Plants!!
Chapters 22-23
Biology
What is a plant?
 Multicellular
 Eukaryotes
 Contains
cell walls (cellulose)
 Develop from multicellular embryos
 Photosynthesis by using green
pigments
– Chlorophyll A and Chlorophyll B
 Trees,
Shrubs, Grasses, Mosses, Ferns
Survival Requirements
 Sunlight
 Water
& Minerals
 Gas Exchange
 Movement of Water and Nutrients
Least evolved: Bryophytes
Water Babies!!
 Mosses
 Liverworts
 Hornworts
(They have no
Xylem or
Phloem)
– Low growing plants that are found in
wet areas with shade
– Can survive in polar and tropical regions
– Osmosis for water transport (plants
need to be close to water source; water
moves from higher conc. to lower conc.)
– Sperm travels thru water to reach eggs
of diff. individuals
True
Moss
Liverwort
Hornwort
w/Sporophytes
Bryophyte
Life Cycle
Must have
water for
reproduction
to occur
Sperm travels
thru water to
meet up with
egg
Evolution from Osmosis to
Vascular Tissue
 Water:
precious to life!
 Tracheids: hollow cells w/thick cell
walls
– Resists pressure, connected, making
water movement very efficient
 Xylem:
carries water upward from
the roots
 Phloem: moves nutrients made
during photosynthesis thru-out plant
 Works against gravity
Ferns and its relatives
Seedless vascular plants
 Contain true roots, leaves, and stems
 Roots: Underground organ absorbs water
and minerals
 Leaves: photosynthetic organs w/vascular
tissue

– Veins: w/in leaves made of xylem & phloem

Stems: supporting structures connecting
roots-leaves, carries water & nutrients
between them
– Club mosses
– Horsetails
– Ferns
Not all plants have
seeds either
Club moss
Horsetail
Boston Fern
Asparagus
Fern
Seed Plants

Advantages: Freed from H2O existence
(vascular, reproduction)
– Cones and Flowers (Seed bearing structures)
– Pollen (seed plants) carried to female structure
– Seeds (embryo of plant) covered by seed coat

Gymnosperms: Cone bearing
– Pines, spruce, palms, ginko

Angiosperms: Flowering plants
– Grasses, flowering anything
Angiosperms: Enclosed Seed
 Flowering
plants: Flowers attract
animals that transport pollen (bees,
birds, bats, etc)
 Flowers contains ovaries: Ovary is
protection for young seed.
 Ovaries become fruit after
fertilization, aids in dispersal of seeds
– Seeds enter digestive tract, seeds travel
– Birds
 Responsible
for most plant dispersal
Diversity of Angiosperm
 Monocot:
1 cotyledon
– leaves have parallel veins
– flowers are in multiples of 3
– vascular bundles scatter thru tissue
– fibrous root system
 Dicot:
2 cotyledon
– branched veins
– floral parts in multiples of 4 or 5
– vascular bundles in ring
– taproot system
Plants Continued:
Specialized Tissues
Seed Plant Structure
 Roots:
Anchor for plant, nutrient &
water absorption
 Stems: Support, transports nutrients
 Leaves: Main photo-synthesizer,
protect from water loss, CO2 & H2O
exchange
Plant tissues: 3 types
 Dermal:
Epidermal cells, covered in
wax (cuticle)- protects against H2O loss
– Roots: root hairs provide surface area
(water absorption)
– Leaves: trichomes (fuzz) provide
protection
– Underside of leaves: regulate water loss
and gas exchange
Tissues continued
 Vascular:
transport system to move
water & nutrients thru-out plant
– Xylem: made up of impermeable cells
called Tracheids. These are the
transporting vesicles
– Phloem: these cells are called sieve tube
elements. These carry sugars and other
foods. Companion cells surround sieve
tube elements, provide support and aid
in movement
Tissues continued
 Ground
tissue: lie between dermal
and vascular tissues
– Consists of Parenchyma. These are
packed with chloroplasts:
photosynthesis!!
 Collenchyma:
support in larger plants
(strings of celery)
 Sclerenchyma: thick, rigid cell walls making
them tough and strong
Leaf Structures
 Simple
vs Compound
LEAF ARRANGEMENT
 Individually
vs. Paired on the stem
Leaf Vein Pattern
 Pinnate
vs. Palmate
Leaf Edge Configurations
 Serrated,
w/lobes
Pointed, Smooth, Smooth
Leaf Function
 Photosynthesis:
the more broad
and/or flat, the more surface area
 Transpiration: loss of water to
atmosphere (part of gas exchange)
 Gas Exchange: Plants require CO2,
and give off O2 as a waste product
Water and nutrient transport
 Capillary
Action: Cohesion of water
molecules: water will rise in thin
tubes: water is attracted to the
walls, and water is attracted to each
other. Not enough to bring water to
the highest leaves however.
 Transpiration: Water being
evaporated helps to increase water
transport
– Wilting occurs when water is released
faster than is transported up. Helps
conserve water
Activity:
 Diagram
a plant including all outside
structures, and an internal structure
showing the xylem, phloem.
 Compare an Angiosperm to a
Gymnosperm
 Compare a monocot to a dicot
Each Group Needs to Find:
• 1 monocot leaf
• 1 Dicot leaf
• 1 small branch with the
leaf structure,
arrangement, vein
pattern, and leaf edge
configuration defined
• 1 type of root system
(either tap or fibrous);
you must define it
• 1 Gymnosperm
reproductive part
(either male or female,
but you MUST be able
to distinguish which)
• 1 Angiosperm
reproductive part (same
as above)
• 1 moss or 1 fern
3/31/11 Activity
 Work
on Vocabulary Sheet
 Pre-read Lab for tomorrow
Lab in class- 4/1/11
 Each
station contains different
structures and parts of different
plants. It is your job to use your
notes to define all the plants
(angiosperm, bryophyte, etc).
 At your desk, answer the questions
at the end of your lab.
 HW: Don’t forget your portfolio 
Activity: 4/26/10
 Reviewing
Content, 1-10: Chapter
23, Page 605
 HW: Go home and try to find a leaf
for each of the slides (Simple vs.
Pinnate, Compound vs. Simple, etc.)
4/26/10
 Honors:
Quiz
 Field trip tomorrow 
 Quiz Bowl
 Review for exam tomorrow
4/27/10
 Plant
Exam!!