, accēpī, acceptus: to accept, welcome, receive; avidē: eagerly, greedily) Translation: A messenger gave a message to Scipio: the Carthaginians recalled Hannibal. They (the Carthaginians) recalling (their) leader had not been able to accept the conditions from the Romans. He (Scipio) ravaging all things in Africa was wanting to fight and eagerly waited for him (Hannibal) crossing the sea from Rome. Propositum: DWBAT translate and indentify ablative absolutes Facite Nunc: 7/22/14 1. Take a ‘Ablative Absolutes’ handout from my desk and write your name and the date at the top 2. Turn in your ‘HW: Participles’ worksheet in the blue folder 1. Take out a piece of looseleaf and a black/blue pen for your quiz PENSUM #9: 1. Complete your ‘Ablative Absolutes’ packet in full- translation of ‘Tiberius’ Speech’ on the last page Quiz 8: Participles Translate the following sentence: Hannibal, cupiēns pācem quamquam multa hostilia ā Puncīs facta erant, in Āfricā vēnit. 1. 2. 3. 4. Identify the participle and its GNC: cupiēns, masc., sg., nom. PAP or PPP? PAP Translate the participle RELATIVELY: Hannibal, who was wanting Sentence Translation: Hannibal, who was wanting peace although many hostile (things) had been done by the Carthaginians, arrived in Africa. Vocabulary Hannibal, Hannibalis m. Hannibal quamquam although hostilis, hostilis, hostile to talk, speak cupiō, cupere, cupivī, cupitus to want, desire Punicus, -a, -um Carthaginian Manciō belligerantī, Tiberius Gracchus quaestor in exercitū erat. • What case is the participle in this sentence in? ablative ________________ Mancius belligerāns Tiberius Gracchus quaestor in exercitū erat. • What problem do we have with the sentence now? The sentence doesn’t make sense grammatically because there are two subjects and a singular verb ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE (AA) • a phrase in the ablative _____________________________case which consists of both a • noun and a participle . It is called an ‘absolute’ because it is ‘loosened’ or ‘released’ (absolvō, absolvere to release, free) from the grammatical content of the rest of the sentence, although it does relate to the rest of the sentence contextually. Manciō belligerantī, Tiberius Gracchus quaestor in exercitū erat. • Strict/adjectival: (With) Mancius waging war, Tiberius Gracchus was quaestor in the army. • • • • Temporal: AFTER/WHEN/WHILE Mancius (was) waging war, TG was quaestor… Relative: Mancius WHO (was) waging war, Tiberius Gracchus was quaestor… Causal: BECAUSE Mancius (was) waging war, TG was quaestor… Adversative: ALTHOUGH Mancius (was) waging war, TG was quaestor… • Which translation does NOT work for Ablative Absolutes? RELATIVE Exerceāmus! ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE PRACTICE 1. exercitū victō, Mancius per noctem suōs mīlitēs relinquit et eī ā hostibus oppugnātī sunt. (exercitus, -ūs m.: army; relinquō, relinquere, relinquī, relictus: to abandon, leave behind; oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack, besiege) – What type of participle is in the AA? PAP / P3 – Translate the AA as a temporal clause: After the army was defeated, Mancius abandoned his soldiers during the night and they were attacked by (their) enemies. Exerceāmus! • Complete #2-4 – Bracket off the Ablative Absolute – ID the participle – Translate the AA according to the directions – Translate the sentence in full 2. Tiberiō respectō, Numantīnī foedus pacis cum Rōmānīs mīlitibus consensērunt. (Numantīnus, -a, -um: Numantine (person from Numantia); foedus, foederis n.: treaty, pact; respiciō, respicere, respexī, respectus: to respect, consider; consentiō, consentīre, consensī, consensus: to agree to, consent) Because Tiberius was respected, the Numantines agreed to a treaty of peace with the Roman soldiers. 3. foedere signatō, Numantīnī Tiberium in urbem ad epulum praedamque dandum invitāvērunt. (signō, signāre, signāvī, signātus: to sign, stamp; epulum, -ī n.: feast, banquet; invitō, āre, -āvī, -ātus: to invite) After the treaty was signed, the Numantines invited TIberius into (their) city for the purpose of giving (him) a feast and spoil(s). HW 4. After peace was made, Tiberius returned to Rome without spoils but with only incense (having been) taken from the Numantines. (incensum, -ī n.: incense; modō: only) pāce factā, Tiberius Rōmam incensō captō ex Numantiīs sine praedā sed modō redīvit. STATIM • An ablative absolute is a phrase in the _____________________ case consisting of a ablative participle noun _______________ and a ___________________ that is grammatically ‘loosened’ from the rest of the sentence. • Ablative absolutes typically come at the beginning sentence of a • Ablative absolutes are INDEPDENT / DEPENDENT clauses (circle one) • Ablative absolutes can be BEST translated with temporal , causal , or adversative clausal translations Exerceāmus! • Complete #1-3 – Bracket off the Ablative Absolute – ID the participle – Translate the AA according to the directions – Translate the sentence in full 1. multā praedā oblatā, Tiberius tamen modō chartās dē bellō ā Numantīnō duce accipere optābat. (modō: only; charta, -ae f.: record, ledger; obferō, obferre, obtulī, oblata: to offer) – What type of participle is in the AA? PAP/P3 – Translate the participial phrase as an adversative clause: Although much loot was offered, Tiberius still was only wanting to receive the records about the war from the Numantian leader. 2. pāce factā, Tiberius cum mīlitibus veteribus Manciī ā Hispaniā Rōmam redīvit. – What type of participle is in the AA? PAP/P3 – Translate the participial phrase as a causal clause: Because peace was made, Tiberius returned to Rome from Hispania with Mancius’ veteran soldiers. 3. Tiberiō Rōmam redeunte*, nuntium eventōrum in Numantiā inter populum Rōmae dilatum est. • (*redeunte from redeō, redīre; eventum, -ī n. event, outcome, result; differrō, differe, distulī, dilatus: to spread, publish, disperse) – What type of participle is in the AA? PAP/P3 – Translate the participial phrase as a temporal clause: When/while Tiberius was returning to Rome, a message of (about) the events in Numantia was spread among the people of Rome. TIBERIUS GRACCHUS RŌMĀNŌ POPULŌ ORATIŌNEM DAT 1. lacrimīs cadentibus, Tiberius Gracchus, tribūnus, prae With tears falling/while tears were falling, Tiberius Gracchus, the tribune, stood before the council of the Plebs 2. 3. Conciliō Plebis stetit dixitque, “etiam humillimae ferae per and said, “Even the basest/lowest beasts (who were) wandering through montēs Ītaliae errāntēs antra cavernāsque habitābant, sed the mountains of Italy used to inhabit caves and caverns, but (now) 4. nostrī fortissimī prō Ītaliā pugnantēs et pereuntēs tectīs our strongest (men) (who have) fought and died on behalf of Italy 5. carent. lack homes. Additional Vocabulary • • • • • • • • • • • • ager, agrīs m.: land, field, farm perdō, perdere, perdidī, perditus: to lose, destroy, waste nunc: now crūdelis, -is, -e: cruel, harsh fatum, –ī n.: fate lex, legis f.: law sōlum: only terror, terroris m.: terror, fear paucus, -a, -um: few, little homō, hominis m.: man solvō, solvere, solvī, solutus: to pay intellegō, intellegere, intellexī, intellectus: to understand ‘TIBERIUS GRACCHUS RŌMĀNŌ POPULŌ ORATIŌNEM DAT 9. mīlitēs agrōs ā sibi victōs habitāre 10. nōn possunt. Ō, crūdēlem fātum! lēgibus condītīs ita, 11. sōlum dominī stīpendia solvunt et in exercitum 12. cōnscribunt. plūrimīs agrīs sūmptīs ā paucīs, nostrī liberī 13. dominī numquam esse poterunt, et quōmodo stīpendia 14. mīlitēsque patria adquīret, prō multitūdine hominum? 15. istum terrōrem intelligere nōlēmus? Propositum: DWBAT translate and indentify ablative absolutes Facite Nunc: 7/22/14 1. Take a ‘Demonstratives’ handout from my desk and write your name and the date at the top 1. Take out a piece of looseleaf and a black/blue pen for your quiz 1. After the quiz is over, take out your HW and a red pen for corrections PENSUM #10: 1. Complete your ‘Demonstratives’ packet in full- translation of ‘DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES IN CONTEXT’ on the last page Quiz 9: Ablative Absolutes agrīs perditīs, multī fortissimōrum mīlitum sine tectīs per Ītaliam nunc errant. 1. 2. Bracket off the ablative absolute Translation: Vocabulary perdō, perdere, perdidī, perditus to lose; ruin, waste fortis, fortis, forte strong; brave tectum, -ī n. house, home errō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus to wander, roam TIBERIUS GRACCHUS RŌMĀNŌ POPULŌ ORATIŌNEM DAT 1. lacrimīs cadentibus, Tiberius Gracchus, tribūnus, prae With tears falling/while tears were falling, Tiberius Gracchus, the tribune, stood before the council of the Plebs 2. 3. Conciliō Plebis stetit dixitque, “etiam humillimae ferae per and said, “Even the basest/lowest beasts wandering through montēs Ītaliae errāntēs antra cavernāsque habitābant, sed the mountains of Italy used to inhabit caves and caverns, but (now) 4. nostrī fortissimī prō Ītaliā pugnantēs et pereuntēs tectīs our strongest (men) (who have) fought and died on behalf of Italy 5. carent. lack homes. 4. itaque nostra urbs est And so our city is 5. plēna prandium ōrantium cum uxōribus et liberīs quī nihil full of (men) begging for food with wives and children who have 6. vestīmentum praeter pellēs habent. nothing (no) clothing except their skin(s). 7. agrīs perditīs, nunc novam terram ā Rōmā in bellō captam After (their) lands were lost, the optimates now buy new land 8.taken optimātēs emunt. by Rome in war. ‘TIBERIUS GRACCHUS RŌMĀNŌ POPULŌ ORATIŌNEM DAT 9. mīlitēs agrōs ā sibi victōs habitāre Soldiers are not able to inhabit the lands conquered (won) by themselves (which they won). 10. nōn possunt. Ō, crūdēlem fātum! lēgibus condītīs ita, Oh cruel fate! Because the laws have been established in this way, 11. sōlum dominī stīpendia solvunt et in exercitum only landowners pay taxes and enlist in(to) the army. 12. cōnscribunt. plūrimīs agrīs sūmptīs ā paucīs, nostrī liberī Because most (of) the lands have been taken by a few (men), 13. dominī numquam esse poterunt, et quōmodo stīpendia our children will never be landowners, and how will (our) fatherland 14. mīlitēsque patria adquīret, prō multitūdine hominum? acquire taxes and soldiers, for the multitude of men? 15. istum terrōrem intelligere nōlēmus? Do we not wish to understand this terror? What is a Demonstrative Adjective? • Demonstrative: this grammar term derives from demonstrāre (to show, point out) and indicates words translated as “this”, “that” and “itself”. • Adjective: Modifies a noun and therefore matches that gender noun grammatically in ____________________, number case ____________________ and ____________________. • • What are the Demonstrative Adjectives in Latin? this (sg.)/these (pl.) • hic, haec, hoc = __________________________ that (sg.)/those (pl.) • ille, illa, illud = __________________________ • ipse, ipsa, ipsum = __________________________ himself/herself/itself (sg.)/themselves (pl.) hāc hae haec (x3) hanc hārum hās hī hic hīs (x6) hoc (x2) SINGULAR- ‘that’ hic huius huic hunc hōc haec hoc huius huius huic huic hanc hoc hōc hāc hōc (x2) hōrum (x2) hōs huic (x3) huius (x3) hunc PLURAL- ‘those’ hae hī haec hōrum hārum hōrum hīs hīs hīs haec hōs hās hīs hīs hīs ille, illa, illud- that (sg.), those (pl.) ille illīus illī illum illō illa illīus illī illa illā illud illīus illī illud illō illī illōrum illīs illōs illīs illae illārum illīs illās illīs illa illōrum illīs illa illīs ipse, ipsa, ipsum – himself, herself, itself ipse ipsīus ipsī ipsum ipsō ipsa ipsīus ipsī ipsam ipsā ipsum ipsīus ipsī ipsum ipsō ipsae ipsa ipsī ipsōrum ipsārum ipsōrum ipsīs ipsīs ipsīs ipsōs ipsās ipsa ipsīs ipsīs ipsīs Exerceāmus! Demonstrative Adjective-Noun Pairs Part I: Parse and translate the following nounadjective pairs. Make sure to translate according to case. Change captivī to captivō in #5 captivus, -ī m. captive, hostage proelium, -ī n. battle nuntius, -ī m. messenger masc., sg., nom. masc., sg., gen. fem., sg., acc. masc., sg., dat. masc., pl., dat. masc., pl., abl. that captive of that enemy this city to this captive to these brothers by these brothers masc., sg., nom. the messenger himself masc., pl., gen. of the enemies themselves masc., pl., dat. to these battles masc., pl., abl. with these battles masc., sg., abl. with the battle itself 1. pauperibus potestātem bonae vītae haec lex praestābat. This law was presenting the opportunity of a good life to the poor. 1. Tiberius ipse cōpias agrōsque iam tenuit. Tiberius himself already held supplies and lands. 2. illī virī sine agrīs in exercitum conscribere nōn poterant. Those men were not able to enlist into the army without lands. 3. Tiberius hōc consiliō multōs iuvāre poterit. Tiberius will be able to help many (men) with this plan. STATIM 1. 2. 3. 4. hī virī these men (nom.) __________________ ipsum stīpendium the tax itself (nom.) __________________ illīus lēgis of that law __________________ hīs consiliīs by these plans __________________ DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES USED SUBSTANTIVELY • Demonstrative Adjectives are adjectival; therefore, they modify ________________ nouns and they agree with those GENDER NUMBER nouns in 3 things: ________________, ________________ andCASE _________________. • Demonstrative Adjectives, like all adjectives, can stand alone in a sentence, and the noun being modified must be substantive implied. Here, they function as ________________ Demonstrative Adjectives. – Substantive Adjectives can imply a word from earlier context OR a “general” noun. – You can infer what “general” noun can be implied by number determining the substantive adjective’s ________________ and gender _________________. man personor ________/________ men people – A masculine adjective implies ________/________ women – A feminine adj. implies woman ________/________ thing things – A neuter singular adj. implies ________/________ Tiberius Gracchus cum III ducibus valentibus convēnit et ā hīs ūnā Lex Sempronia Āgrāria prōposita est. a) Substantive Demonstrative Adjective: hīs b) Translation: Tiberius Gracchus met with 3 (powerful) leaders (who were) powerful and the Lex Sempronia Agraria was proposed together by these (men/leaders). c) Noun Implied: men/leaders SUBSTANTIVE DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES Translate and answer questions for #2-6 DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES IN CONTEXT 1. rēs novās senātōrēs timēbant, et Tiberius Gracchus, hunc The senators were afraid of revolution(s), and Tiberius Gracchus, recognizing 2. cognōscēns, illīs suam lēgem nōn tulit. ad illōs vītandum this, did not bring his law to those (senators). For the purpose of (in order to) avoid those (senators) 3. consensum Conciliī Plebis ipsius petīvit. lēge nōn violātā, he sought the approval of the Council of the Plebs itself. Although the law had not been broken, 4. tamen hic illōs senātōrēs offendēbat. deinde lacessītī still this (man) was offending those senators (though this action) . Then they, having been provoked, responded with this (statement): 5. respondērunt hōc: ullus tribunus lātiōnem vetāre potest et haec any tribune is able to avoid a voting (vote) and this (vote) will not be able to be brought before the Coucil of the Plebs. 6. prae Conciliō Plebis nōn ferrī poterit. statim illī M. Octaviō, alterō Immediately 7. tribunō, intercessionem adsumere persuāsērunt et lātiō ipsius 8. Tiberiī Gracchī vetāta est. sed hic tribunus consilium capiēbat... Propositum: DWBAT distinguish between direct and indirect speech in English and Latin Facite Nunc: 7/23/14 1. Take a ‘Introduction to Indirect Speech’ handout from my desk and write your name and the date at the top 2. Take a ‘Latin II Summer Session Vocabulary List’ from my desk and write your name on it 1. Take out a piece of looseleaf and a black/blue pen for your quiz PENSUM #11: 1. Complete your ‘Indirect Speech’ packet through pg. 7 (stop at ‘Indirect Speech and Relative Time’ 2. Check and correct your ‘Demonstratives in Context’ translation based on the answer key on the website Quiz 10: Demonstratives 1. senātōribus rēs novās timēntibus, Tiberius Gracchus hanc lēgem illīs nōn proposuit. a) Identify the substantive demonstrative: b) Noun implied: c) Sentence translation: Vocabulary rēs novae, -ērum ārum f. pl. revolution timeō, timēre, timuī, ---- to fear lex, lēgis f. law proponō, proponere, proposuī, propositus to propose, introduce Direct vs. Indirect Speech 1. What is direct speech? Direct quotations that report speech or thought in its original form 2. What is indirect speech? The expression of speech or thought NOT in its original form, but restated, without using quotations 3. When would an author want to use direct speech vs. indirect speech? DIRECT- primary source, dialogue DIRECT- secondary source, analysis/inference 4. In English, what word do we use to signify a transition into indirect speech? “that” Direct Indirect Speech DIRECT SPEECH4 1 2 3 Marius avidissimē dīxit, “ego dūx melior Metellō sum.” Marius most passionately said, “I am a better leader than Metellus.” 1b 1. Quotation marks (“ ”) disappear 1b. Latin has no word for “that” 2. Nominative subject Accusative 3. conjugated verb infinitive (SAME TENSE!) INDIRECT SPEECH 4 1 2 3 Marius avidissimē dīxit sē dūcem meliorem Metellō esse. Marius most passionately said that he was a better leader than Metellus. 1b 4. A HEAD VERB (of sensing, perceiving, understanding) indicates that indirect speech is beginning Ex. he said THAT… Head Verbs • Verbs of sensing, perceiving, or understanding after which the word “that” naturally follows – – – – – I know that… you see that… we recognize that… she said that… they heard that… • In order to have indirect speech, you MUST have a head verb that begins it HEAD VERBS cognoscere sentīre audīre dīcere nuntiāre Direct Indirect Speech in LATIN • Write down the following sentence in your notes and change it from direct to indirect speech. – DIRECT: • Marius clamāvit, “brevī tempore Iugurtham capere possum.” – INDIRECT: • Marius clamāvit / sē brevī tempore Iugurtham capere posse. Cogitāte… Why are we using the pronoun “sē” to say “he” and NOT “eum”? STATIM Recall these 4 important features of indirect speech sentence structure in Latin: HEAD • Indirect speech is introduced by ___________ verbs that • The word “___________________” does not exist in Latin sentences with indirect speech, so it must implied when translating from Latin to English. • The subject in indirect speech is in the accusative ________ case infinitive • The verb in indirect speech is in its ___________ mood Head Verb or Not? (Or it depends?) • • • • • • • • • • • pollicērī – to promise cognoscere – to understand cupīre – to desire vincere – to conquer ambulāre – to walk cēdere – to go, leave arbitrārī – to judge esse – to be scribere – to write mittere – to send consentīre – to agree HEAD VERB HEAD VERB COULD BE! NOT NOT NOT HEAD VERB NOT COULD BE! NOT HEAD VERB EXERCEĀMUS! 1. Marius arbitrābatur sē dūcem meliorem quam Metellum reī pūblicae esse. • Circle one: Direct Speech • Translation: Marius was judging that for the republic than Metellus. Indirect Speech he was a better leader Exerceāmus! • Complete sentences #2-7 – Decide whether each sentence is indirect or direct speech – Translate each sentence sauciō, sauciāre, sauciāvī, sauciātus = to wound sauciāre sauciārī to wound to be wounded sauciāvisse sauciātum esse to have wounded sauciātūrum esse to be going to/about to wound to have been wounded UNDERSTANDING THE INFINITIVE • What word is including in the translation of ALL infinitives? to _____________________ • What 2 tense and voice combinations of the infinitive include the present infinitive of esse? perfect passive – ___________________________________________ – __________________________________________ future active • What tenses of the infinitive do not exist in Latin? imperfect – ___________________________ pluperfect – ___________________________ future perfect – ___________________________ • Why do you think that there are only 3 tenses of infinitives in Latin? Why would only these 3 tenses have infinitive forms and not the others? present, future, and perfect tenses represent present, • The _______________________________________________________ future, and past time. The other 3 tenses represent time that is _______________________________________________________ relative to these 3 central tenses so they do not possess their own infinitives. RULES FOR FORMING AND TRANSLATING THE INFINITIVE • • • • • Present Active Present Passive Perfect Active Perfect Passive Future Active 2nd PP 2nd pp – e + ī* Perf. stem + -isse “to __________” “to be _____ed” “to have ____ed” 4th PP + esse “to have been ____e 4th PP – us + ūrus + “to be about to ____ esse *For 3rd conjugation, 2nd PP – ere + ī expellō, expellere, expulsī, expulsus to expel, drive out expellere expellī to drive out to be driven out expulsisse to have driven out expulsūrum esse to be about to drive out expulsum esse to have been driven out Propositum: DWBAT translate indirect speech in Latin with a variety of tenses for head verbs and infinitives Facite Nunc: 7/24/14 1. Take out your ‘Introduction to Indirect Speech’ handout 2. Take out your ‘Latin II Summer Session Vocabulary List’ 1. You may use this list for this quiz and all quizzes next week 1. Take out a piece of looseleaf and a black/blue pen for your quiz PENSUM #12: 1. Complete your ‘HW: Indirect Speech Practice’ (last page of your packet) Quiz 11: Indirect Speech 1. Rōmānī sciunt Marium celeriter illōs barbarōs vincere velle. a) b) c) d) Identify the head verb: ID the subject accusative: ID the infinitive in indirect speech: Sentence translation: Vocabulary volō, velle, voluī, ----- to wish, want barbarus, -a, -um barbarian Marius, -ī m. Marius Quiz 11: Indirect Speech (MAKE-UP) 1. Marius scit Romānōs celeriter hōs barbarōs vincere velle. a) b) c) d) Identify the head verb: ID the subject accusative: ID the infinitive in indirect speech: Sentence translation: Vocabulary volō, velle, voluī, ----- to wish, want barbarus, -a, -um barbarian Marius, -ī m. Marius RELATIVE TIME • The present infinitive indicates the SAME time as that of the head verb – Marius dīcit sē Iugurtham capere. Marius says that he captures Jugurtha. • The perfect infinitive indicates time BEFORE that of the head verb – Marius dīcit sē Iugurtham cēpisse. Marius says that he captured Jugurtha. • The future infinitive indicates time AFTER that of the head verb – Marius dīcit sē Iugurtham captūrum esse. Marius says that he will capture Iugurtha. dēlēre dēlērī dēlēvisse dēlētam esse dēlētūrum esse 1. Marius believes that the Numidian king can be destroyed easily with him as general. – Latin Infinitive:dēlērī – Relative Time infinitive shows to head verb: SAME 2. The Roman people remember that Carthage was not destroyed without years of war. – Latin Infinitive: dēlētam esse – Relative Time infinitive shows to head verb: BEFORE 3. The Romans know that Marius will destroy Jugurtha in war. – Latin Infinitive: dēlētūrum esse – Relative Time infinitive shows to head verb: AFTER dēlēre dēlērī dēlēvisse dēlētam esse dēlētūrum esse 4. The soldiers recognize that Marius is destroying all enemies in his path. – Latin Infinitive: dēlēre – Relative Time infinitive shows to head verb: SAME 5. The Roman army remembers that it destroyed the camps of a Numidian leader during the Punic Wars. – Latin Infinitive: dēlēvisse – Relative Time infinitive shows to head verb: BEFORE dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, dūctus: to lead dūcere dūcī to lead to be led dūxisse dūctum esse to have led dūctūrum esse to be about to lead to have been led Indirect Speech and Relative Time PRESENT • An infinitive in the ___________________ tense indicates the SAME time as that of the head verb PERFECT • An infinitive in the ___________________ tense indicates time BEFORE that of the head verb FUTURE • An infinitive in the ___________________ tense indicates time AFTER that of the head verb Translating Indirect Speech “___ed”, “was ___ing” “will ___” “____ed”, “was ___ing” “had ___ed” “was ___ed”, “was being _____ed” “will be___ed” “was ___ed”, “was being _____ed” “had been___ed” “would ____”, “would be “would be____ed”, “would ____ing” be being ____ed” 1. fabula est VII ova aquilae inventa ā Mariō praedīxisse eum consulātum VII annōs tentūrum esse. – Tense of head verb: ____present____________________ • Translation : ____The story is_________________ – Tense, voice of infinitive #1: _________________________ perf. active predicted/foretold • Translation #1: _________________________________ – Tense, voice of infinitive #2: _________________________ future active would hold • Translation #2: _________________________________ – Sentence Translation: The story is that 7 eagle’s eggs found by Marius predicted that he would hold the consulship for 7 years. 2. dūx clarissimus, Scipio Africanus, putābat sē Marium successorem dīctūrum esse. imperfect – Tense of head verb: ________________________ was thinking • Translation: _________________________________ – Tense, voice of infinitive: future active _________________________ would appoint • Translation: _________________________________ – Sentence Translation: The most famous general, Scipio Africanus, was thinking that he would appoint Marius (as) his successor. 3. populus Rōmānus scīvit Marium nōn faciē ipsā sed factīs celebrioribus quam illīs competitorum designāre. perfect – Tense of head verb: ________________________ knew • Translation: _________________________________ – Tense, voice of infinitive: present active _________________________ elected • Translation: _________________________________ – Sentence Translation: The Roman people knew that they elected Marius not by (because of) his appearance itself but by (his) accomplishments more famous than those of (his) rivals. teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold tenēre tenērī to hold to be held tenuisse to have held tentūrum esse to be about to hold tentum esse to have been held EXERCEĀMUS!- RELATIVE TIME IN INDIRECT SPEECH • For each of the following sentences, identify the tenses of both the head verb and the infinitive and translate each verb, then translate the sentence in full. a) Marius sperat sē consulātum multōs annōs tentūrum esse. – The head verb sperat is in the PRESENT tense, so the infinitive, tentūrum esse , in the FUTURE tense, is translated as “ will hold “. Marius hopes that he will hold the consulship for many years. a) Marius sperāvit sē consulātum multōs annōs tentūrum esse. – The head verb sperāvit is in the PERFECT tense, so the infinitive, tentūrum esse , in the FUTURE tense, is translated as “ would hold “. Marius hoped that he would hold the consulship for many years. a) Marius sperābit sē consulātum semel saltem tenēre. – The head verb sperābit is in the FUTURE tense, so the infinitive, tenēre , in the PRESENT tense, is translated as “ will hold “. Marius will hope that he will hold the consulship at least once. EXERCEĀMUS!- RELATIVE TIME IN INDIRECT SPEECH • For each of the following sentences, identify the tenses of both the head verb and the infinitive and translate each verb, then translate the sentence in full. EXERCEĀMUS!- RELATIVE TIME IN INDIRECT SPEECH 4. Marius, tribunus plebis electus, scīvit sē tribūnātum beneficō Metellī adeptum esse. – Tense of head verb: perfect • Translation : knew perfect active – Tense, voice of infinitive: ____________________ had won • Translation: _________________________________ – Sentence Translation: Marius, having been elected tribune of the plebs, knew that he had won the tribunate by the support of Metellus EXERCEĀMUS!- RELATIVE TIME IN INDIRECT SPEECH 5. lēgem, quae dīxit optimātēs inspiciendō tabellās ēlectiōnibus intervenīre nōn iam posse, Marius sanxit. – Tense of head verb: ________________________ perfect said • Translation: _________________________________ active – Tense, voice of infinitive: present ____________________ were able • Translation: _________________________________ – Sentence Translation: Marius passed a law which said that the optimates were no longer able to interfere with elections by inspecting ballots. EXERCEĀMUS!- RELATIVE TIME IN INDIRECT SPEECH 6. nōn intellegēbat sē Metellum sanciendō hanc lēgem ā sē dīvulsūrum esse. imperfect – Tense of head verb: ________________________ was understanding • Translation: _________________________________ active – Tense, voice of infinitive: future ____________________ would alienate • Translation: _________________________________ – Sentence Translation: He was not understanding that he would alienate Metellus from him by passing this law. Exit Ticket • Tear off pg. 3 from your ‘Indirect Speech and Relative Time (Pars 2)’ packet for collection Marius’ law stated that it was illegal for the wealthy to harass citizens casting* their ballots. adscripsit Head verb = ____________ esse Infinitive in indirect speech = ____________ What kinds of clauses are dependent vs. independent? DEPENDENT CLAUSES Relative clauses Ablative absolutes Participles INDIRECT SPEECH INDEPENDENT CLAUSES EVERYTHING ELSE (Finite/conjugated verbs) Propositum: DWBAT identify and translate verbs in the present tense and subjunctive mood Facite Nunc: 7/28/14 1. Take a ‘Introduction to the Subjunctive Mood’ handout from my desk and write your name at the top 2. Take out your ‘Latin II Summer Session Vocabulary List’ 1. You may use this list for this quiz and all quizzes next week 1. Take out a piece of looseleaf and a black/blue pen for your quiz PENSUM #13: 1. Complete your packet through ‘Present Subjunctive Practice’- up to pg. 6 Quiz 12: Relative Time 1. Marius nōn intellegēbat sē Metellum sanciendō hanc lēgem offensūrum esse. a) Tense of the head verb: b) Tense of the infinitive: c) Sentence translation: Vocabulary Metellus, -ī m. Metellus sanciō, sancīre, sanxī, sanctus to ratify; pass (a law) lex, lēgis f. law offendō, offendere, offendī, offensus to offend; injure Marius, -ī m. Marius Quiz 12: Relative Time (MAKE-UP) 1. Marius sensit Metellum eum vetāndō illam lēgem offensūrum esse. a) Tense of the head verb: b) Tense of the infinitive: c) Sentence translation: Vocabulary Metellus, -ī m. Metellus vetō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus to veto (a law) lex, lēgis f. law offendō, offendere, offendī, offensus to offend; injure Marius, -ī m. Marius Quiz 12: Relative Time (MAKE-UP) 1. Rōmanus populus intellegēbat sē Marium ad sanciendum illam lēgem electūrum esse. a) Tense of the head verb: b) Tense of the infinitive: c) Sentence translation: Vocabulary Metellus, -ī m. Metellus sanciō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus to ratify, pass (a law) lex, lēgis f. law eligō, eligere, elēgī, electus to elect; choose Marius, -ī m. Marius DEFINITION – The DEFINITION of a verb tells you basic MEANING of the verb (ex. love, run, see). The definition of a verb is contained within its stem or root. The stem BEGINNING of a verb is located at the _________________ of the verb form. – Ex. the DEFINITION of amābāmus is “love” (stem = amā) PERSON AND NUMBER – The PERSON AND NUMBER of a verb tell you WHO the subject of the verb is (ex. I, you, he/she/it, we, you all, they). There are 6 person number combinations. The person and number can be found at the _________________ of the verb END form. – Ex. the PERSON AND NUMBER of amābāmus is 1st person plural (person and number ending = -mus) TENSE AND ASPECT – The TENSE AND ASPECT of a verb tell you WHEN AND HOW the verb is being done. There are 6 tenses and many different aspects (ex. simple, progressive, completed, continual, etc.). Aspect is decided by tense and if more than one is possible, the best aspect is decided based on CONTEXT by the reader/listener. The tense of a verb can be determined MIDDLE by looking at the infix/tense sign in the _______________ of the verb form or looking at the principal part and ending used in the verb form. – Ex. the TENSE of amābāmus is imperfect (tense sign/infix = bā-) and the ASPECT could be either habitual (used to love) or continuous (was loving) VOICE – The VOICE of a verb tells you whether the subject of a verb is DOING or RECEIVING the action of the verb. The voice of a verb can either be ACTIVE (if the subject is doing the action of the verb) or PASSIVE (if the subject is receiving the action of the verb) – Ex. the VOICE of amābāmus is active because the subject “we” are doing the action of loving. MOOD – The MOOD of a verb tells you MODE OR MANNER in which the verb is expressed to the reader/listener. You are already familiar with two of the three Latin moods, the INDICATIVE, which “indicates” real actions that definitely have occurred in the past, or are occurring in the present, or that likely will occur in the future, and the IMPERATIVE, which commands someone to undertake and action that is not yet going on. – Ex. the MOOD of amābāmus is indicative, because it indicates that we are in fact loving someone/thing now in present time, in actuality The Subjunctive Mood – The SUBJUNCTIVE mood, in contrast to the indicative (which is the mood of factuality and actuality), is the mood of potential, tentative, hypothetical, ideal, or sometimes unreal, action. – In English, the subjunctive is expressed by adding helping words to verb forms, like “were”, “would” to indicate actions that are hypothetical, or “might”, “may”, “should”, “may have”, and “would have” to express potential or ideal actions • Ex. “If I were queen of the world, I would end hunger and poverty…” (but in reality, I’m not) • “I should leave at 4, if I am going to get to this appointment on time…” (but in reality, I may not) • “I might see you later, if I don’t have too much homework to do…” (but in reality, I might not) 1st Conjugation PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE How does the SUBJUNCTIVE form differ from the indicative form for the 1st conjugation? ā ē in present stem 2nd Conjugation PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE • How does the SUBJUNCTIVE form differ from the indicative form for the 2nd conjugation? ē eā in present stem 3rd Conjugation PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE • How does the SUBJUNCTIVE form differ from the indicative form for the 3rd conjugation? i ā in present stem 3rd –io and 4th Conjugation PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE • How does the SUBJUNCTIVE form differ from the indicative form for the 3rd –io and 4th conjugations? i/ī iā in present stem Present Subjunctive Vowel Changes She wears a diamond 3rd io/4th __ 1st __ 3rd __ 2nd __ We beat a liar POTENTIAL SUBJUNCTIVES • The potential usage of the subjunctive is used to express an action that might possibly or conceivably occur. • We translate potential subjunctives using the words “would”, “could”, “might”, or “may” – dīcās eum hominem bonum esse. • You would say that he is a good man; • you could say that he is a good man; • you might say that he is a good man. • We have already encountered a potential subjunctive in Ovid’s Metamorphoses, I. 463464: • Fīlius huic Veneris, “Fīgat tuus omnia, Phoebe, tē meus arcus,” – The son of Venus said to this (god), “Your bow might pierce all (things), Apollo, (but) my bow (could pierce) you.” Exerceāmus! • Directions: Translate the following sentences either from Latin into English. Double underline the potential subjunctives in each one. – – – – – – – – – – sagitta, -ae f. arrow obtūsus, -a, -um dull fīgō, fīgere, fixī, fictus to pierce serpens, serpentis m. snake, serpent tumidus, -a, -um swollen flectō, flectere, flexī, flexus to bend, curve arcus, -ī m. bow tēlum, ī n. weapon; arrow amor, amoris m. love fugō, fugāre, fugāvī, fugātus to chase away, drive away, cause to flee – innuptus, -a, -um unmarried – impatiēns, impatientis intolerant (of), impatient – aemula, -ae f. (female) rival Exerceāmus! Potential Subjunctive Practice • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Daphnē, Daphnēs f. Daphne virgō, virginis f. virgin, maiden perpetuus, -a, -um eternal genitor, genitoris m. creator; father dōnum, -ī n. gift viginitās, virginitatis f. virginity quia because ante before (adv.) Phoebus, -ī m. Apollo cōnubium, -ī n. marriage rite; marriage ōracūlum, -ī n. prophecy fallō, fallere, fefellī, falsus to deceive; fail obsequor, obsequī, obsecutus sum to yield (to) adoleō, adolēre, adoluī, adolutus to worship repugnō, repugnāre, repugnāvī, repugnātus to oppose haereō, haerēre, haesī, haesus to stick, cling (to) Exerceāmus! POTENTIAL SUBJUNCTIVE PRACTICE Directions: Translate the following sentences based on lines 485491 including potential subjunctive verbs. Double underline the verbs in the subjunctive mood. 1. Daphnē cupiat esse virgō perpetuē sī potest. Daphne might want to be a virgin forever if she is able (to). Propositum: DWBAT identify and translate verbs in the imperfect tense and subjunctive mood Facite Nunc: 7/29/14 1. Take out your ‘Introduction to the Subjunctive Mood’ handout 2. Take out your ‘Latin II Summer Session Vocabulary List’ 1. You may use this list for this quiz and all quizzes next week 1. Take out a piece of looseleaf and a black/blue pen for your quiz PENSUM #14: 1. Complete your ‘Introduction to the Subjunctive Mood’ packet in full 2. Add the INTERROGATIVE WORDS (pg. 8) to your Vocab. List 3. Check your answers to your Indirect Speech Practice Sentences on the website Quiz 13: Present Subjunctive 1. Daphnē dōnum virginitātis cupiat sī pater eī id dare potest. a) Subjunctive verb: b) Sentence Translation: Vocabulary Daphnē = Daphne (nom. sg. fem.) dōnum, -ī n. gift virginitās, virginitātis f. virginity Quiz 13: Present Subjunctive (MAKE-UP) 1. Daphnē optet esse virgō perpetuē sī pater eī illam potentiam dare potest. a) b) Subjunctive verb: Sentence Translation: Vocabulary Daphnē = Daphne (nom. sg. fem.) potentia, -ae f. ability, power virgō, virginis f. virgin perpetuus, -a, -um eternal, perpetual optō, optāre, optāvī, optātus to wish 3rd INDICATIVE dīcat 1st das 1st SUBJUNCTIV EINDICATIVE 3rd INDICATIVE 3rd -io SUBJUNCTIV EINDICATIVE 3rd 2nd INDICATIVE 1st SUBJUNCTIV ESUBJUNCTIV 2nd E INDICATIVE optet obsequātur cupit fallant adoleantur repugnat haerēmus sit JUSSIVE SUBJUNCTIVES • The jussive use of the subjunctive expresses a command or exhortation, usually in the 1st or 3rd person • The jussive subjunctive is an independent subjunctive, meaning it appears in the independent clause of a sentence as the main, and often only, verb of the sentence • Negative jussive subjunctives are introduced by the word nē • We translate jussive subjunctives using the words “let”, “may” or “should”. JUSSIVE SUBJUNCTIVES – Dīcam dē hōc librō. Let • ___________ me speak about this book; May • ___________ I speak about this book; • I ___________ should speak about this book. – Nē hoc crīmen faciant. Let • ___________ them not commit this crime; May • ___________ they not commit this crime; • They ______________ not commit this should crime; Exerceāmus! Directions: Translate the following sentences either from Latin into English. Double underline the jussive subjunctives in each one. 5. Itaque prō patriā etiam maiōra meliōraque nunc faciāmus. Therefore let us now also do greater and better things for (our) fatherland. OR Therefore may we now also do … 6. Nē imperātor superbus crēdat sē esse fēlīciōrem quam virum humillum. (imperatōr, -ōris m. emperor, ruler; fēlix, fēlīcis happy; humilis, is, -e humble) The arrogant ruler should not believe that he is happier than the most humble man. OR Let the arrogant ruler not believe that…. INDIRECT QUESTIONS • Like indirect speech, indirect questions are dependent clauses which report a question indirectly, NOT using a direct quotation – DIRECT – They asked, “What is Gaius doing?” – INDIRECT – They asked what Gaius was doing. • Indirect questions use subjunctive mood verb forms • Indirect questions are introduced by interrogative words such as: – – – – – – – quis/quī quid quam quandō cūr ubi unde who what how when why when from where • Subjunctive verbs in indirect questions are not translated any differently than indicative verb forms and need no other additional words to help translate them INDIRECT QUESTIONS Rogant quid Gaius faciat. They ask what Gaius is doing . DIRECT QUESTION – Quid Gaius facit? What is Gaius doing? Nesciō unde veniant. I don’t know from where . they are coming DIRECT QUESTION – Unde veniunt? From where are they coming? Exerceāmus! Directions: Translate the following sentences either from Latin into English. Double underline the indirect question subjunctives in each one. 1. Apollo nescit ubi Daphnē currat, sed eam sequētur. Apollo does not know where Daphne is running, but he will follow her. 1. Nympha Pēnēia mīrātur cūr deus eam celeriter insequātur. (mīror (1) wonder; insequor (3) pursue, chase) The nymph of Peneus wonders why the god is quickly pursuing her. SUBJUNCTIVE REVIEW • Complete the following blanks as review – The SUBJUNCTIVE mood, in contrast to the indicative (which is the mood of factuality and actuality), is the mood of potential , tentative , hypothetical , unreal , or sometimes unreal, action. SUBJUNCTIVE REVIEW – So far we’ve learned 3 usages of the subjunctive mood: • POTENTIAL – Express actions that might possibly or conceivably occur – Translate using the words could ,would , might, or SUBJUNCTIVE REVIEW • JUSSIVE – Independent clauses – Negative jussives are introduced by the word nē – Translate using the words let , may , or should SUBJUNCTIVE REVIEW • INDIRECT QUESTION – Dependent clauses which report questions indirectly – Introduced by question words such as: quis/quī who » quid what » quam how » quandō when » cūr why » ubi when » under from where » SUBJUNCTIVE REVIEW – The PRESENT tense of the subjunctive mood is marked by 4 stem vowel changes for the 5 tenses: • • • • ē 1st conjugation: ā ______ eā 2nd conjugation: ē ______ ā 3rd reg. conjugation: i ______ iā 3rd –io and 4th conjugations: ī ______ The IMPERFECT Tense for the Subjunctive Mood CONJUGATION • Examine the following IMPERFECT tense subjunctives below and try to determine how IMPERFECT tense subjunctive verbs are conjugated for ALL 5 conjugations. 1ST CONJUGATION, IMPERFECT TENSE The IMPERFECT Tense for the Subjunctive Mood CONJUGATION 2ND CONJUGATION, IMPERFECT TENSE The IMPERFECT Tense for the Subjunctive Mood CONJUGATION 3RD CONJUGATION, IMPERFECT TENSE The IMPERFECT Tense for the Subjunctive Mood CONJUGATION 4TH CONJUGATION, IMPERFECT TENSE The IMPERFECT Tense for the Subjunctive Mood • How is the IMPERFECT tense of the subjunctive mood formed for ALL conjugations? • 2nd PP (ending with a long ‘e’) +Imperf. Personal endings The IMPERFECT Tense for the Subjunctive Mood • For DEPONENT verbs: 2nd PP • -ī + ē *+ Passive Personal Endings • *For 3rd conjugation: 2nd PP - ī + erē + Passive Personal Endings The IMPERFECT Tense for the Subjunctive Mood TRANSLATION • The rules for translating subjunctives are exactly the same for the imperfect tense as the ones you have learned for the present tense. The only difference is that the verbs themselves will be translated as imperfect tense verbs. • – Ex. Dīcās eum hominem bonum esse. (PRESENT TENSE potential subjunctive) • You might say that he is a good man; • You would say that he is a good man; – You could say that he is a good man. – Dīcerēs eum hominem bonum esse. (IMPERFECT TENSE potential subjunctive) • You would have been saying/would have said that he was a good man. • You could have been saying/could have saidthat he was a good man. • Youmight have been saying/might have saidthat he was a good man. EXERCEĀMUS! 1. Daphnē mirāta est cūr Phoebus eam insequerētur. (mīror (1) to wonder) – Subjunctive verb: insequerētur – Type of subjunctive (circle one): Jussive / Potential / Indirect Question – Translate sentence: Daphne wondered why Apollo was pursuing her. EXERCEĀMUS 2 Phoebus nōn cuperet sentēs notāre crūra Daphnēs. – Subjunctive verb: cuperet – Type of subjunctive (circle one): Jussive / Potential / Indirect Question – Translate sentence: Let/may Apollo not desire (for) the brambles to scar Daphne’s legs. EXERCEĀMUS 3. Peneus nesciēbat quam suam fīliam adiuvāret. (adiuvō (1) to help, aid) – Subjunctive verb: adiuvāret – Type of subjunctive (circle one): Jussive / Potential / Indirect Question – Translate sentence: Peneus was not knowing (didn’t know) how he (could/would) help his daughter. EXERCEĀMUS 4. nympha virginitātem tenēre posset sī tam pulchra nōn erat. (tam so) – Subjunctive verb: posset – Type of subjunctive (circle one): Jussive / Potential / Indirect Question – Translate sentence: The nymph might/would be able to hold (keep) (her) virginity if she was (were) not so beautiful. Propositum: DWBAT translate a passage based on the mythology of Ovid Facite Nunc: 7/30/14 1. Take a ‘Daphnē et Phoebus’ handout from the front of the room and write your name at the top 2. Put your Indirect Speech Practice HW (corrected) in the blue folder 3. Take out your ‘Latin II Summer Session Vocabulary List’ 1. You may use this list for this quiz 1. Take out a piece of looseleaf and a black/blue pen for your quiz PENSUM #15: 1. Complete and CORRECT your translation of ‘Daphnē et Phoebus’ 2. QUIZ tomorrow: Indirect Questions. You MUST memorize definitions for INTERROGATIVE WORDS from your packet yesterday Quiz 14: Jussive Subjunctive 1. quamquam tē insequor, nē in terrā, Daphnē, cadās et nē tibi causa dolōris sim! a) ID 2 subjunctive verbs: b) Sentence translation: and Vocabulary insequor, insequī, insecutus sum to follow, chase Daphnē = vocative sg. fem. cadō, cadere, cecidī, casus to fall causa, -ae f. cause, reason dolor, dolōris m. pain Quiz 14: Jussive Subjunctive (MAKE-UP) 1. Nē dīcās malē dē virō quia prō patriā bona fēcerat. a) Subjunctive verb: b) Sentence translation: Vocabulary malē from malus, -a, -um quia because patria, -ae f. fatherland, homeland faciō, facere, fēcī, factus to make, do Daphnē et Phoebus Exerceāmus! • Translate the Latin via Ovid version of ‘Daphnē et Phoebus’ • Pay close attention to plot summary, main characters, and characterization • CROSS OUT the ‘e’ in tuuse (line 5) • FIND the following grammatical constructions in your text: • • • • 2 indirect speech clauses 1 superlative adjective 1 neuter acc. substantive adjective 2 neuter nom. demonstrative substantive adjectives Propositum: DWBAT translate Ovidian poetry Facite Nunc: 7/31/14 1. Take a ‘Daphne and Apollo’ packet from the front of the room and write your name at the top 1. DO NOT LOSE THIS! I DO NOT HAVE ANY EXTRA COPIES! 1. Take out a piece of looseleaf and a black/blue pen for your quiz PENSUM #16: 1. On looseleaf, translate lines 452-462 of Daphne and Apollo 2. Annotate these lines in pencil 1. Check the website for additional notes and vocab Quiz 15: Indirect Question 1. nympha pulchra nesciēbat cūr deus eam per silvās celeriter insequerētur. 1. Subjunctive verb: 2. Sentence Translation: Vocabulary silva, -ae f. forest, wood insequor, insequī, insecutus sum to chase, follow Quiz 15: Indirect Question (MAKE-UP) 1. pater scīvit cūr fīlia manēre virgō perpetuē cuperēt. 1. Subjunctive verb: 2. Sentence Translation: Vocabulary virgō, virginis f. virgin, maiden cupiō, cupere, cupivī, cupitus to want, desire perpetuus, -a, -um eternal maneō, manēre, mansī, mansus to remain, stay 1. Phoebus et Daphnē Daphnē erat prīmus amor Phoebī. Īra Cupīdinis Phoebō amōrem dedit. Daphne was the first love of Apollo. The anger of Cupid gave love to Apollo. (Caused Apollo to fall in love.) 2. Phoebus superbus vīderat Cupīdinem cum sagittīs et dīxerat: “Quid est tibi, Arrogant Apollo had seen Cupid with arrows and had said: “What is (it) to you, boy, with weapons and arrows? (What are you doing with weapons and arrows?) 3. puer, cum armīs et sagittīs? Sagittae sunt meae. Ego possum dare vulnera Arrows are mine. I am able to give wounds to enemies. 4. hostibus. Tū dēbēs contentus esse cum amōribus.” You ought to be satisfied with loves.” Phoebus et Daphnē 5. Fīlius Veneris respondit: “Tuus arcus omnia, Phoebe, fīgit, sed meus The son of Venus responded: “Your bow pierces all things, Apollo, 6. arcus tē fīgit.” Et in arcū Cupīdō duo tēla tenuit: alterum tēlum amōrem but my bow pierces you.” And in (his) bow Cupid had two darts: one dart puts love to flight; 7. fugat; alterum amōrem facit. Hoc est acūtum, illud est obtūsum. Deus the other makes love. This one is sharp, that one is dull. 8. Cupīdō obtūsum tēlum in virginem fīgit, acūtum in Phoebum. Phoebus The god Cupid pierces the dull dart into the maiden, the sharp (dart) into Apollo. 9. amat; Daphne nōmen amōris fugitat. Per silvās cum Dīānā et cēterīs nymphīs Apollo loves; Daphne flees the name of love. She loves to wander through the woods with Diana and the rest (of) 10. errāre sōlum amat. the nymphs alone. Phoebus et Daphnē 11. Saepe pater nymphae, deus flūminis, dīxit: “Dēbēs coniugem habēre.” Often (her) father, god of a river, said to the nymph: “You ought to have a spouse/husband. 12. Saepe dīxit, “Dēbēs fīliōs habēre.” Sed Daphnē pulchra patrem ōrat ita: Often he said, “You ought to have children.” But beautiful Daphne begs (her) father thus: 13. “Cārissime pater, dā mihi hoc dōnum- mē esse virginem perpetuam.” “Dearest father, give this gift to me- that I be a maiden forever.” 14. Pater fīliae hoc dōnum dedit. The father gave this gift to (his) daughter. 15. Phoebus et Daphnē Phoebus autem virginem amat et flammae amōris in deō crescunt. Deus Apollo however loves the maiden and flames of love grow in the god. 16. virginem videt et laudat caput, capillōs, oculōs; laudat digitōs et manūs et The god sees the maiden and praises (her) head, hairs, eyes; 17. bracchia. Daphnē autem nōn manet. Fugitat in silvās. he praises (her) fingers and hands and arms. Daphne however does not stay. She flees into the woods. 18. “Manē, nympha! Nōn sum hostis. Nympha, manē! Amor est mihi “Stay, nymph! I am not an enemy. Nymph, stay! Love is a cause of grief/pain for me. 19. causa dolōris. Nescīs mē esse Phoebum. Iūppiter est mihi pater. Sum deus You do not know that I am Apollo. Jupiter is a father for me. (Jupiter is my father.) 20. sōlis, mūsicae, medicīnae, artium.” I am the god of the sun, of music, of medicine, of the arts.” Phoebus et Daphnē 21. Daphnē iterum fugitāverat. Phoebus virginem iterum petīvit. Eam Daphne again had fled. Apollo again sought the maiden. 22. superāre temptāvit. Daphnē aquās fluminis patris vīdet et dīxit: “Dā mihi He tried to overcome her. Daphne sees the waters of the river (her) father and said: 23. auxilium, pater, sī potentiam habēs, mūtā fōrmam meam.” “Give help to me, father, if you have the power, change my form.” 24. Statim pater bracchia pulchra in ramōs mūtat. Daphnē virgō fōrmōsa Immediately (her) father changes (her) beautiful arms into branches. 25. nunc est laurus, arbor pulchra. Phoebus oscula arborī dat et dīcit: “Sī The beautiful maiden Daphne is now a laurel, a beautiful tree. Apollo gives kisses to the tree and says: 26. coniūnx mea esse nōn potes, arbor eris certē mea; stābis prīma in capitibus “If you are not able to be my wife, you will surely/certainly be my tree; 27. rēgum ducumque Rōmae.” you will stand first (foremost) on the heads of kings and the leaders of Rome.” PUBLIUS OVIDIUS NASO 43 B.C. – 17 A.D. • BIOGRAPHICAL DETAILS – Publius Ovidius Naso, more commonly known as “Ovid”, was born in Sulmo , a town northeast of Rome, to an equestrian family. • – His father, a lawyer, wanted him to pursue a legal career and sent him to Rome to study rhetoric and later to Athens , • – After holding a few minor political positions, and the death of his brother, Ovid abandoned his political career and decided to pursue poetry around the age of 16, a decision which his father disapproved of. • PUBLIUS OVIDIUS NASO 43 B.C. – 17 A.D. • BIOGRAPHICAL DETAILS – Around the time of his first recitation of his work in 25 B.C. he became part of a literary circle of M. V. Messalla Corvinus and Maecenas, a close confidant of the emperor Augustus. • – Ovid was friends with the poets Propertius (a love elegist) and Horace , and acquainted with Virgil and (another love Tibullus elegist). • – In 8 A.D. he was exiled to Tomi on the Black Sea by Augustus for a carmen et error (“a poem and a mistake “), though the reasons surrounding his exile are unknown and highly contested Exile to Tomis • The Julian Marriage Laws of 18 BC, which promoted monogamous marriage to increase the population's birth rate, were fresh in the Roman mind. Ovid's writing in the Ars Amatoria concerned the serious crime of adultery, and he may have been banished for these works which appeared subversive to the emperor's moral legislation. However, in view of the long time that had elapsed between the publication of this work (1 BC) and the exile (AD 8), some authors suggest that Augustus used the poem as a mere justification for something more personal. (Jose Gonzalez Vasquez) • Ovid may have been involved in an adulterous affair between Augustus’ granddaughter Julia and a senator, Decimus Junius Silanus, for which Julia was also exiled • Amores (“Loves”) WORKS – Published in 16 B.C. and 8 B.C. – In two editions, the first in 5 books, the second in 3 – Series of erotic poems addressed to a lover, Corinna • Heroides (“The Heroines”) – Published in 15 B.C. – 21 letters written by famous women of mythology and history to the male lovers who had wronged them (ex. Penelope to Odysseus, Dido to Aeneas, Ariadne to Theseus) • Ars Amatoria (“The Art of Love”) and Remedia Amoris (“The Cure for Love”) – 3 books, first 2 written for men, the last for women – Parody of didactic (teaching) poetry meant as a manual for seducing and attracting members of the opposite sex – The Remedia Amoris written for those suffering from broken hearts WORKS • Metamorphoses (“The Transformations”) – Finished in 8 A.D. – 15 book epic chronicling mythological stories of physical transformation of gods and mortals from the beginning of time up until the age of Augustus – Considered the ultimate, encyclopedic catalogue of myth and mythology • Fasti (“The Festivals”) – Finished 8 A.D., though incomplete – Poem written in 6 books about the Roman calendar (1 book for each month January to June) and the origins of Roman holidays, rituals, traditions, and cultural phenomena • Tristia (“Sorrows”) and Epistulae ex Ponto (“Letters from the (Black) Sea”) – Written during Ovid’s life in exile at Tomi – 5 and 4 books, respectively – Often personal in nature, sad and despairing in tone, these poems detail his journey to and life in Tomi and advocate for his return from exile back to Rome THE Metamorphoses • Bucking tradition, Ovid wrote a 15-book epic in dactylic hexameter (a type of meter reserved for epic poetry) about a decidedly un-heroic topic- a series of mythological stories all tied together by the theme of transformation (god or human into animal, tree, rock, etc.) • While he based his topic off of other famous works of literature which catalogued transformations or explained the origins of natural phenomena (Hesiod’s Theogony and Catalogue; Callimachus’ Aitia; Nicander of Colophon’s Heteroeumena), he chose to do so while writing in the epic genre, traditionally reserved for stories of heroes and their heroic deeds • The scope of Ovid’s work is infinite- beginning his first book at the beginning of time and creation of the world and ending his last with the deification of Julius Caesar while praising the emperor Augustus • There are about 250 different mythological episodes within the Metamorphoses, which are all linked by a wide variety of connections, ranging from geography (stories that all take place in Thebes in Book 3), to commonalities in theme (stories about the lovers of the gods, or the gods’ jealousies and revenge) or even contrasts in theme (stories about pious mortals juxtaposed with stories about impious ones), to genealogical relations or similarities in the kinds of transformations that take place (different kinds of flowers or birds). THE Metamorphoses: Why it is Praised Today ● TRANSFORMATIONS are mythical, fantastical, awe-inspiring, and yet... ● RELATABLE characters whose REAL HUMAN EMOTIONS lead to these transformations ○ ○ ○ ○ Lust/ Love Greed Arrogance and Self-Indulgence Anger and Jealousy THE Metamorphoses: Lust/ Love Juppiter Daphne and Apollo and Io Daphne and Apollo THE Metamorphoses: Arrogance and Self-Indulgence Narcissus and Echo THE Metamorphoses: Greed Daedalus and Icarus Arachne and Minerva DAPHNE AND APOLLO: Lines 452-457 452.Prīmus amor Phoebī Daphnē Pēnēia, quem nōn 453.fors ignāra dedit, sed saeva Cupīdinis īra. 454.Dēlius hunc nūper, victō serpente superbus, 455.vīderat adductō flectentem cornua nervō, 456.“Quid” que, “tibī, lascīve puer, cum fortibus armīs?” 457.dīxerat; “Ista decent umerōs gestāmina nostrōs, Translation Method for Ovid 1. ALWAYS annotate first! 2. Answer the grammar questions for each couplet 3. Use the annotations and responses to the grammar questions to draft a translation of that couplet ANNOTATE! erat 452.Prīmus amor Phoebī Daphnē Pēnēia, quem nōn 453.fors ignāra dedit, sed saeva Cupīdinis īra. • What important part of speech is missing from the firs clause? __________________________ VERB – What English word should be implied in your translation? ___________________________ “was” – What Latin word is omitted in the original text? erat ___________________________ – When one or more words that are necessary to make sense of the sentence are omitted, but easily understood or implied from the context, it is called ______________________ ELLIPSIS ANNOTATE! erat 452.Prīmus amor Phoebī Daphnē Pēnēia, quem nōn 453.fors ignāra dedit, sed saeva Cupīdinis īra.dedit – “sed”, as a conjunction, begins a clause. But what part VERB of speech is missing? _______________________ – What English word should be implied in your “gave” translation? ___________________________ – What Latin word is omitted in the original text? dedit ___________________________ TRANSLATE! erat 452.Prīmus amor Phoebī Daphnē Pēnēia, quem nōn 453.fors ignāra dedit, sed saeva Cupīdinis īra.dedit The first love of Apollo (was) Daphne of Peneus, which ignorant chance did not give, but the cruel anger of Cupid (gave). FINAL: The first love of Apollo, which ignorant chance did not give, but the cruel anger of Cupid (gave), was Daphne of Peneus. ANNOTATION AND TRANSLATION Lines 454-455 454 Dēlius hunc nūper, victō serpente superbus, 455 vīderat adductō flectentem cornua nervō, Apollo, proud because the snake (had been/was) defeated, recently had seen this (man/boy/god), bending his bow with a pulled back string. ANNOTATION AND TRANLSATION Lines 456-457 “Quid” que, “tibī, lascīve puer, cum fortibus armīs?” dīxerat; “Ista decent umerōs gestāmina nostrōs, And he had said, “What is it to you, playful boy, with strong weapons? Those weapons of yours are suitable for our (my) shoulders.” Daphne & Apollo: Lines 508-509 Annotation and Translation 508. Mē miserum- nē prōna cadās, indignave* laedī 509. crūra notent sentēs, et sim tibi causa dolōris! Miserable me- may/let you not fall head first, let brambles not scar (your) legs, unworthy to be wounded (of being wounded) and let me not be a cause of pain for you! Propositum: DWBAT translate Ovidian poetry Facite Nunc: 8/4/14 1. Take out your ‘Daphne and Apollo’ packet, your translation for lines 452-462, and a red pen 2. Starting from line 458-462, review your annotation and translation to see whether you had any difficulty with these lines – was anything confusing/unclear, grammatically or contextually? PENSUM #17: 1. On loose-leaf, translate lines of Daphne and Apollo 463-473 2. Annotate these lines in pencil 3. QUIZ TOMORROW on annotation and translation of Ovid (any of the lines we’ve translated so far) DAPHNE AND APOLLO: Lines 458-460 ANNOTATE AND TRANSLATE 458.quī dare certa ferae,* dare vulnera possumus hostī, 459.quī modo, pestiferō tot iūgera ventre prementem, 460.strāvimus innumerīs tumidum Pythōna sagittīs. • • • we (/I) who are (/am) able to give certain (/fatal) (wounds) to a wild beast, to give (fatal) wounds to an enemy, who just now with countless arrows struck down the swollen Python, pressing so many acres (of land) with (its) pestilential belly. DAPHNE AND APOLLO: Lines 458-460 GRAMMAR QUESTIONS /Lines 458-460/ – What is the grammatical subject of the verb possumus? we – What is the implied subject of possumus? I (Apollo speaking) – Certa is a substantive adjective; what noun from the text is it implying? vulnera – What type of poetic device is present at the beginning of lines 458 and 459? anaphora – What case is Pythōna? accusative What two other prementem and tumidum words modify it? – What does pestiferō modify? ventre – What does innumerīs modify? sagittīs TRANSLATE 461.Tū face nescio quōs estō contentus amorēs 462.irrītāre tuā nec laudēs assere nostrās.” You, be satisfied to kindle loves, I don’t know what (they are), with your torch, not to lay claim to our (my) praises. GRAMMAR QUESTIONS Lines 463-465 /Lines 463-465/ • What is the GNC of huic? masc., sing., dat. • What noun from line 464 does tuus imply? arcus • omnia is a substantive adjective and implies the noun things because it is in the neuter gender • There is an ELLIPSIS in the clause tē meus arcus because the verb , figat , is missing • What are the two possible GNC’s of deō? masc., sg., abl.and masc., sg., dat. – Circle the correct GNC for deō in this context • What is the degree of the adjective minor? comparative • What is the case and function of nostrā? abl. of comparison • What noun is implied with the adjective nostrā? gloria TRANSLATE potential subjunctive! arcus 463.Fīlius huic Veneris, “Fīgat tuus omnia, Phoebe,* 464.tē meus arcus,” ait, “quantōque animālia cēdunt 465.cūncta deō, tantō minor est tua glōria nostrā.” comparative adjective! The son of Venus said to this (god/man), “Your (bow) may pierce all things, Phoebus, (but) my bow could pierce you, by as much as all animals yield to a god (the gods), by that much less is your glory than ours (mine).” DAPHNE AND APOLLO: Lines 466-469 GRAMMAR questions modify = translated with, has the same GNC /466-467/ Cupid Who is the subject of dixit in line 466? _______________________ What word does percussīs modify? _______________________ pennīs aere What word does elīsō modify? _______________________ What grammatical construction is present in line 466? ablative absolute __________________________________________ What is the best clausal translation for that clause? temporal Cupid Who is impiger modifying? _______________________ /468-469/ What noun must be implied with the substantive adjectives hoc and illud? _______________________ weapon/arrow What other type of noun is missing from the clause fugat hoc? What direct object can you imply? _______________________; _______________________ amōrem (love) DAPHNE AND APOLLO: Lines 466-467 466.Dīxit et, ēlīsō percussīs āere pennīs, 467.impiger umbrōsā Parnāsī cōnstitit arce, And he spoke, after the air was shattered by (his) beaten wings after (his) wings were beaten in the shattered air the quick (god) stood upon the shady summit of Parnassus. DAPHNE AND APOLLO: Lines 468-9 468.ēque* sagittiferā prōmpsit duo tēla pharetrā amōrem 469.dīversōrum operum. Fugat hoc, facit illud amōrem; and he pulled out two weapons of opposite functions from his arrow-bearing quiver. This (weapon) flees love, that (weapon) makes love; Propositum: DWBAT translate Ovidian poetry Facite Nunc: 1. Take out your ‘Daphne and Apollo’ packet 8/5/14 2. Take out a piece of looseleaf for your quiz and label it ‘Quiz 16: Daphne and Apollo’ PENSUM #18: 1. On loose-leaf, translate lines of Daphne and Apollo lines 474-482 2. Annotate these lines in pencil Quiz 16: Daphne and Apollo Directions: Annotate and translate the lines below 454 Dēlius hunc nūper, victō serpente superbus, 455 vīderat adductō flectentem cornua nervō, Apollo, proud because the snake (had been/was) defeated, recently had seen this (boy/god), bending his bow with a pulled back string. QUIZ 16: Daphne and Apollo (MAKE-UP) “Quid” que, “tibī, lascīve puer, cum fortibus armīs?” dīxerat; “Ista decent umerōs gestāmina nostrōs, And he had said, “What is it to you, playful boy, with strong weapons? Those weapons of yours are suitable for our (my) shoulders.” GRAMMAR QUESTIONS /470-471/ • What is the antecedent of quod in line 470? _______________________ hoc / tēlum / weapon • What is the antecedent of quod in line 471? illud/ tēlum / weapon _______________________ • What direct object should be implied in the clauses quod facit and quod fugat? amōrem • What type of poetic device is present at the start of these two lines? _______________________ anaphora /472-473/ deus (Cupid) • Who is the subject of laesit? _______________________ neuter, ossa • What noun does trāiecta modify? _______________________ • What are two features of the arrow that pierces Daphne? plural, flees love ______________________; accusative obtūsum, habet plumbum ____________________ • What are two features of the arrow that pierces Apollo? makes love aurātum, fulget cuspide acūtā ______________________ ______________________; DAPHNE AND APOLLO: Lines 470-1 amōrem 470.quod* facit, aurātum est et cuspide fulget acūtā, amōrem 471.quod* fugat, obtūsum est et habet sub harundine plumbum. The one which makes (love), is golden and shines brightly with (its) sharp tip, the one which flees (love) is dull and has lead under its shaft. DAPHNE AND APOLLO: Lines 472-3 472.Hoc deus in nymphā Pēnēide fīxit, at illō 473.laesit Apollineās trāiecta per ossa medullās. The god pierced this (weapon) in the nymph of the river Peneus, but wounded the marrows of Apollo with that (weapon) through (his) pierced bones. Lines 474-6 GRAMMAR QUESTIONS /474-476/ Apollo • alter refers to _____________________, and altera Daphne refers to _____________________ substantive • amantis is a _____________________ participle, so you must imply _____________________ a noun • The subject of gaudēns is _____________________ altera/Daphne • What are the 2 GNC options for latebrīs? fem., pl., abl. __________________, __________________, fem., pl., dat. – Circle which one is correct • In the clause innūptaeque aemula Phoebēs* there is ellipsis an _____________________, because the verb _____________________ is missing, so you must is /est imply _____________________ • aemula is an appositive (a noun which describes another noun, occurring in the same GNC), referring to Daphne /altera _____________________ Apollo and Daphne: Lines 474-6 TRANSLATION 474.Prōtinus alter* amat, fugit altera nōmen amantis, 475.silvārum latebrīs captīvārumque ferārum 476.exuviīs gaudēns, innūptaeque aemulaestPhoebēs*; 477.vitta coercēbat positōs sine lēge* capillōs. Immediately the one loves, the other flees the name of the lover, rejoicing in the hiding places of the forest and the spoils of captured beasts, (she is) the rival of unwed Diana; a ribbon was holding back (her) hair placed (arranged) without order. capillae feminārum Rōmānārum palla vitta Lines 477-80 GRAMMAR QUESTIONS /477-480/ substantive • Multī is a _____________________ adjective, and its gender is masc. so you must imply the noun _____________________ men • illam is a _____________________ demonstrative adjective, so substantive you must imply _____________________ woman/girl/nymph • petentēs is a _____________________ participle, so you must substantive imply the noun _____________________ people/men • What are the 2 GNC options for petentēs? masc., pl., acc. masc., pl., nom. _______________________, _______________________ – Circle which one is correct • impatiēns modifies _____________________ and refers to illa _____________________ Daphne • The clauses quid Hymēn and quid Amor are examples of ellipsis verb _____________________, because the _____________________ is is /est missing, so you must imply _____________________ illa • the subject of cūrat is _____________________ Apollo and Daphne: Lines 478-9 TRANSLATION 478.Multī illam petiēre*; illa, āversāta* petentēs 479.impatiēns expersque virī, nemora āvia lūstrat, Many (men) sought (after) that (girl/nymph); that (girl/nymph), having rejected (the men) seeking (pursuing) (her) and intolerant of and inexperience with a man (men), she roams the pathless forests Annotation and Translation: Lines 480-482 480.nec, quid Hymēn, quid Amor, quid sint cōnūbia, cūrat. 481.Saepe pater dīxit, “Generum mihi, fīlia, dēbēs”; 482.saepe pater dīxit, “Dēbēs mihi, nāta, nepōtēs.” She does not care (about) what Hymen, what Love, what marriage are. Often (her) father said, “You owe a son-in-law to me, child”; Often (her) father said, “You owe grandchildren to me, daughter”; Propositum: DWBAT assess their understanding of content and skill level through a practice Final exam Facite Nunc: 8/6/14 1. Take out your ‘Daphne and Apollo’ packet 2. Take a ‘Final Exam: Practice’ from the front of the room and write your name at the top PENSUM #19: 1. Final tomorrow!!!! 1. 2. All materials, answer keys, and PowerPoints on the website E-mail with questions until 10 PM Final Exam: Practice • Independently work on the practice version of your final exam – Use a different colored pen to circle/highlight questions/vocabulary you are unsure of – DO NOT use your notes PART I: ANNOTATION AND TRANSLATION (50%) “Quid” que, “tibī, lascīve puer, cum fortibus armīs?” dīxerat; “Ista decent umerōs gestāmina nostrōs, And he had said, “What is it to you, playful boy, with strong weapons? Those weapons of yours are suitable for our (my) shoulders.” PART I: ANNOTATION AND TRANSLATION (50%) 458.quī dare certa ferae,* dare vulnera possumus hostī, 459.quī modo, pestiferō tot iūgera ventre prementem, 460.strāvimus innumerīs tumidum Pythōna sagittīs. • • • we (/I) who are (/am) able to give certain (/fatal) (wounds) to a wild beast, to give (fatal) wounds to an enemy, who just now with countless arrows struck down the swollen Python, pressing so many acres (of land) with (its) pestilential belly. PART II: SIGHT TRANSLATION (10%) 1. victa labōre fugae, spectāns Pēnēidās undās, 2. “Fer, pater,” inquit, “opem, sī flūmina nūmen habētis! 3. Quā* nimium placuī, mūtandō perde figūram!” After she was conquered by the effort of (her) escape, watching the waves of Peneus, she said “Bring help, father, if you, rivers, have the divine power (to do so)! Destroy (my) form by changing (it), (the one) by which I have pleased (Apollo) too much!” Part III – Grammar (Short Answer) ablative absolute The clause ēlīsō…pennīs is an example of an The best causal translation for this clause is CAUSAL / ADVERSATIVE / TEMPORAL (circle one). 3. Both ēlīsō and percussīs are participles in the perfect tense and passive voice. 4. impiger is asubstantive adjective because it modifies a noun that is implied, or not explicitly written in its sentence. The noun implied by impiger is Cupid/deus 5. The adjective umbrōsā modifies the noun arce because the both have the same gender, number, and case: fem. , sg. , abl. . 6. illud is a demonstrative substantive adjective and implies the noun tēlum from earlier in the text. 7. The antecedent of quod is tēlum 8. The implied direct object of the clauses quod facit and quod fugat amōrem 1. 2. Part III – Grammar (Short Answer) 9. amāntis is a participle in the present tense and voice active 10. The implied subject of the participle gaudēns is altera/Daphne 11. The adjective innūptae modifies the noun Phoebēs capillōs 12. The participle positōs modifies the noun 13. Based on gender and number, the noun implied by the adjective multī is men 14. āversāta is translated in the active voice because it is a verb, which only has 3 principal parts deponent 15. sint is a verb in the subjunctive mood.