Animal Diversity & Systems
From Invertebrates to Vertebrates
The “Big 5” of Kingdom Animalia
•
•
•
•
•
Multicellular
Eukaryotic
Heterotrophic
Motile
No cell walls
Taxonomy Review
• Kingdom
– Phylum (or Division)
- Class
-Order
- ???
- ???
- ???
Which group is the largest? Which is the smallest?
Student Misconceptions:
1. SpongeBob really wears
“so called” square-pants.
2. SpongeBob can actually
digest “crabby patties”.
3. SpongeBob can “run
and play” as seen on TV.
Phylum Porifera
• Ex: sponges
• aquatic
• No tissues/organs
• Filter feeders (intracellular
digestion)
• Diffusion w/surrounding
water
• Hard spicules for protection
Digestive System
• Intracellular digestion
– Can only eat tiny food
particles
(smaller than cells)
– Ex: sponges
• Extracellular digestion
– Can eat big food; must
have gut of some type
– Ex. All other animals
Digestive System
• Incomplete digestive
system
– Only one opening;
inefficient!
– Ex: jellyfish &
flatworms
• Complete digestive
system
– Two openings
(mouth & anus)
– Ex: all other higher
animals!
Phylum Cnidaria
•
•
•
•
aquatic
Radial symmetry
Stinging cells to get food
Incomplete digestive
cavity
• Simple muscle & nerve
cells
Ex: jellyfish, corals,
sea anemones
Animals exhibit symmetry:
• Asymmetry
– No symmetry
– ex: sponges
• Radial Symmetry
– No front/back, only top/bottom
– Ex: jellyfish
• Bilateral Symmetry
– Front/back/top/bottom
– Ex: most all other animals
• Nerves allow for movement and sensory input
• Cephalization – is the centralization of nerve tissue to
the head region – better movement/ brain formation
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Ex: Planaria
(free-living);
tapeworms
& flukes
(parasitic)
•
•
•
•
Flat!
Aquatic or parasitic
Bilateral – head region
Tissues, but no organs
• Incomplete digestive
system
• Simple muscles &
nerves
• No body cavity
Having a body cavity allows for more
specialization of organs:
• Acoelomates
– No cavity; Ex:
flatworms
• Pseudocoelomates
– “false” cavity; Ex:
round worms
• Coelomates
– True cavity; Ex:
earthworms & all
higher
Phylum Nematoda
• Ex: roundworms, pinworms
• round
• Most are parasitic
• Complete digestive system
• Bilateral symmetry
• Pseudocoelomate
Nervous System
- Nerves allow for movement and sensory input
• Some animals like sponges, have no nervous
tissues.
• Others, like the jellyfish have some cells to detect
stimuli.
• Most animals developed nerves and a brain.
Phylum Mollusca
•
•
•
•
•
Soft bodies
Mantle secretes shell
Bilateral symmetry
Coelomate
Complete digestive
system
Phylum Mollusca
Class Gastropoda
“stomach-foot” molluscs
ex: snails & slugs
sensory tissue
1 shell*
herbivores/predators
Phylum Mollusca
Class Bivalvia
“two shell” molluscs
ex: clams, oysters, scallops
filter feeders
aquatic
Phylum Mollusca
Class Cephalopoda
“head-foot” molluscs
closed circulatory system
ex: octopus, squid, nautilus
brain; great vision & mvmt
No shell
use ink against predators
Phylum Echinodermata
“spiny skin”
Sea stars; sea urchins; sand dollars; sea fans
Complexity of Form
• Coelomates
– True cavity; Ex:
earthworms & all
higher
– Body sections are
sign of more
complexity in
function
– Appendages (like
arms, legs and
antennae show
complexity too
Compartments allow for
specialization of function
Phylum Annelida
• Ex: earthworm, leech
• Segmented (ringed)
• Typically in soil; some
parasitic or aquatic
• Coelomate – true cavity
• Brain & sensory tissue
• Hermaphrodites
Skeletal – Muscular System
Muscles allow for movement, but must pull on something
rigid
- could pull on…
- water filled tubes
- shells
• Exoskeletons
- like on arthropods
• Endoskeletons
- like bones
Phylum Arthropoda
“jointed feet”
•
•
•
•
•
Jointed appendages
Body segments
Exoskeleton of chitin
Coelomate
Bilateral symmetry
Class Insecta
Phylum Arthropoda
Class Insecta
•
•
•
•
Wings & 6 legs
3 body segments
Compound eyes
Trachea & spiracles for
respiration
• Terrestrial
Most numerous group
of animals and most
endangered – many
specialized adaptations
Phylum Arthropoda
Class Arachnida
Spiders
Scorpions
Mites
Ticks
Phylum Arthropoda
Class Arachnida
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
8 legs
No wings or antennae
2 body segments
Compound/simple eyes
Some spin silk/webs
Carnivores/parasites
Terrestrial
Abdomen
Cephalothorax
Phylum Arthropoda
Class Crustacea
Crayfish
Lobsters
Crabs
Shrimp
Roly-polies
Phylum Arthropoda
Class Crustacea
• 10 legs (front usually
modified to catch prey)
• 2 sets antennae
• 2 body segments
• Gills for respiration
• Aquatic; “swimmerets”
(roly-polies = terrestrial)
Phylum Arthropoda
Class Chilopoda
•
•
•
•
Ex: centipedes
1 pair legs per segment
1 set antennae
Predators, often poison
Phylum Arthropoda
Class Diplopoda
•
•
•
•
Ex: Millipedes
2 pair legs per segment
1 set antennae
Herbivores/detritivores
(eat dead stuff)
The End
Embryo Formation
• Label on your paper:
A = zygote
E = blastula
G = gastrula
Animal Reproduction
• Sexual – exchange gametes
• Asexual – no gamete exchange
• Internal Fertilization – usually smaller #s of
offspring; more parental care
• External Fertilization - usually larger #s of
offspring; less parental care
Embryo Formation
• Label on your paper:
A = zygote
E = blastula
G = gastrula
Circulatory System
• Simple diffusion
– Nutrients move in and out
from surrounding water
• Open circulatory system
– Have heart but no blood
vessels, just cavities for
blood
• Closed circulatory system
– Have heart & blood
vessels
Respiratory System
• Some animals move gases by simple diffusion.
• Most have developed special structures to
move gases. These include:
– skin, spiracles, book lungs, gills, lungs
Phylum Echinodermata
• Radial symmetry*
• Water vascular system =
system of tubes for mvmt &
transport
• No brain; has nerve ring
• Regeneration
Complete Metamorphosis
in Insects
Organ systems in animals work together to
do certain things:
• Integumentary – Protects against pathogens; helps regulate
body temperature, keratin formed from epidermis waterproofs skin,
forms hair and nails; body covering
• Skin; epidermis, keratin; dermis, sebaceous glands (oil) and sweat
glands
• Skeletal – Provides structure; supports and protects internal
organs; axial includes skull, vertebral column and rib cage;
appendicular includes limbs; support; what muscles pull on
• 206 bones; osteocytes, axial skeleton, appendicular skeleton, joints;
fixed, moveable; ligaments, tendons
Organ systems in animals work together to
do certain things:
• Muscular – Provides structure; supports and moves trunk and
limbs; moves substances through body; skeletal – conscious
movement; cardiac – heart; smooth – unconscious movement like
digestive tract; movement
• Muscles (skeletal, cardiac, and smooth)
• Nervous – Cerebrum controls intelligence/creativity; cerebral
cortex controls and coordinates body movements and senses; medula
oblongata helps monitor and maintain other body systems
(homeostasis); somatic n. system controls voluntary system;
autonomic n. system controls activities that are not under conscious
control
• Brain; cerebrum, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, medulla oblongata;
spinal cord, nerves; cell body, dentrites, axon; sensory neurons,
motor neurons, synapse, sense organs, receptors; five senses.
Organ systems in animals work together to
do certain things:
• Circulatory – Transports nutrients, and wastes to and from all
body tissues. Pulmonary circulation – right side of heart; systemic
circulation – left side of heart; rbc – hemoglobin/O2; wbc – immune
response; platelets – clotting.
• Heart; right atrium/ventricle, left atrium/ventricle; blood vessels –
veins, arteries, capillaries; blood – red blood cells, white blood cells,
platelets.
• Respiratory – Carries air into and out of lungs, where gases
(oxygen and carbon dioxide) are exchanged, breathing is mechanical
movement of air, respiration is diffusion of O2/CO2 across
membranes; gas exchange
• Nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli,
diaphragm
Organ systems in animals work together to
do certain things:
• Digestive – Stores and digests food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates
waste, stomach – HCL, pepsin; pancreas – enzymes, insulin; liver –
bile (breaks down fats); break down food
• Mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small and large
intestines
• Excretory – Eliminates waste; maintains water and chemical
balance; ammonia converted to urea
• Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, skin, lungs
• Reproductive – Produces ova and milk in females, sperm in
males, and offspring after fertilization
• Ovaries, uterus, mammary glands (in females), testes (in males)
Organ systems in animals work together to
do certain things:
• Immune – Provides protection against infection and
disease
• Lymph nodes and vessels, white blood cells (lymphocytes)
• Endocrine – Maintains homeostasis; regulates
metabolism, water and mineral balance, growth and sexual
development, and reproduction
• Glands ex: adrenal – metabolism, stress; thyroid –
growth/develop; pancreas – insulin; hypothalamus – controls
pituitary; testis – testosterone; ovary - estrogen