Revolution to Civil
War
Revolution
 Thomas Paine - Common Sense and the
Crisis
 George Washington
 Thomas Jefferson
 Trenton, Saratoga, Yorktown
 Treaty of Paris 1783 (Adams, Jay, and
Franklin
 Articles of Confederation 1777
The Articles
 The Articles of Confederation delegated most of the powers
(the power to tax, to regulate trade, and to draft troops) to
the individual states
 Left the federal government power over war, foreign policy,
and issuing money.
 The Articles’ weakness was that they gave the federal
government so little power that it couldn’t keep the country
united.
 The Articles’ only major success was that they settled
western land claims with the Northwest Ordinance.
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Land Ordinance of 1785
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Northwest Ordinance, 1787
Constitutional Convention
 The Virginia Plan; The New Jersey Plan;
The Great or Connecticut Compromise
 The Constitution had to be ratified
(approved) by at least 9 of the 13 original
states in order to be put into effect.
 Federalist Papers – Hamilton, Jay.,
Madison
 The Bill of Rights
Beard thesis
 Charles Austin Beard wrote in 1913 that the
Constitution was written not to ensure a democratic
government for the people, but to protect the
economic interests of its writers (most of the men at
the Constitutional Convention were very rich), and
specifically to benefit wealthy financial speculators
who had purchased Revolutionary War government
bonds through the creation of a strong national
government that could insure the bonds repayment.
Beard’s thesis has met with much criticism .
The Federalist Era
 President George Washington
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Judiciary Act, 1789
Whiskey Rebellion
Washington’s Farewell Address
Hamilton’s Plan
 Tariff
of 1789
 Bank of the U.S.
 National debt, state debt, foreign debt
 Excise taxes
John Adams
 Federalists and Democratic-Republicans
 XYZ Affair
 Alien and Sedition Acts
 Kentucky and Virginia Resolves
 Election of 1800, tie, Jefferson and Burr
The Age of Jefferson - TJ
 Democrat Republican - reduce federal
spending and government interference
 Jefferson’s Inaugural Address, "We are
all Federalists, we are all Republicans“
 Tripolitan War (1801-1805)
 Louisiana Purchase: reasons, Jefferson,
loose construction
TJ
 Lewis and Clark expedition and its
findings
 Pike and Stephen Long
 Impressment
 Chesapeake-Leopard Affair
 Embargo of 1807
 Non-Intercourse Act
War of 1812
 Mr. Madison’s War
 Tecumseh
 War Hawks
 Ft. McHenry, Burning of Washington
 Hartford Convention
 Jackson at New Orleans
 Treaty of Ghent
Era of Good Feelings
 The National Plan
 Protective Tariff
 Second Bank of the U.S.
 Panic of 1819
 Adams Onis Treaty 1819
 Monroe Doctrine
 Chief Justice John Marshall
 Missouri Compromise
Market Revolution
 Growth of industry in New England, textiles
 Samuel Slater
 Lowell Factory Girls
 Robert Fulton, Clermont
 Eli Whitney - cotton gin and interchangeable
parts
 Internal improvements
 Erie Canal
 Railroads
Market Revolution
 Cyrus McCormic, mechanical reaper
 Elias Howe - the sewing machine
 Clipper ships
 Samuel F.B. Morse, telegraph
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The Age of Jackson
 Election of 1824 - "Corrupt Bargain“
 Tariff of Abominations - Vice-President
Calhoun: South Carolina Exposition and
protest, nullification, Force Bill
 Age of the Common Man - All white men
could now vote, and the increased voting
rights allowed Jackson to be elected.
The Age of Jackson
 The spoils system
 Peggy Eaton Affair/ Kitchen Cabinet
 Worchester v. Georgia; Cherokee Nation
v. Georgia
Indian Removal Act – The trail of Tears
 Whigs
 Bank Recharter Bill
The Marshall Court
 Marbury v. Madison (1803)
 McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
 Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
After Jackson
 Specie Circular
 Panic of 1837
 Election of 1840
 John Tyler
American Literature
 Transcendentalism - each person has direct
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communication with God and Nature
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Henry David Thoreau
Margaret Fuller
James Fenimore Cooper
Herman Melville
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Edgar Allen Poe
Walt Whitman
Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America
2nd Great Awakening
 Charles G. Finney
 Mormons: Joseph Smith and Brigham
Young
 Brook Farm, New Harmony, Oneida
Community, Shakers
 Leads to the Reform Movements
Reform Movements
 Dorothea Dix, treatment of the insane
 Public education, Horace Mann
 American Temperance Union
 Nativism
 Women, their rights
 "Cult of True Womanhood": piety,
domesticity, purity and submissiveness
 Anti-slavery movement
Manifest Destiny
 Phrase commonly used in the 1840's
and 1850's. It expressed the
inevitableness of continued expansion of
the U.S. to the Pacific
 Stephen Austin
 Texas War for Independence
 Sam Houston
 Annexation of Texas, Joint Resolution
under President Tyler
Manifest Destiny
 54º40' or Fight!
 Oregon
 49th parallel
 James K. Polk
 Slidell mission to Mexico
 Rio Grande, Nueces River, disputed territory
 Wilmot Proviso
 Treaty of Guadelupe Hildago provisions
 Mexican Cession
 Gasden Purchase
Slavery
 Proesser Rebellion
 Denmark Vesey Rebellion
 David Walker Appeal
 Nat Turner Rebellion
 The Amistad
 The Creole
 Underground Railroad
Abolition
 William Lloyd Garrison The Liberator
 American Colonization Society
 Theodore Weld
 The Grimke sisters
 Sojourner Truth
 Frederick Douglass
 Free Soil Party
Crisis of Union
 Compromise of 1850
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Called for the admission of California as a
free state
organizing Utah and New Mexico with out
restrictions on slavery
adjustment of the Texas/New Mexico
border
abolition of slave trade in District of
Columbia
tougher fugitive slave laws
Crisis of Union
 Harriet Tubman
 Uncle Tom's Cabin, Harriet Beecher Stowe
 Ostend Manifesto
 Kansas - Nebraska Act
 the Republican Party
 Stephen A. Douglas - Popular Sovereignty
 "Bleeding Kansas“
 John Brown
Crisis of Union
 Sumner-Brooks Affair
 Dred Scott Decision – Roger Taney
 Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858
 Panic of 1857 began with the failure of
the Ohio Life Insurance Company and
spread to the urban east. The
depression affected the industrial east
and the wheat belt more than the South.
Crisis of Union
 Harper's Ferry Raid
 Election of 1860 - Republican -
Abraham Lincoln. Democrat - Stephan A.
Douglas, John C. Breckenridge.
Constitutional Union - John Bell. Issues
were slavery in the territories (Lincoln
opposed adding any new slave states).
 Crittenden Compromise proposal
 Border states
South's advantages in the Civil
War
 Large land areas with long coasts, could
afford to lose battles, and could export
cotton for money. They were fighting a
defensive war and only needed to keep
the North out of their states to win. Also
had the nation's best military leaders,
and most of the existing military
equipment and supplies.
North's advantages in the Civil
War
 Larger numbers of troops, superior navy,
better transportation, overwhelming
financial and industrial reserves to create
munitions and supplies, which eventually
outstripped the South's initial material
advantage
The Civil War
 Fort Sumter
 Lee, Jackson
 Grant, McClellan, Sherman and Meade
 Antietam, Vicksburg, Gettysburg,
Appomattox
 Jefferson Davis
 Copperheads - Congressman Clement
L. Vallandigham
 Suspension of habeas corpus
The Civil War
 Banking, tariff, homestead, transcontinental
railroad
 Emancipation Proclamation
 Election of 1864
 Financing of the war effort by North and South
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N. financed the war through loans, treasury notes,
taxes and duties on imported goods
S. had financial problems because they printed
their Confederate notes without backing them with
gold or silver.
The Civil War
 Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan
 John Wilkes Booth
 Wade-Davis Bill, veto, Wade-Davis
Manifesto
Reconstruction
 Radical Republicans
 Reconstruction Acts
 State suicide theory/ Conquered territory theory
 Black codes
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Freedmen's Bureau
Ku Klux Klan
13th, 14th, and 15th amendment
Tenure of Office Act
Carpetbaggers and Scalawags
Compromise of 1877
Sharecropping