SECTION 1
HOW MUCH AND HOW MANY
Ex.3 Complete the sentences:
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How many electrons does an atom of sodium possess?
How much oxygen does the atmosphere contain?
Our bodies contain a very large amount of water.
A large number of whales are found in the Pacific Ocean.
There is an enormous number of stars in the universe.
For a rich man, one dollar is a negligible quantity of
money, but for a poor man it a considerable amount.
The air consists of a large amount of nitrogen (78%), a
considerable oxygen (20/) a small amount of a argon (less
than 1/) and negligible amount of helium, neon, krypton
and xenon.
An orange contains a few seeds.
The number of bacteria in the air is very large.
A few people can speak more than 5 languages.
no , hardly any, a little,
quite a lot, a lot of
 inverted flask
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no liquid
spherical flask
hardly any liquid
Beaker
a little liquid
gas jar
quite a lot liquid
conical flask
a lot of liquid
Make questions and answers like the following:
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Example:
How much liquid does the beaker contain?
It contains a little liquid.
How much liquid does the spherical contain?
It contains hardly any liquid.
How much liquid does the gas-jar contain?
It contains a little liquid.
How much liquid does conical flask contain?
It contains a lot of liquid.
How much liquid does the inverted flask contain?
It contains no liquid.
Some more expressions
a large
a fairly large
(amount)
a considerable
(quantity)
a small
a minute / negligible
no
Look at this:
 a few crystals
= a small number of crystals
 quite a few crystals = a considerable number of crystals
 many crystals
= a large number of crystals
Diagram of an atom of oxygen
Oxygen has 8 electrons.
This is a fairly small
number.
Number of electrons in one atom of some metals
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Lithium
(Li)
3
Sodium
(Na) 11
Magnesium (Mg) 12
Potassium (K)
19
Manganese (Mn) 25
Iron
(Fe) 26
Copper
(Cu) 29
Zinc
(Zn) 30
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Strontium (Sr) 38
Tin
(Sn) 50
Gold
(Au) 79
Mercury
(Hg) 80
Lead
(Pb) 82
Radium
(Ra) 88
Uranium (U) 92
Give the names of elements which have, in one atom:
 a few electrons
(Na , Mg , )
 a large number of electrons
(K, Mn, Fe,)
 a very large number of electrons (Au, Hg, Pb, Ra, U)
 a fairly large number of electrons (Cu, Zn, Sr, Sn)
 a very small number of electrons (Li)
Look again at the diagram of containers
(exercises 1 and 2) and read this:
 The conical flask contains much more liquid than the
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beaker.
The beaker contains considerably less liquid than the
gas-jar.
The beaker contains slightly more liquid than the
spherical flask.
The dish on the right contains many more crystals
than the dish on the left.
The dish on the left contains considerably fewer
crystals than the dish in the middle.
Complete these:
 The conical flask contains much more liquid than the
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gas-jar.
The spherical flask contains considerably less liquid
than the beaker.
The beaker contains much less liquid than the
conical flask.
The dish in the middle contains considerably fewer
crystals than the dish on the right.
The dish on the right contains considerably more
than the dish in the middle.
Elements in the Earth’s crust
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Oxygen
Silicon
Aluminum
Iron
Calcium
Sodium
Potassium
Magnesium
Titanium
Hydrogen
Phosphorus
Manganese
Sulphur
Carbon
(O)
(Si)
(Al)
(Fe)
(Ca)
(Na)
(K)
(Mg)
(Ti)
(H)
(P)
(Mn)
(S)
(C)
49%
26%
8%
5%
3%
3%
2%
2%
0.63%
0.13%
0.13%
0.10%
0.052
0.032%
Make comparisons like the following examples:
 The Earth’s crust contains much more oxygen than
magnesium.
 The Earth’s crust contains much more Silicon than
Carbon.
 The Earth’s crust contains much less Potassium than
Oxygen.
 The Earth’s crust contains slightly more Iron than
Calcium.
Section 2 Enough and too much
 These are average quantities
(‫ )الكميات المتوسطة‬of food consumed
by(‫ )إستهلكَ ِمن‬1 person at the Asia
Restaurant:
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Meat
Rice
Bread
Onion
Tomatoes
125 g
150 g
100 g
1
2
 If the restaurant has the
following quantities, calculate
how much of each kind of food
is available:(‫)متوفر‬
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Meat
6 kilos (6000 g)
Rice
9 kilos (9000 g)
Bread
5 kilos (5000 g)
Onion
60
Tomatoes 80
How many people can eat 6000 g (6 kilo) meat? 6000 ÷ 125 = 48
How many people can eat 9000 g (9 kilo) rice? 9000 ÷ 150 = 60
How many people can eat 5000 g (5 kilo) bread? 5000 ÷ 100 = 50
How many people can eat 60 onions? 60 ÷ 1 = 60
How many people can eat 80 tomatoes? 80 ÷ 2 = 40
Make sentences like this:
Example: There is enough meat for 48 people.
(rice, bread, onions, tomatoes)
Ex.7 Say whether the supply of each kind of food is adequate or
not when exactly 50 people eat at the restaurant.
 Example:
 There is exactly enough bread.
too much / too many ( i.e. more than enough )
too little / too few
(not enough )
a) There is too much rice.
b) There are too many onions.
c) There is too little meat.
d) There are too few tomatoes.
One day 55 people come to the restaurant, which
has these quantities of food:
 Meat
7 kilos (7000 g)
[ 56 people can eat ]
 Rice
8.25 kilos (8250 g) [ 55 people can eat ]
 Bread
5 kilos (5000 g)
[ 50 people can eat ]
 Onion
50
[ 50 people can eat ]
 Tomatoes 120
[ 60 people can eat ]
 Write down how much (or how many) of each kind of food
there is (or are) using these words:
a) too little
[ There is too little bread. ]
b) too few
[ There are too few onions. ]
c) exactly enough [ There is exactly enough rice. ]
d) too much
[ There is too much meat. ]
e) too many
[ There are too many tomatoes. ]
Look at these examples:
right quantity of enough
To be healthy, you must eat a sufficient amount of
an adequate amount of
but
and
too much
an excess of
excess of
food,
of food makes you fat,
too little
a lack of
an insufficient quantity of
an inadequate amount of
food makes you thin, and
hungry.
From your own knowledge can you say which is
the right phrase in each of these sentences?
a) (Too much /a lack of/ an excess of) iron causes anemia.
b) (A lack of/ a sufficient quantity of / an excess of)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
carbohydrate causes fatness.
If your food has not (sufficient / excessive/ insufficient)
calories, you will not have enough energy.
(The right quantity/ an inadequate amount/ an excess) of
vitamins is necessary for health.
(An adequate amount/ an excessive amount / an inadequate
amount) of calcium causes bone disease.
If you have (an insufficient amount/ an excessive amount/ a
sufficient amount) of clothing, you will be too hot.
If you have (an adequate amount of / an excess of / too little)
clothing, you will be too cold.
Unless they have (a lack of / an adequate amount of / an
excessive amount of) water, plants will not grow.
 Look at this example:
 Why can’t you take photograph? (light)
Because the light is insufficient.
 Answer the following questions, using these words:
insufficient, inadequate,
sufficient,
adequate,
Why is the tyre flat? (air pressure)
Because the air pressure is insufficient.
b) Why has the tyre burst? (air pressure)
Because the air pressure is excessive.
c) Why does the light shine brightly? (current)
Because the current is adequate.
d) Why will the boat sink? (cargo)
Because the cargo is excessive.
e) Why can’t the boat go further? (water)
Because the water is insufficient.
f) Why can’t the boat move? (wind)
Because the wind is inadequate.
g) Why can the plane leave the ground? (speed)
Because the speed is sufficient.
a)
excessive.
Section -3
Too small and big enough
Look at these examples:
 Why can’t you write your name in this rectangle?
 Because it’s too small to write in.
 Why can you write it here?
 It is big enough to write in.
 Answer these questions:
a) Why can’t you put an elephant in your pocket?
(small) Because it is too small to put an elephant.
b) Why can’t you touch the ceiling? (tall)
Because I’m not tall enough to touch the ceiling.
c) Why can’t you lift a lorry? (heavy)
Because it is too heavy to lift.
d) Why does a cork float? (light)
Because it is light enough to float.
e) Why can’t the lorry go down the street? (wide)
Because it is wide enough to go down the street.
f) Why can’t you cut a diamond? (hard)
Because it is too hard to cut.
g) Why can you cut cheese? (soft)
Because it is soft enough to cut .
h) Why can you bend rubber? (flexible)
Because it is flexible enough to bend.
i) Why can’t you bend concrete? (rigid)
Because it is too rigid to bend.
j) Why can you see bacteria with a microscope? (powerful)
Because it is powerful enough to see bacteria.
k)Why can’t you see bacteria with a magnifying glass? (weak)
Because it is too weak to see bacteria.
l) Why can’t you see through paper? (opaque)
Because it is too opaque to see through.
 12. Look at these examples:
 Europe is too cold for tea plants.
 Parts of India are warm enough to grow tea in.
 Write ten sentences like these examples with too / enough and for (+
noun) or to (+ verb), using these words:
cold
the Antarctic
warm
the Sahara Desert
hot
the Atlantic Ocean
dry
the Red Sea
damp
Russia
deep
the River Nile
big
the Nile Valley
wide
the Amazonian jungle narrow
Northern Europe
salty
China
fertile
etc.
infertile
temperate
high
for
to
penguin
flowers
camels
tea plants
bananas
apples
people
fresh water fish
wheat
walk across
live in (or on)
visit in one day
grow many plants in drink
irrigate a large area of land
Support a large population
swim across
13. Look at the map again and answer the following questions:
 Where is there a lack of oxygen? (Mount Everest.)
 Where is there an excess of salt?
 Where is the land over-populated? (China , India)
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(i.e. population is excessive)
Where is the land under-populated?
(i.e. there is lack of population)
Where is there a lack of vegetation? (Sahara Desert)
Where is the cold excessive? (Antarctic)
Where is the rainfall inadequate?
Section – 4 Reading
 Read the text and find the answer to the following questions:
 Which vitamins do the following foods contain?
Milk – Liver –Eggs – Cheese – Fruit – Vegetables- Fish – Oil
Vitamins
Food contains only minute quantities of the
substances called vitamins, but they are vital for good
health. For example, if you eat a diet of meat, bread,
sugar and fat, you may become ill with a disease called
scurvy.
 About fifty different vitamins have been identified, and a
deficiency in many of these can lead to illness. Vitamin A is
most important for good eyesight, but I s also important for
general good health. Liver contains a considerable amount
of vitamin A, but vitamin A is also found in fish, meat,
milk, butter some fruits and vegetables.
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Vitamin B in fact consists of twelve different
chemicals, which are found in eggs, cheese, butter, whole
meal flour and vegetables. If a person has an adequate
amount of vitamin B in his diet, this may affect his whole
body, particularly the skin, the nervous system and the
heart. Deficiency in vitamin B results in a disease called
beri-beri.
 Vitamin C prevents scurvy and helps to heal injuries. Some
doctors believe that large quantities of vitamin C help
people to avoid colds. Fruits and uncooked vegetables are
rich in vitamin C, but when they are overcooked, or left for
a long time, they lose most of their vitamins.
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Vitamin D is essential for the growth of bones and
teeth and is found in fish, ,liver, oil and milk. Vitamin
D is the only vitamin which the body can make for
itself, but it can only do this if there is sufficient
sunlight. A lack of both sunlight and vitamin D can
result in a disease called rickets, which causes bones to
soften and to be deformed.
 Vitamins are only needed in very small quantities. A
quantity sufficient for a whole life would weigh only a
quarter of a kilogram. Vitamins can be manufactured
and are sold as additions to our food, but a wellbalanced diet will provide and adequate amount of
vitamins.
Complete the following table:
Name of vitamin Food the vitamin is found in
Result of a deficiency of
the vitamin
16. If a person is suffering from the following
diseases, which foods will help him?
 Scurvy
 Rickets
 Beri-beri
 Poor eyesight
 Pellagra ( a disease which affects the skin and the nervous system)