Your Body Systems
Chapter 5
BELLRINGER: How many
body systems can you
name?
Body Organization
• Human Body
– Complex Machine
• City ( Buildings, transportation systems, Electrical energy)
• Working together
– Each part has role to play
– Contributes to the function of the other parts of the
body
– ** What happens to the body when a part is not
functioning properly?
Cells
• Simplest and most basic units of life
• Human Body vs. Bacteria
• Nucleus
– “brain” of cell
– Largest organelle of the cell
– Contains the DNA
Tissues
• A group of cells that are similar & work
together to perform a specific function
• 4 Types of Main Body Tissue :
– Epithelial ( Boundary)
• Protects body from moisture loss, bacteria, internal
injury
– Muscle ( movement)
– Connective Tissue ( Support & Structure)
– Nervous Tissue ( Messaging System)
Body Tissue
Organ
• Two or more tissues that work together to
perform a specific function
Organs
• How many organs are in the human body?
– 78
• Which organ is the largest?
– Skin
• What is the major organ of the body?
– Brain
• Other organs of the body
– http://www.organsofthebody.com/
Body System
• A group of organs that work together for one
purpose
• Your Body Systems:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Nervous System
Endocrine System
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Digestive System
Urinary System
Circulatory System
Respiratory System
Body System
Function
Nervous System
Controls & coordinates activities of the body systems
Endocrine System
Helps nervous system control and coordinate activities of the body;
helps regulate growth
Skeletal System
Provides a framework to support and protect the body
Muscular System
Works with the skeletal system to cause movement
Digestive System
Breaks down foods into simpler substances; transfers nutrients into
the blood; eliminates solid waste products so they can be eliminated
from the body; protects the body from disease
Circulatory System
Transports and distributes gases, nutrients, and hormones
throughout the body; collects and transports waste products so they
can be eliminated from the body; protects body from disease
Respiratory System
Exchanges oxygen from the environment and carbon dioxide from
the body
Urinary System
Filters liquid waste products from the blood and eliminates them
from the body
Body Systems Work Together
• Each system has a different function
– Work together and help on another
• Body systems depend on one another
– Perform their functions properly
• When working properly
– The body stays alive and is healthy
CELL ORGANIZATION
POSTER HANDOUT
BELLRINGER : ARE
PEOPLE WITH BIGGER
BRAINS SMARTER THAN
PEOPLE WITH SMALLER
BRAINS?
Nervous System
• Body system that gathers and interprets
information about the body’s internal &
external environments and responds to that
information
Nervous System Components
•
•
•
•
Brain
Spinal Cord
Nerves
Sensory Organs ( eyes, ears, taste buds)
Nervous System
• Controls voluntary & involuntary activities
– Walking
– Talking
– Heart beat
• Also allows …
–
–
–
–
–
Seeing
Hearing
Smelling
Tasting
Detect pain & pressure
Nervous System controls
• Conducts electrical messages to & from
various parts of your body
– NERVE IMPULSES
• Carry information that help the organs and
body systems carry out their functions
correctly
The Brain
• Major organ
• Mass of nervous tissue that is located inside
your skull
Brain Impulses
• Sends impulses to different parts of the body
• Impulses contain information about your body
and about the world around you
– Constantly receiving impulses
• Your brain uses this information to
– Tell your body how to react to the environment
– Sending impulses to different body parts
Structure of Brain
• Cerebrum
• Cerebellum
• Brainstem
Cerebrum
•
•
•
•
Largest part of the brain
Most complex
Coordinates many activities of the brain
Controls
– Senses, emotions, voluntary muscle movements,
consciousness, learning, & memory
Cerebellum
• Second largest part of the brain
• Controls
– Muscle coordination, balance, and posture
Brainstem
• Connects to the spinal cord
• Controls
– Heart rate
– Blood pressure
– Breathing
PIN THE FUNCITON ON THE
BRAIN
Central Nervous System (CNS)
• Includes brain & spinal cord
• Spinal Cord
– Bundle of nervous tissue that is about a foot and a half
long and is surrounded by your back bone
• Spinal cord Function
– Relay impulses between the brain and different parts
of the body
• Interpreting impulse
– Brain – spinal cord – body part
– Body part – spinal cord – brain
Peripheral Nervous System
(PNS)
• Composed of nerves that connect all parts of
your body to the CNS
• Uses nerves to control the actions of different
parts of the body
Nerves
• A bundle of cells that conducts electrical
signals through the body
• Like an electrical cable
– Many small wires
• ** ONLY IN THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM ***
Nerves
• Means of communication in the CNS
• CNS & skeletal system
– When & how to move
• CNS & Skin
– Heat
– Pressure
– Pain
– Other sensations from the environment
Common Problems of the
Nervous System
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Meningitis
Rabies
Concussions
Stroke
Paralysis
Epilepsy
Cerebral Palsy
Meningitis
• Infection, inflammation of the protective
covering of the brain & spinal cord
– Bacterial & viral
• Bacterial ( antibiotics )
• Vaccine
• No vaccine to treat / prevent viral form
Rabies
• A viral infection of the brain that causes
irritation of the brain and spinal cord
• Passed by saliva of an infected animal
• Avoid wild / unfamiliar animals
• Medical treatment needed
Concussion
• Blow to the head
• May cause brief memory loss; unconsciousness
• Preventative measure
– Wear protective headgear
Stroke
• Death of brain tissue
– Lack of blood going to brain
• Medical attention & hospitalization
Paralysis
• Partial / total loss of the ability to use muscles
– Caused by damage to brain or spinal cord
• May be permanent
Epilepsy
• Disorder of the nerves and brain that are
characterized by uncontrollable muscle activity
• Form of seizure
• Treated with medication
Cerebral Palsy
• Very poor muscle control
– Caused by damage of the brain
• No cure or prevention
– Physical therapy
Endocrine System
• Network of tissues and organs that release
chemicals that control certain body functions
Hormones
• Chemicals that travel in the blood and cause
changes in different body parts
• Tells body how to grow or develop
• Stressful Situations
– Fight or Flight
– Epinephrine Rush
Hormone Facts
• Makes & releases between 50-100 different
hormones
• Every hormone has an important function for the
body
• Most glands make & release different hormones
• Each function of the body is controlled by more
than one hormone
• Hormones work together to cause changes in
the body
Gland
A tissue or group of tissues that makes and
releases chemicals
• Endocrine Glands make hormones*
• Specific Endocrine Glands
• Hormones released into blood
• Control certain body functions
Types of Glands
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Thyroid Gland
Adrenal Gland
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
Thymus Gland
Parathyroid Glands
Pituitary Gland
Thyroid Gland
• Controls the rate at which your body uses
energy
• Located in the neck area
Adrenal Glands
• Helps the body respond to stress or danger
• Located above kidneys
Pancreas
• Regulates blood sugar levels
• Located on the bend of stomach
Ovaries
• Females Only
• Produce hormones involved in reproductions
– Estrogen & progesterone
Testes
• Males Only
• Produce hormones in reproduction
– Testosterone
Thymus Gland
• Regulates the immune system, which helps
body fight disease
• Located between Lungs
Parathyroid Gland
• Regulates the calcium level in the blood
• Located behind thyroid
Pituitary Gland
• Secretes hormones that affect other glands &
organs
• Located in the Brain
Types of Hormones
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Thyroxine
Testosterone
Estrogen
Progesterone
Insulin
Human Growth Hormone
Epinephrine & Norephinephrine
Thyroxine
• Thyroid
• Stimulates body metabolism
• Regulates body growth & development
Testosterone
• Testes
• Stimulates secondary sex characteristics in
males
• Stimulates sperm production
Estrogen
• Ovary
• Stimulates secondary sex characteristics in
females
Progesterone
• Ovary
• Allows the uterus to prepare for pregnancy
• Regulates menstrual cycle
Insulin
• Pancreas
• Regulates the amount of sugar in blood
Human Growth Hormone
• Pituitary Gland
• Stimulates body growth
Epinephrine &
Norepinephrine
• Adrenal
• Stimulate the body systems and metabolism in
emergencies & during stress
HORMONE & BONE GROWTH
ACTIVITY
Common Problems of the
Endocrine System
• Too much / Too little of a hormone
• Interfere with
– Normal Structure
– Function of the Body
• Endocrine System Problems
– Type II Diabetes
– Gigantism
– Hyperthyroidism
– Hypothyroidism
Type II Diabetes
•
•
•
•
High level of sugar in the blood
Body does not produce enough insulin
Body’s cells do not
Treatment
– Diet & Exercise
– Insulin Injection
– Pills
Gigantism
• Individual has a very large body size
• Excess production of human growth hormone
by pituitary gland
• Treatment
– Medication
Hyperthyroidism
• Produces too much of the thyroid hormone
• Body Systems become too active
• Lead to rapid & unhealthy weight loss and
other problems
• Treatment
– Medications
– Radiation
– Surgery
Hypothyroidism
•
•
•
•
Produces too little of the thyroid hormone
Body system slow down
Can lead to rapid and unhealthy weight gain
Treatment:
– Medication that replace missing hormones
BELLRINGER: HOW MANY
BONES & MUSCLES ARE IN
THE HUMAN BODY?
Skeletal System
• Bone
– Is a living organ made of bone cells, connective
tissues, and minerals
• Bone, Cartilage, & special structures make up
the system
Skeleton
•
•
•
•
•
Body’s framework
Support the Body
Protect organs
Store Minerals
Work with your muscles to move
HEALTHY VS UNHEALTHY
BONES
2 Types of Bone Tissue
• Compact Bone
– Is dense bone tissue found outside of all bones
• Spongy Bone
– Many air spaces
– Lighter & less dense than compact bone and found
inside most bones
Compact & Spongy Bone
Cartilage & Marrow
• Cartilage
– Ends of many bones which are covered by a soft,
flexible tissue
• Marrow
– Soft tissue inside bones
• 2 Types
– Red Marrow – makes red & white blood cells
– Yellow Marrow – stores fat
Joints
• Place in the body where 2 or more bones
connect
• Allow movement
– When muscles attached to the bone contract
• Classified by how bones move
• Fixed Joints
– Joints allow little or no movement
• Ligaments
– Flexible bands of connective tissue
JOINT ACTIVITY
Skeletal / Joint Problems
•
•
•
•
Break
Dislocate
Stretch or torn
Aging / poor diet
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Osteoporosis
Fracture
Osteomyelitis
Arthritis
Osteoarthritis
Rickets
Scoliosis
Sprain
Osteoporosis
•
•
•
•
Density of bone decreases
Bones are weak
More likely to break
Treatment
– Exercise
– Calcium / Vitamin D
– Medications
Fracture
• Break in a bone
• Caused by accident or injury
• Treatment
– Cast
– Surgery
Osteomyelitis
• Bacterial infection of the bone and marrow
• Treatment:
– Antibiotics
– Surgery
• Prevention:
– Clean deep wounds / cuts
Arthritis
• Joint inflammations
• Treatment :
– Physical Therapy
– Medications
Osteoarthritis
• Caused by aging
• Joints are stiff & painful
• Treatment:
– Anti-inflammatory Drugs
– Physical Therapy
– Surgery
Rickets
• Children
• Causes the body to have difficulty absorbing
calcium
• Bones soften
• Caused by lack of vitamin D
• Treatment:
– Medication with vitamin D
Scoliosis
• Curvature of the spine
• Uneven growth of the body
• Treatment:
– Exercise
– Brace
– Surgery
Sprain
• Injury to ligaments at a joint
• Treatment:
– Rest
– Ice
– Cast
Types of Muscle
• Muscle
– Any tissue that is made up of cells or fibers that
contract & expand to cause movement
• Types of Muscle
– Smooth Muscle
– Cardiac Muscle
– Skeletal Muscle
Smooth Muscle
• Move materials such as food through internal
organs
• Makes up internal organs
– Stomach
– Intestines
Cardiac Muscle
• Found in the heart
• Blood is pushed through the body
Skeletal Muscle
• Muscle attached to bones
• Attached to bones by connective tissue
– Tendons
• Pull onto the bones they are attached to
– causes body to move
• Release energy
– Maintains body temperature
Muscular System
• The muscles that move your body
How muscles Move
• Skeletal muscles work together
– Make your Body move
• Movement
– Result of muscles pulling on bones
Muscle Contraction- Flex
• Gets shorter
• ONLY pull bones closer together
• Flex
– Bend
• Example : Bicep
– Pulls the bones of the forearm toward shoulder
Muscle Contraction – Extend
• Extend
• Example : Triceps
– Pulls the bones of the forearms away from the
biceps
Muscular System Problems
•
•
•
•
Tired & Sore
Strained & Torn
Warm up, cool down, stretch
Problems:
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–
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Muscular Dystrophy
Inguinal Hernia
Muscle Cramp
Strain
Tendinitis
Shin Splints
Muscular Dystrophy
• Genetic Diseases
– Causes muscle weakness
• Destruction of skeletal muscle tissue
• Treatment:
– No Cure
– Physical Therapy
– Surgery
Inguinal Hernia
• Intestine bulges through abdominal muscles
• Causes
• Caused:
– Lifting heavy objects
– Improper lifting
• Treatment:
– Surgery
Muscle Cramp
•
•
•
•
Sudden & painful contraction of a muscle
Night
After Exercise
No Treatment
Strain
• Overstretching
• Tearing of a muscle due to overuse / misuse
• Treatment :
– Rest
– Ice
– Wrapping Injury
Tendinitis
• Inflammation of a tendon
– Aging
– Excessive Exercise
• Treatment
– Rest
– Hot or Cold compresses
– Ant – inflammatory medications
Shin Splints
• Pain in the shin caused by damage
• Irritation to the muscles in the front of the leg
• Treatment:
– Rest
– Ice
– Pain Medication
Exercise Circuit Activity
BELLRINGER: NAME
DIFFERENT SYMPTOMS
THAT OCCUR WHEN YOU
HAVE PROBLEMS
DIGESTING YOUR FOOD.
Digestion
• Digestion
– Process by which your body breaks down food
you eat
Digestive System
• Group of organs and glands that work
together to physically & chemically break
down, or digest food
• Mouth
• Stomach
• Small Intestine
• After Digestion
– Food is absorbed in the blood
Nutrients
• Substances in foods that your body needs to
function properly
• Produce Energy
– Growth
– Maintenance
– Repair
Journey of Food- Mouth
• Mouth
• Chewing
– Food particles are smaller
– Makes digestion easier
• Saliva
– Moistens food
– Makes it easier to follow
Journey of Food – Throat
•
•
•
•
Pushed by your tongue
Throat
Pharynx
Esophagus to Stomach
Journey of Food – Stomach
• Food Particles
– Mixed with acidic juices
• Stomach churns
– Mixes food & juices
• Stays in stomach for a few hours
– Travels to large intestine
Journey of Food – Small
Intestine
• Most chemical digestion happens
• Food moves by contractions
– Smooth muscle of small intestine
• Contractions
– Push food through the organ
• Liver, gall bladder, pancreas
– Release chemicals into the small intestine
• Leaves small intestine to large intestine
Journey of Food – Large
Intestine
•
•
•
•
No digestion happens
Mostly waste products
Pushed out
Takes about 24 hours
Body Absorbs Nutrients
• Absorbed in bloodstream
• Alcohol, simple sugars, & simple salts
– Absorbed in stomach
• Small Intestine
• Carbohydrates, proteins, fats
– Absorbed in small intestine
Villi
• Inner wall of the small intestine covered in
fingerlike projections
• Increase the surface of the intestinal wall
• Nutrients
– Pass easily from the small intestine to the blood
• Large intestine
– Water
– Simple Salts
Common Digestive Problems
• Improper Chewing
• Too much Acid
• Problems:
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–
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–
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Indigestion
Heartburn
Diarrhea
Constipation
Ulcers
Appendicitis
Hemorrhoids
Stomach & Colon Cancer
Indigestion
• Pain / discomfort in stomach
• Treatment:
– Antacids
– Medication
Heartburn
• Burning feeling in the esophagus
– Backflow of acidic stomach contents
• Treatment:
– Antacids
– Medication
Diaherrea
• Increase amount & number of times a person
passes waste
• Treatment:
– Medication
Constipation
• Passing solid waste is difficult & infrequent
• Treatment:
– Medication
– Fluids
Ulcers
• Round, open sore in the lining of stomach or
small intestine caused by bacteria
• Treatment:
– Avoiding certain foods
– Antacids
– Antibiotics
Appendicitis
• Inflammation of the appendix
– Releases harmful bacteria into the abdomen
• Treatment:
– Surgical removal of the appendix
Hemorrhoids
• Swollen tissues of the rectum and anus
– Contain blood vessels that may bleed
• Treatment:
– Usually does not require treatment
– May require surgery
Stomach & Colon Cancer
• Tumor in the stomach, colon, rectum of large
intestine
– Age
– Diet
• Treatment:
– Surgical removal of the affected organ
– Chemotherapy
– Radiation
TRAVEL BROCHURE
Excretion
• Removal of liquid wastes from the body
• 3 Body Systems Involved:
– Skin & Water
• Releases products
• Sweating
– Lungs
• Get rid of Carbon Dioxide
– Urinary System
• Removes waste products from blood
Urinary System
• Group of organs that work together to
remove liquid wastes from the blood
• Carries waste from cells to kidneys
• Kidneys
– Clean the blood of liquid waste
• Ureters
– Waste passed from kidneys to tube like structures
Urinary System
• Bladder
– Muscular, baglike organ that stores this liquid
waste until it can be released from the body
• Urethra
– When bladder is full, waste leaves the body
through a single tube like structure
• Urination
– Release of the waste
Filtering Blood
• Kidneys
– clean you blood
– Regulate amount of water in body
• Blood Contains
– Nutrients, gases, water, & waste
• Kidney Removes
– Waste & excess water from the blood
Kidneys
• Nephrons
– Remove harmful products from your blood
• Filtration
– A process where nephrons remove the wastes
from the blood
• Urine
– Liquid waste
Common Problems of the
Urinary System
• Waste products can build up in the blood
– Lifetime threatening conditions
• Uncomfortable or painful
• Problems:
– Urinary Tract Infection
– Stones
– Urinary Incontinence
– Overactive or Neurogenic Bladder
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
• Infection of one or more of the organs of the
urinary system
–
–
–
–
Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Parasites
• More common in women
• Treatment:
– Antibiotics
– Antiviral drugs
Stones
• Crystallized mineral chunks that frequently
from in the kidneys and bladder
• Small stones leave body with urine
• Larger stones may be trapped
• Treatment:
– Medications
– Ultrasound waves
– Surgery
Urinary Incontinence
• Uncontrollable loss of urine from the bladder
• Inability to control urination
– Aging
• Treatment:
– Medication
– Surgery
Overactive / Neurogenic
Bladder
• Inability to control urination
– Damage to nerves that go to the urinary bladder
• Treatment:
– Medications
– Surgery
– Catheter
BELLIRINGER: WHY DO
YOU THINK PEOPLE
ASSOCIATE LOVE WITH
THE HEART?
Circulatory System
• Made up of three parts
– Clean blood
– Help regulate the amount of waster in your body
• Functions
– Transport nutrients and gases to a different parts
of the body where they can be used by the cells
– Take waste materials from the cells to kidneys,
lungs, and skin, where wastes can be removed
Heart
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mH0QTW
zU-xI
Blood
• 5 liters
• Tissue that is made of liquid, cell parts, and 2
types of cells
• Liquids & solids
• Components:
– Plasma
– Platelets
– Red Blood Cells
– White Blood Cells
BLOOD VISUAL
Plasma
•
•
•
•
55% of blood
90% of plasma is water
Fluid
Carries nutrients, hormones, and waste
products from one part of the body to
another
Platelets
Solids
45% of blood
Carried by plasma
Cell fragments that help repair blood vessels
and form blood clots
• Made in bone marrow
• Clump together in the damaged area of body
•
•
•
•
– Forms blood clots & stops you from bleeding
Red Blood Cells ( RBCs)
• Most numerous blood cells
• Transport oxygen & carbon dioxide through
the body
• Hemoglobin
– Protein
– Oxygen & carbon dioxide attach
– Carries gases through the body
White Blood Cells ( WBCs)
• Large cells that help you stay healthy by
fighting infection and protecting the body from
foreign particles
Supply Lines
• Arteries
– Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
• Veins
– Blood vessels that carry blood to the heart
• Capillaries
– Microscopic blood vessels of the body that link the
arteries and veins
– Nutrients, carbon dioxide, and waste products enter
and leave the blood stream
Common Circulatory
Problems
• Cells do not get oxygen & nutrients
– They will die
• Wastes are removed from cells
– They will die
• Problems:
–
–
–
–
–
–
Hypertension
Heart Attack
Anemia
Sickle Cell Anemia
Leukemia
Hemophilia
Hypertension
• Abnormally high blood pressure
• Increase the chance of stroke/ heart attack
• Treatment:
– Losing Weight
– Eating healthy
– Not Smoking
– Medication
Heart Attack
• Blood supply to the heart is reduced or
stopped
– Injures heart
• Treatment
– Medical emergency
– Medical professional
Anemia
• Number of blood cells or the amount of
hemoglobin is below normal
• Treatment:
– Treated with vitamin B 12
– Iron supplements
– Medications
Sickle Cell Anemia
•
•
•
•
Blood cells are sickle cell shaped
Contain an abnormal type of hemoglobin
Genetic
Treatment:
– Cannot be cured
– Hospitalization at times
Leukemia
• Cancer of the tissues of the body that
produce white blood cells
• Treatment:
– Chemotherapy
Hemophilia
•
•
•
•
Genetic disorder
Blood does not clot
Clots very slowly
Treatment:
– Blood transfusions
– Avoiding situations that may cause bleeding
Respiratory System
• Body system that brings oxygen into the body
and removes carbon dioxide from the body
• Gases forced in & out of the lungs through
breathing
Respiratory system
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Nose & Mouth
Pharynx ( throat)
Voice Box ( Larynx)
Windpipe ( trachea )
Bronchi
1. Allows air to enter lungs
Lungs
• Large sponge like organs in which oxygen and
carbon dioxide are passed between the blood
and environment
How you Breathe
• Diaphragm
– Movement of air in & out of the lungs
– Dome shaped muscle beneath the lungs
• Contract
– Air enters lungs
• Relax
– Air leaves lungs
LUNG MODEL
Alveoli
• Gases move between the blood and tiny air
sacs
Common Respiratory
problems
Air may contain harmful materials
Avoid smoking tobacco & using drugs
Problems:
Tuberculosis
Pneumonia
Asthma
Emphysema
Lung Cancer
Tuberculosis
• Contagious infection that infects the lungs
– Chest pain
– Difficulty breathing
– Bacteria in the air
• Treated with antibiotics
Pneumonia
• Inflammation of the lungs
– Alveoli become filled with thick fluid
• Treatment:
– Rest
– Fluids
– Antibiotics
Bronchitis
• Inflammation of the bronchi
– Includes cough
• Treatment:
– Rest
– Aspirin
– Cough medicine
– Antibiotics
Asthma
• Allergic response in which airways fill with mucus
• Triggers
–
–
–
–
–
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Pollen
Dust
Smoke
Cold air
Stress
Strenuous exercise
• Treatment
– Drugs
Emphysema
• Condition in which the alveoli in the lungs
break
– Difficulty breathing
• Treatment
– Can’t be cured
– Medication
Lung Cancer
• Cancer destroys lung tissue
• Most common type of cancer
– Men & Women
• Treatment
– Surgery
– Chemotherapy
– Radiation Therapy
BELLRINGER: MAKE A
LIST OF HABITS THAT
ARE ASSOCIATED WITH
GOOD HEALTH AND BAD
HEALTH
WANTED: BODY ORGANS
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