CHAPTER 12
REPRODUCTION
P.317-324
HW QUESTIONSP.324 #1-6
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION


1 PARENT PRODUCING
OFFSPRING
TYPES:
 BINARY
FISSION
 BUDDING
 FRAGMENTATION
 VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION
 PARTHGENESIS
BINARY FISSION

DIVIDING INTO TWO
SUCH AS
PARAMECIUM/AMOEBA
OF THE PROTIST
KINGDOM
BUDDING

PIECES (BUDS) BREAK OFF AND FORM NEW
ORGANISMS SUCH AS YEAST, A FUNGUS AND
HYDRA, AN AQUATIC ANIMAL
FRAGMENTATION

BREAKING INTO TWO PIECES AND GROWING INTO
A NEW ONE SUCH AS PLANARIA, A FLATWORM
VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION

FRAGMENTATION IN
PLANTS SUCH AS
ALOE
PARTHOGENESIS

UNFERTILIZED
EGG WILL
DEVELOP
WITHOUT
FERTILIZATION
FROM THE MALE
SUCH AS IN BEES
AND SOME
LIZARDS
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

TWO PARENTS
PRODUCE AN
OFFSPRING SUCH
AS IN MOSTPLANTS
AND ANIMALS
SPERM AND EGG CELLS

4 SPERM ARE PRODUCED 
IN HUMAN MALES WHICH
IS CALLED
SPERMATOGENESIS
1 EGG AND 3 POLAR BODIES
ARE PRODUCED IN HUMAN
FEMALES WHICH IS CALLED
OOGENESIS
- BOTH SPERM AND EGGS ARE CALLED GAMETES AND
CARRY THE HAPLOID NUMBER (n) OF CHROMOSOMES
IN AN ORGANISM (23 IN HUMANS)
- FERTILIZED EGG IS FORMED WHEN THEY MEET (CALLED
A ZYGOTE)
- IT CARRIES DIPLOID NUMBER (2n) OF
CHROMOSOMES (46 IN HUMANS)
HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES

THE TWO
CHROMOSOMES
IN A PAIR
(ONE IS FROM
THE MOTHER
CALLED
MATERNAL AND
ONE IS FROM
THE FATHER
CALLED
PATERNAL)
MEIOSIS

THE FORMATION OF SEX CELLS (SPERM OR EGG) IN
PLANTS AND ANIMALS THAT REPRODUCE SEXUALLY
(WHERE 2 NUCLEI OF SEPARATE CELLS FUSE INTO ONE)
CHARACTERISTICS
1. CELLS DIVIDE TWICE BUT CHROMOSOMES ARE NOT
DUPLICATED AFTER THE FIRST DIVISION (THIS HALVES THE
NUMBER FROM 2n TO n OR FROM DIPLOID46 TO
HAPLOID23)
2. A RANDOM MIXTURE OF MATERNAL AND PATERNAL
CHROMOSOMES ARE DISTRIBUTED TO EACH GAMETE
3. HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES PAIR WHICH IS
KNOWN AS SYNAPSIS
OCCURS IN THE FIRST DIVISION (DURING THE PROPHASE 1 STAGE)
 ALLOWS THE EXCHANGE OF GENES CALLED CROSSING OVER

4. FOUR HAPLOID CELLS ARE PRODUCED AT THE END OF
THE PROCESS
MEIOSIS I
MEIOSIS II
TYPES OF REPRODUCTION QUIZ



25 MULTIPLE CHOICE
WITH DIAGRAMS
(MEIOSIS,
SPERMATOGENESIS,
ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION)
1 SHORT ANSWER (3
PTS)
2 BONUS QUESTIONS (2
PTS. EA.)
 (*SEE
HOMEWORK FOR
ALL THREE*)