French and Indian War
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Called the French and Indian War in North
America, but it was part of the Seven Years
War of Europe
France and Britain battled for colonial
domination in North America
Very costly for Britain and contributed to the
taxation of the colonies in North America
France lost its land claims in North America
east of the Mississippi River
American Revolution
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Colonists declared independence from
Britain
American Revolution -1775 to 1783
 Ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris
 Britain lost control of the colonies and claims to
land (except Canada)
 United States territory extended to the
Mississippi River
LOUISIANA PURCHASE
CHANGING HANDS
BETWEEN 1650 AND 1800 SEVERAL
GOVERNMENTS – SPAIN, BRITAIN, FRANCE,
AND RUSSIA “CLAIMED” TO OWN LAND IN
NORTH AMERICA
1802 - OWNERSHIP OF A LARGE PART OF THE
WEST CHANGED.
FRANCE SOLD 828,000 SQUARE MILES OF
LAND WEST OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER TO
THE UNITED STATES.
Land stretched from Mississippi River to
Rocky Mountains and from Gulf of
Mexico to Canadian border.
Napoleon Bonaparte
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Napoleon got back the land from
Spain in 1800. Wanted to assert
French presence in area but selling
land was necessary
 Lost troops in Haiti (yellow fever
epidemic); used up many resources
 Knew pioneers continued moving west
 French Navy not strong enough to
control land area
 Napoleon wanted to consolidate
resources to focus on conquering
England - needed to sell France’s land
to raise funds
 Rejected US attempt to buy New
Orleans and instead offered to sell
France’s entire North American
possessions as the LOUSIANA
PURCHASE
THE PURCHASE
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US Minister to France,
ROBERT LIVINGSTON and
JAMES MONROE, appointed
by Jefferson to negotiate on
behalf of the US, reached an
agreement with the French
Minister to the purchase of
the Louisiana territory.
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The agreement exceeded
their authority, but they
agreed to the purchase.
•The Senate ratified the treaty on October
20, by a vote of 24 to 7
•Spain, upset by the sale but without
military power to stop it, returned
Louisiana to France
•France officially transferred the territory
to the US on December 20th
•US took formal possession on December
30th, 1803
U.S. BEFORE AND AFTER THE
LOUISIANA PURCHASE
13 states were eventually carved
from the Louisiana Purchase
*** Use the Map It handout and outline the
Louisiana Purchase
*** Label the 13 states within your outline
showing which states were eventually
created
*** Complete the map worksheet (you may
have to use an outside source to find the
cities listed)
U.S. TERRITORY 1783-1853
MANIFEST DESTINY
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Used to describe beliefs in the 1840’s about
territorial expansion
Pioneers believed they had a divine
obligation to stretch the boundaries all the
way to the Pacific Ocean
Phrase “manifest destiny” coined by
newspaper editor John O’Sullivan
Columbia – personification of the United
States, guiding and protecting western settlers
while driving away Native Americans and
bison (by painter John Gast)
Exploring Louisiana Purchase
•Jefferson asked Congress to
appropriate funds for an expedition
crossing the Louisiana territory and
proceeding to the Pacific Ocean
•Meriwether Lewis was appointed
commander and William Clark his
associate commander
Exploring the Louisiana Purchase
President Jefferson was very interested in learning
about the new territory
• geography of the west
• plants
• animals
• soil
• rocks
• weather
Why was this important to Jefferson and the
settlers as they began to move west?
EXPEDITIONS
SPARKS – mission was to explore the Red River
•Confronted by the Spanish and did not complete
the journey
PIKE-WILKINSON
•1805 - Pike was to explore the upper Mississippi
River
•1806 – Pike explored the Missouri River, across
the Kansas Plains, followed the Santa Fe Trail
south to the Arkansas River
WILKINSON – separated from Pike and
explored the ARKANSAS RIVER into what is
now Oklahoma
• His journal provided a look at what Indian life
was like in the Oklahoma area
• Osage villages
• hunting camps of Cherokee, Choctaw, Creek
PIKE – continued west to the Rocky Mts.
• Pike’s Peak, Colorado is named for him
SIBLEY EXPEDITION
Jefferson wanted to know about the rumored SALT
mountain on the Plains
He sent Indian agent Sibley to make friends with the
Indians and find the “mountain”
Sibley found an area “glistening like a brilliant field of
snow”
LONG EXPEDITION
LONG made 5 expeditions, traveling 26,000 miles
His mission was to establish a military post on the western
boundary of Arkansas
• this became Ft. Smith in 1817
• explored parts of eastern Oklahoma
• wanted to find the sources for the Red and Arkansas
Rivers and headed toward the Rocky Mts.
• thought he had discovered the source of the Red River
but it was the Canadian River
• hot and dry – declared the region unsuitable for
agriculture
ADAMS-ONIS TREATY, 1819
No boundaries for the Louisiana Territory
United States and Spain came to an agreement
• Spain sold Florida to the US for $5 million
• borders were set between Spanish territory and
the Louisiana territory
• Spain gave up its claims to the Oregon Territory
THREE FORKS AREA
Americans continued moving West
1817 – trading post established on the Verdigris River a
few miles north of what is now Muskogee
Waterways extremely important for early commerce and
trading posts established near them
• Arkansas, Verdigris, and Grand Rivers joined at a point
northeast of present day Muskogee and became a hub of
activity
THREE FORKS AREA was a meeting point for
fur trappers, traders, the nearby Osage Indians
• trappers and hunters stocked up on supplies
• Osage Indians traded furs, fowl, honey, bear oil,
and buffalo robes for beads, blankets, knives,
trinkets, and cloth
•By the 1830’s game was becoming scarce and
fur trade slowing down
• salt, lead, pecans, grain shipped out of the Three
Forks area
• Western Creeks traded produce such as dried
fruit, peanuts, ginseng
TRADE ROUTES
Mexico won its independence from Spain in 1821
Traders to the north hoped to open up trade routes with
Santa Fe (now in N. Mexico)
Several different traders headed west hoping to establish
trade
• Glenn-Pryor party ended up trading in southeastern
Colorado in the Pueblo area
• James party learned Santa Fe was open for trade and set
up a business in the Market Square of the settlement
SANTA FE TRAIL
WILLIAM BECKNELL, a Missouri trader left the state
with a caravan of wagons carrying merchandise and
headed toward Santa Fe
The route he took eventually became known as the Santa
Fe Trail
Hundreds of settlers followed the same trail as they
headed west
Ruts are still visible where countless wagons
followed the Santa Fe Trail
RIVER TRANSPORTATION
Keelboat –
similar to one
that would be
used on
Oklahoma
waterways to
carry goods
for trade
Dugout canoes were
large logs that were
“dug out.” They
could carry limited
supplies but were a
reasonable way to
travel when the
water was low.
Steamboats were used to carry
shipments of cotton along the Red River