Defenses, ch.36
Chapter 36 – Defense Against Disease
Microbes are –
pathogens –
cholera, measles, plague, tetanus, chicken pox have
been around for thousands of years.
Emerging Infectious diseases are –
Three Lines of Defense
Nonspecific, external barriers 

prevent microbes from entering the body
examples -
Nonspecific, internal defenses –



take over when barriers are broken
innate immune response
examples -
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Defenses, ch.36
Specific internal defenses



adaptive immune response
selectively destroy specific invading microbes or
toxins
remembers the invader, making it more rapid
next time
Invertebrates contain which lines of defense?
defensive proteins like lysosome are found in both
vertebrates and invertebrates
Non specific Defenses – how do they work?
1.
Skin
2. mucous membranes
3. more nonspecific defenses
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Defenses, ch.36
Innate Immune Response
1. White blood cells
Macrophages
Neutrophils
Dendritic cells
Natural Killer Cells
2. Inflammatory response
warm, red, swollen, pain
Functions?
mast cells -
3. Fever
The human thermostat –
Adaptive Immune Response



when nonspecific mechanisms are breached
attacks one type of microbe
provides protection against only that microbe
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Defenses, ch.36
Components –
 immune cells
Key cellular players are B and T cells

tissues and organs
Lymphatic vessels and nodes
thymus
spleen
specialized conn. tissues

secreted proteins
Cytokines
Complement
Antibody, produced by B cells
Adaptive Immune Response
1. lymphocytes recognize invading microbe
2. attack
3. retain memory
4