SKELETAL SYSTEM REVIEW
Movement terms review
 Antagonistic – opposing movements
Flexion   Extension
Abduction   Adduction
Inversion   Eversion
Remember these?
Overview
Humans have an endoskeleton
 Found on body’s interior
 Over 200 bones (in adult)
 Derived from mesodermal mesenchyme
 Organ system composed of:
 Bones
 Cartilage
 Ligaments
 Tendons
Bones are organs…
 Blood vessels
 Nerves
 Stem cells
Functions of the skeleton
 Provides:
 Movement
 Protection
 Shape
 Support
Scaffolding for movement…
Protection
 Bony enclosures protect brain, internal
organs
Shape
 Forms almost all contours of face and body
Support
Guided Reading Questions
 What is an “endoskeleton”?
 What are the four components of the skeletal
system?
 What three things does the skeletal system
provide for the body?
Human skeletal System
Two skeletal regions:
 Axial




Spine
Ribcage
Hyoid bone
Skull
 Appendicular
 Upper appendages




Hands
Wrists
Arms
Shoulders
 Lower appendages





Feet
Ankles
Legs
Kneecap
hips
The axial skeleton is subject
to aging…
 Functions nonstop
 Balances, absorbs stress
 Lying down
 Moving
 Sitting
 Standing
Appendicular takes strains of
movement…
 Shares some of axial’s work
 Toll is taken on joints of appendages, or
articulations
 Bone-to-bone connection = joint
 Vary greatly in tissue composition, function
Surface features
 Due to attachments to ligaments and
tendons
 Bone is a “plastic” organ
 Remade due to stresses (pulling, stresses)
 Found where bones meet at joints, blood
vessels, nerves meet bone
 Important landmarks for healthcare providers
Articular process
 Bulge that contacts adjacent bone near a
joint
Canal
 Wide foramen that allows passage of blood
vessels and nerves
Condyle
 Large, rounded articular process
 Covered with cartilage
Cornu
 Small, horn-shaped protrusion
 Attaches to ligament or tendon
Crest
 Large ridge
where muscles attach
Diaphysis/shaft
 Long, main body of a bone
Eminence
 Small bump where muscles attach
Epicondyle
 Bulge near a condyle where ligaments and
tendons attach
Facet
 Small, smooth, articular surface
 Usually covered with cartilage
Foramen
 Opening through a bone
 Small blood vessel/nerve passes into bone
Fossa
 Wide, shallow indentation
 Formed by muscle/nerve pressed against
bone
Hamulus
 Small, hooked protrusion
 Attaches to ligament or
tendon
Head
 Proximal/distal end of a bone
 Usually covered by cartilage
Line/ridge
 Long, thin bulge
 Usually rough surface that attaches to muscle
Malleolus
 Hammer-shaped knob on end of bone
 Attaches to ligament and tendon
Meatus
 Short canal with many purposes
Neck
 Region between head and
shaft of bone
Process
 Large bulge
 Serves as muscle attachment
Sinus
 Cavity within a cranial/facial bone
Spine
 Long, narrow projection
 Muscle attachment
Sulcus
 Long furrow formed by muscle/nerve pressed
against bone
Suture
 Ridged articular surface
 Attached to other bones of skull by fibrous
connective tissue
Tuberosity
 Large, irregularly shaped bump
 Attaches to ligament and tendon
Tubercle
 Small, irregularly shaped
bump
 Generally smaller than
tuberosity
 Attaches to ligament and
tendon
Trochanter
 Large, ridged
tuberosity
 Attaches to ligaments
and tendons
Guiding Questions
 What are the components of the axial and
appendicular skeletons?
 What types of surface features do bones
have? (make a table like the one found on
page. 175)
Axial Skeleton
The Skull
An “Exploded” Skull…
Tooth anatomy
Vertebral column