Chapter 10, 11, 12 Overview
Evolution
Define: Evolution, Species, Fossil, Catastrophism, gradualism,
uniformitarianism, variation, adaptation, artificial selection, heritability,
population, natural selection, fitness, biogeography, homologous structures,
analogous structures, vestigial structures, paleontology. (11) Gene pool,
allele frequency, normal distribution, microevolution, directional selection,
stabilizing selection, disruptive selection, geneflow, genetic drift, bottleneck
effect, founder effect, sexual selection, Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium,
reproductive isolation, speciation, behavioral isolation, geographic isolation,
temporal isolation, convergent evolution, divergent evolution, coevolution,
extinction, punctuated equilibrium, adaptive radiation, (12) primate,
prosimian, anthropoid, hominid, bipedal.
Answer:
(10.1) Key Concept: There were theories of biological and geological change before
Charles Darwin. Early scientists proposed ideas about evolution.
1. Tell what each scientist did to help develop evolutionary theory.
Scientist
Contribution to Evolutionary theory
Linneaus
Buffon
E. Darwin
Lamarck
2. What two conditions must be true for an organism to be considered the same
species?_________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
MAIN IDEA: Theories of geologic change set the stage for Darwin’s theory
3. Write a description of each theory in the space provided:
Geologic Theory
Description
Catastrophism
Gradualism
Uniformitariansim
(10.2) Key Concept: Darwin’s Voyage provided insights into evolution. Darwin
observed differences among island species.
4. What is variation among members of different species called? ___________________
5. What is variation among members of the same species called? __________________
6. Darwin saw populations of various species that seemed well suited to their
environment. What did this suggest? __________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
(10.3) Darwin proposed natural selection as a mechanism for evolution.
7. Why must selected traits be inheritable? ____________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
8. Give an example of a trait that is inheritable__________________________________
9. Give an example of a trait that is not inheritable_______________________________
10. In natural selection, what must be true of traits that are passed down through
generations? _____________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
11. Use the following vocabulary words to complete the statements
Variation
Overproduction
Adaptation
Descent with modification
______________ Producing many offspring, some of which may not survive.
______________ individual differences that may be heritable
______________ a structure well suited for the environment
______________ a heritable trait becoming common in a population
12. What are all of the individuals of a species that live in an area called? ____________
(10.4) Key concept: Evidence of common ancestry among species comes from many
sources.
13. Give example of each type of evidence for evolution:
Evidence for Evolution Example
Fossils
Geography
Embryology
Anatomy
14. Vestigial structures seem to lack any useful function, or are at least no longer used for
their original purpose. Give three examples of vestigial structures.
______________________, _______________________, ________________________
15. Analogous structures are not evidence of a recent common ancestor; Give some
examples of analogous structures. ________________, ___________________,
__________________
(10.5) Main Idea Molecular and genetic evidence supports fossil and anatomical
evidence.
16. In a phrase, explain how each of the following contribute to evolutionary theory
Molecular Evidence
Contribution to evolutionary Theory
DNA sequence
analysis
Pseudogenes
Homeobox Genes
Protein Comparisons
(11.1) Key Concept; A population shares a common gene pool. Genetic Variation in
a population increases the chance that some individuals will survive.
Peccaries are small, tough relatives of the modern
pig, whose lineage diverged about 40 million years ago. They live in southern Texas,
Arizona, and New Mexico.
A herd of peccaries consists of about 15 individuals, half males and half females. They
stay close together and use scent as a cohesive force, moving, feeding, playing and
resting as a peaceable social unit.
If individuals become separated from the herd, they get upset and utter loud wailing cries.
It is rare, therefore, for a peccary to move from one herd to another.
Together, these socially and behaviorally egalitarian animals form a population. It is at
the population level that the phenomenon of evolution is observed, studied and measured.
Individual peccaries cannot evolve, but the little herd, or population, of peccaries is
subject to all the forces of variation and natural selection. They can undergo all the
changes in genotypes and phenotypes we associate with evolutionary change.
A population is the smallest unit of living organisms that can undergo evolution.
Within populations are combinations of genes and different gene types. A peccary is a
diploid organism, which means that there are two copies of each gene in every cell in its
body. A mutation can produce a subtle variation in either, or both, of these genes, some
lethal and some that simply alter a trait slightly.
Suppose that bristle length on the bodies of the peccaries is controlled by a single gene
(written as B), and that a mutation in this gene results in shorter bristles (written as b).
These two varieties of the bristle-length gene are called alleles that, in various
combinations, produce the peccary phenotype.
A single peccary may have any one of three different genotypes:
BB (homozygous dominant)
Bb (heterozygous), and
bb (homozygous recessive)
These genotypes produce one of two phenotypes:
long bristles (BB and Bb), or
short bristles (bb).
Thus, individual peccaries can have only 0, 1, or 2 copies of any one gene variant (- -, - b,
or bb, respectively), giving a frequency of 0, 0.5 or 1.0 (0%, 50%, or 100%) for that
specific gene in an individual peccary.
With 15 peccaries in the population, each with two copies of the bristle-length gene, there
are 30 copies, or alleles, in all. When scientists wish to study evolution (a population
phenomenon), they have to measure and follow what happens to all these genes, in the
whole population of peccaries, all at the same time.
A gene pool is the sum of all the individual genes in a given population.
Within a gene pool, every allele or gene variant has a particular ratio or frequency.
The frequency of an allele is the number of occurrences of that allele in that population
Example:
15 individual peccaries in the population, thus 30 alleles if 6 alleles in this population are of the b variety,
and 24 are of the B variety,
then the frequencies of these alleles are:
6/30 of the genes in the gene pool are b - a frequency of 0.2
6/24 of the gene in the gene pool are B - a frequency of 0.8
(11.1) Main Idea: Genetic variation comes from several sources:
17. In a phrase describe how each term below provides a source of genetic variation;
Source
Mutation
How it provides genetic variation
Recombination
Hybridization
18. Why is genetic variation Beneficial? ______________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
19. Why must a population have genetic variation in order for natural selection to occur?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
(11.3) Key Concept: Natural Selection is not the only mechanism through which
populations evolve.
20. Compare & Contrast; Bottleneck effect & Founders Effect
21. How is genetic drift different from natural selection? __________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
22. Summarize:
Gene Flow:
Definition:______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
How it works ___________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Example_______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Lots of Gene Flow can result in ____________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Limited Gene Flow can result in ____________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Genetic Drift:
Definition: ___________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
How it works ___________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Key Terms:
Bottleneck Effect _________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Founder Effect____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Negative Effects ________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Sexual Selection:
Definition: ______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
How it works ____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Give an example_________________________________________________________
Types:
Intresexual_______________________________________________________
(11.5). Key
Concept: New species can arise when populations are isolated.
Intrasexual_______________________________________________________
21. In the chart below take notes about the three ways in which populations can become
isolated, leading to reproductive isolation
Type of Isolation
How it works
Example
Behavioral Isolation
Geographic Isolation
Temporal Isolation
Creative Writing Assignment- Ten Points Extra on Evolution Test
Stingray Takeover
Your assignment is to write a creative story to support the fake hypothesis that
stingrays are evolving and planning to take over the world. You must demonstrate an
understanding of evolutionary terms by using them properly in your story. The story will
be fictional and creative but the use of terms must be accurate. The story must be at
least two typed pages. Illustrations are optional and do not count toward the two pages.
Terms to use: ( At least 15 terms must be used)
Evolve
Species
Common Ancestry
Inheritance
Natural Selection
Acquired Traits
Natural Variation
Artificial Selection
Fitness
Adaptation
Homologous Structures
Genetic Variation
Gene Pool
Mutation (mutate)
Phenotype
Speciation
Isolation
Population
Extinction
Adaptive Radiation
Convergent Evolution
Web Based Activites
1. Peppered Moth Simulation
http://www.biologycorner.com/worksheets/pepperedmoth.html
Name(s) ____________________________________
Peppered Moth Analysis
1. Data Table
Percent Dark Moths
Percent Light Moths
Lichen Forest
Sooty Forest
2. Explain how the color of moths increases or decreases their chances of survival
depending on the environment.
3. 500 light colored moths and 500 dark colored moths are released into a polluted
forest. After 2 days the moths were recaptured, make a prediction about the
number of each type of moth that would be captured.
4. How has the striking change in coloration come about? (Include an explanation of
how the dark moth appeared and how the proportion of dark moths changed from
0.0005% to more than 90% in polluted forests.)
5.
What underlying law of nature has produced this change? (Use Darwin's
theory of evolution and apply it to what you have learned in this investigation.)
2. Classzone.com….animated Biology….Principles of Natural Selection
http://www.classzone.com/cz/books/bio_07/resources/htmls/animated_biology/unit
4/bio_ch10_0307_ab_prinnatrl.html
3. Classzone.com….animated Biology….Natural Selection
http://www.classzone.com/cz/books/bio_07/resources/htmls/animated_biology/unit
4/bio_ch10_0321_ab_natrlsel.html
4. Classzone.com…animated Biology….Founder Effect
http://www.classzone.com/cz/books/bio_07/resources/htmls/animated_biology/unit
4/bio_ch10_0321_ab_natrlsel.html
5.http://www.classzone.com/cz/books/bio_07/resources/htmls/virtual_labs/virtualL
NAME:_____________________
abs.html
DATE:____________
BLOCK: _____
Changes Over Time
Mrs. Wetzel
History
Darwin’s World (1809 - 1875)
Height of the __________ ____________ period.
Beginning of the _______________ ________________
CHARLES DARWIN
The ____________ of Evolution
New Ideas:
_______________ of Carolus Linnaeus
Lyell’s “Principles of ______________”
Carolus Linnaeus (1707 – 1778)
________________ System of ___________________
Believed in the “____________ of Species”
Charles Lyell
____________ of __________
Suggests that ___________________rock is very old – therefore the ____________
that are represented in this rock must also be old.
Most ____________ are found in sedimentary rock.
____________ fossils will be found _________ younger fossils.
Charles Darwin
At the age of 22, he joined a __ year expedition aboard the _____ __________to map
the coast of S. America
Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution:
1. Members of a _____________have heritable _______________. (Inheritance of
traits)
2. In a population, _________individuals are produced than the __________________
can support. They ______________ for food and shelter. (overpopulation___________for ___________).
3. Some individuals have ______________ __________________that enable them to
survive and reproduce _______________ than other individuals (survival of the fittest).
4. An _______________ number of individuals in succeeding ________________have
these adaptive characteristics (natural selection)

Darwin described his theory in the form of a long _______which he called “On
the ________of Species”.

Through his observations made in the ________________ Islands, Charles
Darwin formulated a theory of how species change over time,
called_____________ _______________.

Natural selection is governed by the ______________of ____________. The
change in the ________________of a gene in a given population leads to a
_____________in a population and may result in the emergence of a_____
______________.

Natural selection operates on populations over ________ generations.
Evolution- A _____________ in successive ________________ of organisms, due to
random _____________ and changes in the organisms’ ___________________
•Evolution takes place through a set of processes that include:
– ______________,
–
_______________,
–
_______________ ________________,
–
________________.
Mutations
 Genetic ____________ and variety produced by sexual reproduction allow for
_____________ within a given population.

Many ___________ can cause a change in a ________ over time.

Mutations are ________________ in how populations change over time because
they result in ___________ changes to the gene _________.

Mutations are _______________ ___________ because a mutation is a change
in the ______ code
A mutation may result in a:
1. ___________________ change or adaptation in genetic information that
_____________ a species’ ability to ____________ in its environment
2. an ______________ change that does ____ __________ a species’ ability to
exist in its environment.
3. in a change in the genetic information that ___________ _________ nor
________ the species.
Adaptation
– Adaptations are_____________, functions, or behaviors that ________a
species to ____________.
–
Depending on the _______of adaptation, the rate of_____________, and the
__________________ factors present, structural adaptations may take
___________ of years to develop.
Natural Selection
– The ____________ and reproduction of the _______________ in a
population that ________the traits that _______ enables them to
____________ in their environment. The Survival of the ______________
–
Populations produce _______offspring than the environment can
______________.
–
The __________ ability of individuals to survive and reproduce leads to the
____________ ____________ in a population, generation after generation
over _________ generations.
–
Organisms with certain genetic ____________ will be _____________ to
survive and ________ their variations on to the ________ generation.
When __________ choose organisms with __________ characteristics as
_____________ stock, they are performing the ________ of the environment. This is
called “______________ selection”
Extinction- no longer in_____________; "the extinction of a species"
–
If a species ________ _____ include traits that enable it to survive in its
environment or to __________ changes in the ________________, then the
species may become extinct.
–
_______________ die, a species ______________ extinct.
–
Individuals of a population exhibit a __________ of _______________ in a
trait as a result of the variations in their ___________ codes.
The ______________ for evolution is drawn from a variety of sources of data, including:

the ___________ record,

______________ dating,

____________ information,

the _______________ of organisms,

________________ and developmental _________________ across species.
Fossil Record
– Although there is_______ a ___________ record of ancient life for the past
___ __________ years, a great deal of modern knowledge about the
___________ of life comes from the fossil record.
–
The study of___________ provides strong ______________ for evolution.
Distribution of species
–
Most ______________ live in ________________
–
This supports the theory of __________________ ___________
Species- organisms that can _________ and produce _____________ offspring.
Adaptive Radiation- where species all ____________ from a ___________
_____________have over time successfully ______________ to their environment via
natural selection
Homologous Structures- Body ________ in different organisms that have
____________ bones and similar arrangements of muscles, blood vessels, and nerves
and undergo similar __________________ development, but do not necessarily serve
the________ ___________; e.g., the flipper of a whale and the forelimb of a horse.
Human
Cat
Whale
Bat
Vestigial Structures- Features that apparently serve ___ function in an organism and
are allegedly ______________ from an evolutionary past. Such features, though no
longer____________, are presumed to have been useful in______________
__________.
EX. ________ in flightless birds, appendix in humans, whale_________, tiny snake
pelvic and ________bones, and the________ in cave-dwelling salamanders and fish
that are completely blind.
Developmental Similarities- Many species have very ____________ embryonic
_________________. The embryo of a chicken, a pig, and a fish are almost
_____________ at certain points in their development.
Stephen Jay Gould’s idea of _______________ ________________proposes that
organisms may undergo ___________ (in geologic time) bursts of speciation followed by
_________ periods of time unchanged.
This view is in ___________ to the traditional evolutionary view of ____________ and
_______________ change.