DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
RECOMMENDTIONS
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Discussion section is where you begin to add
your interpretations to the work.
you start the process of explaining any links
and correlations apparent in your data.
If you left few interesting leads and open
questions in the results section, the
discussion is simply a matter of building
upon those and expanding them.
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The discussion section is not always about
what you found, but what you did not find,
and how you deal with that.
Stating that the results are inconclusive is the
easy way out, and you must always try to pick
out something of value.
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The significance levels in the statistics is the main point
of your discussion section, but the process is usually very
complex . It is rarely clear-cut, and you will need to
interpret your findings.
For example, one of your graphs may show a distinct
trend, but not enough to reach an acceptable significance
level.
Remember that no significance is not the same as no
difference, and you can begin to explain this in your
discussion section.
your results may show a trend that later researchers may
wish to explore, perhaps by refining the experiment.
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For this purpose, you should criticize the
experiment, and be honest about whether
your design was good enough. If not, suggest
any modifications and improvements that
could be made to the design.
Maybe the reason that you did not find a
significant correlation is because your
sampling was not random, or you did not use
sensitive enough equipment.
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You should always put your findings into the
context of the previous research in your
literature review.
Do your results agree or disagree with
previous research?
Do the results of the previous research help
you to interpret your own findings?
If your results are very different, why? Either
you have uncovered something new, or you
may have made a major flaw with the design
of the experiment.
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Finally, you can make a statement about whether
the research has contributed to knowledge in the
field, or not.
Unless you made many errors that the results
are completely unreliable, you will; certainly have
learned something. Try not to be too broad in
your generalizations to the wider world - it is a
small resesrch and is unlikely to change the
world.
Once writing the discussion section is complete,
you can move onto the next stage, wrapping up
the paper with a focused conclusion.
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Writing a conclusion is the final part of the
research paper, drawing everything together and
tying it into your initial research.
If you remember, a research paper starts with a
broad look at the research and narrows down to
the results , before the discussion opens it out
again.
At the beginning of the research paper, you
looked at all of the previous research and boiled
it down into a research question .
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In the discussion , you assess how the results
answer to this question and discuss its
relevance to the existing knowledge in the
field.
When writing a conclusion, you should try to
answer a few questions, as succinctly as
possible
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You answered some questions in your
discussion, but the key is to leave some
questions that another researcher can expand
on for their research project.
If you plan a career as a scientist, it is
something that you can return to in the
future.
A good research project, whatever the results
, will generate leads for others to follow.
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This is a very quick synopsis of the results
and discussion.
Writing a conclusion involves summing up the
paper and giving a very brief description of
the results, although you should not go into
too much detail about this.
Anybody reading the conclusion has read the
entire paper, so the conclusion merely acts as
an aid to memory.
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This is where you tie in what is known to the
body of research highlighted in the
introduction ; during the course of your
literature review .
point out the importance of the study and
how it relates to the field.
point out how your findings can be used by
readers, and the benefits. There is always a
reason that something has been learned.
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Whilst writing the conclusion, highlight any
deficiencies in your methods , explaining how
they may have affected your results.
This will allow the next researcher to refine
the methodology and learn from your
mistakes, one of the foundations of the
scientific process
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Do your findings open up any suggestions for
future research?
For a shorter paper, this is not always
essential, but you can highlight any possible
areas of interest and give some ideas for
those following.
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This is not always applicable, but you can
suggest any practical uses for your findings.
For example, if you uncovered a link between
diet and the speed at which children learn,
you could suggest a short plan for ensuring
that children receive good nutrition.
With writing the conclusion finished, you are
almost at the end of your research project
Recommendations are based on the conclusion
of study.
 Give a detailed description of the suggestion
for future action based on the significance of
the findings.
 Include implications for future use of findings
and recommendation for future research.
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Recommendation should be:
Logical – should flow logically from the
conclusion.
Relevant– must meet the purpose and scope
as stated in the introduction section.
Flexible – must be practical and workable
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Brief – write concisely, any reason for
recommendation should only be given if
necessary.
Clear – do not be ambiguous as to how yhe
suggestion should bf implemented.
Preccise – vague recommmendations
usuallyresult from insufficient research/
analysis.