PAPER
 Paper – (40%) – 2800 - 3000 words
 Your paper will seek to answer a question to be
determined through discussion between yourself and
the professor. This is an upper division course, you will
be expected to use multiple sources, both primary and
secondary, within your paper.
 Internet sources
 No more than two internet sources can be used
 All internet sources must be authorized by the
Professor – any internet sources not authorized result
in a loss of points
 NO use of Wikipedia at all
 All quotations must have equivalent amount of
explanatory text
 "In the yeere 1153...it is written, that
there came to Lubec, a citie of
Germanie, one canoa with certaine
Indians, like unto a long barge: which
seemed to have come from the coast of
Baccaloaos [Newfoundland].“
 Richard Hakluyt (1552-1616)
 Oxford lecturer who translated many
early accounts of the Americas.
NATIVE AMERICANS
CONSUME EUROPE
 Records from 55 transatlantic
journeys show that approximately
 1,600 Indians
 Landed in Europe by the time
Pilgrims landed on Massachusetts
shores 1620.
 About two-thirds went as captives
 Usually captives taken as slaves.
 remainder went for other reasons
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adventurers
envoys
guides
Sightseers
Performers
 First confirmed Native American journey
to Europe
 1493, 10 Tainos sailed from Haiti to
Spain
 Taken to Seville
 Six walked 800 miles with Columbus to
Barcelona to visit the royal court.
 During five-week stay they were
 Baptized
 King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella actied as
godparents.
 Seven Tainos, joined Columbus on his second
voyage to the Caribbean.
 Five died en route
 Diego, one of the survivors, served Columbus as
guide and interpreter during his subsequent
explorations in the Caribbean.
 Europe discovered by visitors
 In one of its most dynamic eras
 Renaissance.
 They were introduced to Europe's elite
 Enterprising, arrogant, supremely
confident
 Although most of Europe's population
remained shrouded in poverty
 struggling to survive as rural peasants
and laborers.
 On the basis of ship logs, merchant reports, travel
accounts, and other historical records, we know
that
 visiting Indians viewed European life with a
mixture of awe, admiration, and disdain-probably
 not unlike the way most Europeans viewed them.
 Indian nobles from city of Tenochtitlan (pop.
250,000)
 Less moved by a French riverport of Rouen (pop.
40,000)
 than were Algonquian Indians
 who lived in temporary encampments seldom
larger than 300 people.
 1528,
 eight years after Hernan Cortes defeated
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Montezuma
Aztec emperor's son and several other Mexican
caciques from Tenochtitlan and Tlaxcala
sailed with Cortes as political envoys to the court
of Spanish emperor Charles V, at Toledo.
including a dozen Aztec jugglers and acrobats.
The Aztec acrobats remained in Europe,
 presented to Pope Clement VII
 1534 Cartier picked up Taignoagny and Domagaya
 sons of Iroquois chief Donnacona of Stadaconad
 Traveled to France, learned French
 Told Cartier that the St. Lawrence was not the strait
to China
 But a route to a country named Canada
 Which they led Cartier to believe - contained the gold he
was seeking.
 Next year they re-crossed the Atlantic and guided
Cartier up the St. Lawrence.
 In 1536, Taignoagny and Domagaya made another
voyage with the French navigator
 Cartier pressed their father, Donnacona, and several
other leading Iroquoians to come along.
 Iroquoians mastered French
 helped create a French-Iroquois lexicon.
 they were "long maintained in our kingdom, [and]
instructed...in the Christian doctrine, with the
intention of taking them back to said country with a
good number of our subjects of good will to help
influence the peoples of these lands to believe in the
holy faith....“
 A Spanish report notes they
 "were traveling contentedly in the hope of returning
quickly to Canada with a good share of wealth."
 All the informants died before they could return
home
 By 1578, 350 vessels were on Great Banks and
trading with Indians on the mainland.
 Messamoet, chieftain of a Micmac band in Nova
Scotia.
 clad in a beaver or otter robe and moosehide
moccasins and leggings
 Went to France around 1580
 for two years lived as the guest of the governor of
Bayonne, a Basque seaport north of the Pyrenees.
 No doubt the Micmac and the Basque had mutual
vested interests in a friendship
 Each offered the other a vital link in the lucrative
fur trade.
 After Messamoet's visit he prospered as a fur
trader
 sailing his own Basque shallop
 negotiating deals in pidgin French or Basque.
 He encountered various explorers in his
homeland
 including Samuel de Champlain
 records show that Messamoet guided him on
explorations of the Maine coast in 1604, '05,-and
'06.
 1614 English sea captain Thomas Hunt
 Sailed with Capt. John Smith to the Maine coast,
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ventured on to Cape Cod.
Kidnapped 20 Pawtucket Indians
including a tribesman named Squanto.
sailed on to Spain, hoping to sell the captives,
plus 40,000 dried cods.
Sold the fish in Malaga, but slave-trade plans
foiled by Spanish friars who took
"them and kept them to be instructed in the
Christian faith."
 Somehow Squanto "got away for England,"
 found lodging in London
 learned English
 linked up with Thomas Dermer, a sea captain.
 1619 Dermer sailed to the Gulf of Maine, taking
Squanto along as interpreter-guide.
 Captain wrote that they traveled to
 "my savage's native country," where they found
"all dead," owing to an epidemic.
 Squanto joined survivors among the neighboring
Wampanoag people.
 1620, Pilgrims settled
at the site of
Squanto's deserted
village.
 Next year Squanto
came to their
settlement Served
 Acted as guide and
mediator helped
secure peace with
hostile neighboring
bands.
 When Squanto died a year later, Plymouth Colony
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had a firm foothold in the area.
Indicative of how tipped the scales were in the
Indian-European encounter
While at least 1,600 Indians ventured to Europe
prior to 1620
400,000 Europeans crossed the Atlantic in the
other direction
Most Europeans stayed on as permanent
residents
almost all Native American voyagers chose to
return home if they could.
“A large Carolina basket made by the Indians
of splitt canes some parts of them being dyed
red by the fruit of the Solanum magnum
Virginium . . . rubrum, and black. They will
keep any thing in them from being wetted by
rain”
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Low sandy island
46 Square Miles
Populated by
2500 Wampanoag
and Nauset
 55 people per square
mile
 Supported by
 Hunting
 Farming
 Fishing
• Like many Algonquian people the islands
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inhabitants exploited environment
through seasonal migration
Spring planted corn, beans, and squash
Near villages
Then departed for temporary camps by
ocean
Most of summer spent at Ocean fishing
and gathering shellfish
 Returned occasionally to tend crops
• White settlers arrived in 1660
• Purchased permission to settle and land
• Along with rights to
 gather hay
 graze cattle
 cut timber
• In next 10 years twenty families turned up
 Through intermarriage and control of land families
maintained control of the island for next 100 years
• Included were Colemans, Starbucks, Macys, and
Folgers
• Originally both groups eager and
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happy to trade
Native Americans saw the value of
settlers goods
Both in practical and spiritual ways
Settlers saw the value of Native
American goods
Provided commodities to
supplement income
• Original plan to farm for majority of
income
• Trade to help increase wealth
• Soon realized land was not big
enough support them and give
profit
• Began to look for commodities that
could support their growing
population
• Opportunity was right in front of them and just off
shore
• The island lay in the route of migration for the Right
Whale