Chapter Twenty-Two
World War I, 1914—1920
Part One:
Introduction
Chapter Focus Questions
How did America’s international role expand?
How did the United States move from neutrality to
participation in the Great War?
How did the United States mobilize the society and
the economy for war?
How did Americans express dissent and how was it
repressed?
Why did Woodrow Wilson fail to win the peace?
Part Two:
American Communities
Vigilante Justice in Bisbee, Arizona
Industrial Workers of the World (“Wobblies”)
Bisbee, Arizona.
Vigilantism.
2,000 under armed guard.
No action.
No unions, no immigrants.
Part Three:
Becoming a
World Power
Roosevelt: The Big Stick
God-given.
“Big stick”.
Panama Canal.
Monroe Doctrine expansion.
“Open Door”.
Russo-Japanese War.
Taft: Dollar Diplomacy
Taft.
“Dollar diplomacy”.
Military interventions.
Japan /Chinese railroads.
Wilson:
Moralism and Realism in Mexico
Woodrow Wilson.
Favored Open Door.
American capitalism moral.
Troops to Mexico.
U.S. troops leave Mexico.
Part Four:
The Great War
The Guns of August
Britain-Germany competition.
The Triple Alliance: Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary
The Triple Entente: England, France, and Russia
Small advances/major entanglements.
Archduke Ferdinand.
Austria pushed to retaliate.
Serbia Russia protectorate.
Serbia attacked, Russia and Alliance retaliate.
American Neutrality
Americans neutral.
Old World ties.
Propaganda.
Economic ties.
Wilson opposed blockade.
Allies trade increases.
Preparedness and Peace
Britain waters a war zone.
Lusitania.
Wilson mobilizes
Wilson re-election.
Safe for Democracy
1917 submarine warfare.
Wilson breaks German ties.
Mexico-Germany.
Zimmerman note.
Ships armed.
U-boats sank 7 merchant ships.
April 6, 1917, Congress declared war.
Part Five:
American Mobilization
Selling the War
George Creel.
Committee on Public Information.
The CPI:
published literature
sponsored huge rallies
portrayed America as a unified moral community
Germans bestial monsters
Fading Opposition to War
Progressives-intellectuals.
Suffrage leaders.
Minority anti-war.
“You’re in the Army Now”
Draft.
10 million register.
Democratic equality among troops.
Racism in the Military
Blacks separated.
Non-combat.
Heroic.
French respect.
Americans in Battle
Shipping.
End hastened.
Americans defend Paris.
Armistice forced.
112,000 die, half from disease.
Part Six:
Over Here
Organizing the Economy
Ultimate progressive crusade.
War Industries Board
Bernard Baruch.
Herbert Hoover.
Daylight saving time.
Taxes.
Liberty Bonds.
The Business of War
Industrialists’ profits.
Mass production.
Golden age-high demand, high profits.
Business-government partnership
RCA.
Higher Government presence.
Labor and the War
Wartime labor shortage.
National War Labor Board (NWLB).
Immigration eased.
Radical IWW destroyed.
Women at Work
Women worked.
Women in Industry Service.
Women earned less.
War over, women fired..
Woman Suffrage
Women’s suffrage.
Carrie Chapman Catt.
Alice Paul.
Nineteenth amendment.
The Vote for Women
Prohibition
Temperance movement:
anti-German feeling
conserve grain
moral fervor
Eighteenth amendment.
Public Health
public health issues.
Soldiers’ moral health.
Flu epidemic.
Clinics.
Part Seven:
Repression and
Reaction
Muzzling Dissent:
The Espionage and Sedition Acts
The Espionage Act of June 1917:
Military Intelligence police.
Bureau of Intelligence.
Sedition Act.
SCOTUS.
The Great Migration
Mass African- American.
Kinship and community networks.
Lower-paid jobs.
Racial Tensions
Racial violence.
Lynching.
White outrage.
African Americans disillusioned.
Sense of militancy.
Labor Strife
Peace in Europe.
Postwar labor unrest:
inflation
non-recognition of unions
poor working conditions
concerns about job security
In 1919, 3,600.
Steel strike.
Part Eight:
An Uneasy
Peace
The Fourteen Points
Settlement.
Britain, France, Italy, and the United States.
Fourteen Points.
League of Nations.
Wilson in Paris
Little idealism shared.
Self-determination .
Former German colonies.
Germany: $33 billion.
Wilson unhappy.
Pleased w/ League of Nations.
I
Open covenants of peace…in the public
view.
II
Absolute freedom of navigation upon the
seas….
III
The removal…of all economic barriers…
IV
Adequate guarantees….that national
armaments will be reduced….
V
…impartial adjustment of all colonial
claims…interests of the populations
concerned must have equal weight…
VI
The evacuation of all Russian territory…
for the independent determination of her own
political development and national policy…
VII
Belgium...must be evacuated and restored…
VIII
French territory should be freed and the
invaded portions restored…AlsaceLorraine...should be righted…
IX
A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy
should be effected along clearly
recognizable lines of nationality.
X
The peoples of Austria-Hungary, whose
place among the nations we wish to see
safeguarded and assured, should be
accorded the freest opportunity to
autonomous development.
XI
Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro should
be evacuated…
XII
The Turkish portion of the present Ottoman
Empire should be assured a secure
sovereignty…other nationalities which are
now under Turkish rule should be assured
an undoubted security of life…
XIII
An independent Polish state should be
erected…
XIV
A general association of nations must be
formed…
The Treaty Fight
Small league support.
GOP oppose league.
Xenophobia.
Henry Cabot Lodge.
Wilson has stroke.
United States never joined League.
The Russian Revolution
Bolshevik Revolution.
Overthrow of czar.
Troops to Russia.
Troops fought Bolsheviks.
Countered Japanese
The Red Scare
Bolshevism .
Xenophobia.
Radicals rounded up.
Many deported.
“Red-baiting” =anti union tool.
Warren G. Harding.