 1. Gametophyte is extremely small
 2. Spores are not released- remain in tissue of sporophyte and develop into the gametophytes
(male and female
 A. Pollen grain- immature male gametophyte
 B. Ovule- multicellular structure that is part of the sporophyte where the female gametophyte develops
 3. Following fertilization, the ovule and its contents develop into a seed

 1. Wind and animals transport pollen grains to ovules
 A. Pollination- transfer of pollen grains from the male reproductive structure to the female reproductive structure
 B. Pollen Tube- tube that emerges from the pollen grain and grows to the ovule to pass sperm directly to the egg

 1. Seeds contain the embryo of seed plants
 2. Plant embryo is a new sporophyte
 3. Seeds form from an ovule after the egg has been fertilized

 1. Seed Coat- outer layers of the ovule that harden as the seed matures
 A. offers protection
 B. seeds germinate at different times, in different conditions, or must be exposed to light. The seed coat helps maintain the seed until that time
 2. Endosperm- tissue that provided nutrients for the embryo
 3. Cotyledon- seed leaf
 A. transfer nutrients to the embryo
 B. Monocots- 1 cotyledon, Dicots- 2 cotyledons

 A. Seed plants are the most successful plants
 1. Angiosperms-ovules that are completely enclosed
 2. Gymnosperms- ovules enclosed after pollination
 B. Gametophyte of gymnosperm develops in cones
 1. whorls of modified leaves
 2. male pollen cones or female seed cones

 C. Pollination
 1. pollen grains carried by wind to female cone
 2. during pollination, female cones are open to expose ovules
 3. pollen tube grows into the ovule
 4. sperm enters ovule
 5. seed cone closes after pollination and remains closed until the seeds mature, which can take up to two years

 1. The zygote and ovule develop into a seed which grows into a new sporophyte
 2. An adult pine tree produces male and female cones
 3. Meiosis occurs
 4. Male and female spores form on the scales of the cones
 5. Spores develop into male and female gametophytes
 6. After pollination, sperm enter the ovule through a pollen tube and fertilization occurs

 B. Structure of a Flower- arranged in 4 concentric whorls
 1. sepals- outermost whorls that protect the flower from damage while still a bud
 2. petals- 2 nd whorl that attracts pollinators
 3. stamens- 3 rd whorl that produces pollen
 A. Anther- pollen producing sac
 4. pistils- 4 th whorl which produces ovules that develop in the swollen lower part which is called the ovary and has a style, which rises from is

 C. flowers may or may not have all 4 whorls
 1. complete flowers have all four
 2. incomplete flowers lack one or more of the whorls
 3. perfect flowers contain stamen and pistils
 4. imperfect flowers lack a stamen or pistil
 D. flowers attract insects that pick up pollen from the stamen and take it to pistils of that flower or other flowers when they pick up the flower’s nectar

 1. the zygote and ovule develop into a seed which grows into a new sporophyte
 2. a flower produces male spores inside its anthers and the female spores inside its pistil
 3. meiosis occurs
 4. spores develop into male and female gametophytes
 5. pollination occurs when a pollen grain lands on the stigma of a pistil
 6. sperm enters an ovule through a pollen tube and fertilization occurs

 A. Vegetative reproduction is the growth of new plants from non-reproductive plant parts, like stems, roots, and leaves
 B. Kalanchoes are succulents that are often grown as potted plants and readily reproduce either vegetatively or by seeds
 C. People often grow plants from their vegetative structures which is called vegetative propagation