Are emotions universal or
contingent?
Como vai?
How are your?
Comment allez-vous ?
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Are there cultural differences on
the MSCEIT scores across
French (individualists) and
Pakistani (collectivists)?
Study conducted by Karim Jahanvasch (2009)
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Cultural differences: Gert Hofstede
Emotions
The MSCEIT Test
Results of the research
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Intercultural Differences
Culture's Consequences, Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions,
and Organizations Across Nations.
Geert Hofstede, 2001
Collectivism vs. Individualism
Small vs. Large Power Distance
Weak vs. Strong Uncertainty
Avoidance
Femininity vs. Masculinity
Long term orientation vs Short
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Brazil
Vs
France
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Brazil
Vs
Denmark
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Emotions
Emotions are our feelings. Literally.
• We feel them in our bodies as tingles, hot spots
and muscular tension. Our muscles tense or
relax. Our blood vessels dilate or contract. When
we feel emotionally, we also feel physically.
• Our emotions can thus make us feel
uncomfortable or comfortable, sending us
signals to do something urgently or to stay in our
comfortable state.
Véronique.moncada@iae-aix.com
Emotions
• Emotions of wanting: greed, hope, envy, desire,
love
• Emotions of not wanting: fear, shame, repulsion,
contentment
• Emotions of having: happiness, pride, guilt,
jealousy
• Emotions of not having: anger, sadness, distress
• Other emotions: surprise
Véronique.moncada@iae-aix.com
Emotions
• Our emotions are perhaps the greatest
potential source of uniting all members of
the human species.
• Emotions, on the one hand, are universal
• But, on the other hand, their EXPRESSION
is cultural
Beliefs divide us.
Emotions unite us
Véronique.moncada@iae-aix.com
Emotions
• Emotions are our most reliable indicators
of how things are going on in our lives
• We cannot change our emotions. We
cannot control them.
• But we can manage them.
• Manage your emotions, or your emotions
will manage you.
Véronique.moncada@iae-aix.com
Emotions
In any interpersonal relationship emotions and
feelings do play a big role.
Often we are not very conscious of these
feelings and in intercultural encounters
interpreting different feelings and emotions
becomes even more challenging.
We need to develop our
Emotional Intelligence (EI)
Véronique.moncada@iae-aix.com
MSCEIT
Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test
John (Jack) D. Mayer
Peter Salovey
David R. Caruso
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MSCEIT
• Perceiving Emotions - the ability to recognize
how you and those around you are feeling
• Using Emotions - the ability to generate
emotion, and then use this emotion in tasks
(creativity, conflicts…)
• Understanding Emotions - the ability to
understand complex emotions and emotional
"chains", how emotions transition from one stage
to another
• Managing Emotions - the ability which allows
you to manage emotions in your self and in
others, to develop interlligent strategies to
achieve outcomes..
Véronique.moncada@iae-aix.com
MSCEIT
Measure of one’s emotional
ability = one’s capacity to
reason with emotional content
and to use the emotional
content to enhance thought.
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MSCEIT
Factors 1 - Perceiving emotions
Accurately identify emotions in
people and objects
Faces : identify subtle emotions in
faces
Pictures : identify emotions in
complex landscapes and designs
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MSCEIT
Factors 2 - Using emotions
Generate an emotion and solve
problems with that emotion
Facilitation : knowledge of how
moods impact thinking
Sensations : relate various feeling
sensations to emotions
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MSCEIT
Factors 3 - Understanding emotions
Understanding the cause of
emotions
Changes : Multiple choice
questions about how emotions
changes over time
Blends : multiple choice emotion
vocabulary definitions
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MSCEIT
Factors 4 - Managing emotions
Stay open to emotions and blend
with thinking
Emotion Management: indicate
effectivness of various solutions
to internal problems
Emotional Relations: indicate
effectivness of various solutions
to problems involving other
poeple
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MSCEIT
Factors
Experiential EI
1. Perceiving emotions
2. Using emotions
3. Understanding
emotions
4. Managing emotions
Strategic EI
Hierarchy from
more basic to
more
psychologically
complex
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Study
Study conducted by Karim Jahanvasch (2009)
Emotions at an international
level: comparison of
MSCEIT results in France
and Pakistan
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Study
Are there cultural differences on the MSCEIT
scores across individualistic and collectivistic
cultures?
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Individualism-collectivism is a major dimension of
cultural variable (Hofstede, 1980)
This dimension of culture exists across a wide range
of emotion-related abilities that essentially comprise
the construct of emotional ability (Matsumoto, 1992;
Fernandez et al. 2000; Gross et al. 2003).
Based on this literature, people from individualistic
cultures are better in recognizing, understanding,
expressing, and regulating their emotions.
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Study
Individualistic country:
France (ranks 71)
Sample: 111 students of
the University in Aix-enProvence
(62 females)
Collectivistic country:
Pakistan (ranks 14)
Sample: 81 students of
the University in
Balochistan
(29 females)
Both samples
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Students from management schools
Average age = 29,5 (SD 8,5)
Good command of English
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Study
Results of the study
There are several significant crosscultural differences:
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Factorial invariance of MSCEIT accross cultures => MSCEIT
across both cultures can be interpreted in the same way
(emotional factors are universal, it is their manifestation that
differs across cultures)
–
French (individualistic culture) performed better that their
Pakistani (collectivistic culture) counterparts in the four
dimensions of the emotional ability measured by MSCEIT
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Independent sample t tests on MSCEIT dimensions :
perceiving emotions (t=2,39, p<0,05, Cohen’s d=0,35) using
emotions (t=2,06, p<0,05, Cohen’s d=0,30), understanding
emotions (t=6,24, p<0,001, Cohen’s d=0,92), and managing
emotions (t=5,05, p<0,001, Cohen’s d=0,75)
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Study
Limitations of the study
Sample limitations:
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The sample at a single university may not reflect the culture of
a heterogeneous nation
–
Students may experience different levels of emotional ability
from a general working adult population (Day et al. 2005).
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• Any question?
• Alguma pergunta?
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