pp.924-936 (Chapter 40)
Name:_______________________ KEY __________________________ Period:____ Date:___________
1.
Name four structures that are part of the immune system.
 white blood cells
 lymph nodes
 vessels
 skin
2.
What is the main purpose for the immune system? (what does it do?)
Defends your body against pathogens and disease
3.
Define a pathogen and identify four examples of pathogens.
A pathogen is a disease-causing agent
Examples: bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protists
4.
How do skin and your mucous membranes contribute to your first line of nonspecific defenses?
Help to prevent pathogens from entering the body
5.
Explain what an inflammatory response is. Is this part of the first or second line of your body’s nonspecific defenses?
 An inflammatory response is a series of events that suppress infection and speed recovery in times of injury or local infection
 It is part of the SECOND line of defense
6.
When you get injured or infected, what is the name of the chemical your cells release? histamine
7.
What does histamine do?
It causes local blood vessels to dilate, therefore increasing blood flow to the area and brining with it white blood cells so they can attack pathogens
8.
Name a positive and a negative of having a fever.
 Positive: is helpful because many disease-causing bacteria do not grow well at high temperatures
 Negative: can also destroy important cellular proteins and if over
105F may even be fatal
9.
Name the white blood cells involved in your body’s second line of nonspecific defense.
 neutrophils
 macrophages
 natural killer cells
10.
What is the third line of defense, the specific defense, called?
Immune response
11.
Name and describe the four main types of white blood cells that participate in your body’s immune response.
1.
macrophages – consume pathogens and infected cells

2.
cytotoxic T cells – attack and kill infected cells
3.
B cells – label invaders for later destruction by macrophages
4.
Helper T cells – activate both cytotoxic T cells and B cells
12.
How do B cells differ from macrophages and Cytotoxic T cells?
B cells label invaders, but macrophages and cytotoxic T cells actually kill infected cells
13.
How do Helper T cells differ from macrophages and Cytotoxic T cells?
Helper T cells help activate Cytotoxic T cells as well as B cells, but macrophages and Cytotoxic T cells actually kill infected cells
14.
Do B and T cells respond to any and every pathogen they encounter? Explain.
No. Only those for which they have a genetically programmed match.
15.
What is on the surface of an infected body cell that triggers an immune response?
Antigens
16.
What do white blood cells have on their surface that allow them to recognize and bind to antigens that match their particular shape?
Receptor proteins
17.
Define antibody.
A defensive protein that can bind to an antigen (it’s produced upon exposure to that specific antigen)
18.
Identify some ways you can catch a disease.
Contact with another person, air, food, water, animal bites
19.
What are diseases that can be caught by another person called (the other word for contagious)? communicable
20.
Sex, kissing, touching sores, shaking hands, etc. are all activities that can transmit diseases directly / indirectly (circle one).
21.
Toys, needles, plumbing, beverage glasses, etc. are all items that can transmit diseases directly / indirectly (circle one).
22.
Which two types of white blood cells can become memory cells after a specific immune response?
Some B and T cells
23.
If you have memory cells for a pathogen, what is produced if that pathogen ever appears in your body again?
Antibodies
24.
What is the term used to describe resistance to a particular disease?
Immunity
25.
What is a vaccination and how does it work?
A medical procure used to produce immunity; basically a solution of a dead or weakened pathogen…or genetic material from a pathogen…is placed into the body causing it to trigger an immune response. Your immune system develops antibodies and memory cells against the pathogen so if you get exposed to it then you will be okay.

26.
What is the body’s problem in an autoimmune disease?
The body launches an immune response against itself (own cells), attacking body cells as if they were pathogens. Basically, the body cannot distinguish between antigens of itself versus foreign (non-self) antigens.
27.
What happens with Multiple Sclerosis? Also list some symptoms.
The person’s immune system attacks and destroys insulating material surrounding nerve cells in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves leading from the eyes to the brain.
Symptoms: causes with vision, speech, coordination, musculoskeletal spasms, etc.
28.
What happens in Type 1 Diabetes? Identify some symptoms.
The person’s immune system destroys the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin. Since insulin allows glucose to enter the cells of the body to provide them with energy, people with Type 1 diabetes must take daily insulin injections
Symptoms: increased blood glucose level, excessive urine production, problems with vision, weight loss, fatigue, irritability, etc.
29.
What does AIDS stand for?
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
30.
What does HIV stand for?
Human immunodeficiency virus
31.
How does HIV work in the body?
It enters white blood cells by binding to the receptor protein, CD4. It usually invades helper T cells, which begin to produce HIV soon after injection. As helper T cells die, the immune system gets weak and gets overwhelmed by pathogens that it would normally detect & destroy
(increases the person’s susceptibility to other diseases).
32.
If someone contracts HIV, do they automatically get AIDS right away?
Explain.
No. The amount of time varies per person. In fact, the time between HIV infection and the onset of AIDS can exceed 10 years for some individuals.
33.
What is an allergy?
It’s an inappropriate response to a normally harmless antigen.
34.
What do cells exposed to allergy-causing antigens release? histamine
35.
What is in most allergy medicine’s to prevent the action of histamines? antihistamines