Zhongshan, Zhuhai, and Macau:
Geographical and Historical Notes
Him Mark Lai
Geography
The southern part of the Pearl River Delta consists of the combined delta formed
principally by the North, West and Pearl rivers. It is occupied by the regional-level cities of
Zhongshan 中山 and Zhuhai 珠海. At the southern end of Zhuhai on a peninsula is the Macau
Special Administrative Region 澳門特區.
This part of the delta was formed only recently in terms of geological time. Two thousand
years ago the area was still a shallow bay dotted with islands. As the rivers discharged and
fanned out in the bay the velocity of the water slowed and much of the suspended soil deposited
on the bottom of the bay. About a thousand years ago patches of land began to emerge above
the surface of the water. In time the patches of land became contiguous while the former islands
became mountains in the landscape.
The West River forms the western boundary while the North River runs in a number of
channels in an easterly-southeasterly direction across the northern end of this part of the delta.
The terrain in the southern part is hilly with the highest elevation of 1,906 feet (681 meters) at
Huangyang (Wong Yeung) Mountain 黃楊山 in Doumen District 斗門區 in the western part of
Zhuhai. Running down the southern half of Zhongshan on the east is Wugui Mountain 五桂山
with the highest point at 1,742 feet (531 meters), while in Xiangzhou District 香洲區 in eastern
Zhuhai there is Fenghuang Mountains 鳳凰山 at 1,434 feet (437 meters). During the SinoJapanese War, Wugui Mountain served as a base for guerrillas fighting the Japanese.
Zhongshan is linguistically one of the most diverse regions in the Pearl River Delta.
Cantonese spoken in the northern part of Zhongshan is close to that spoken in neighboring
Shunde 順德, while the Zhongshan sub-dialect is prevalent in the vicinity of Shiqi (Shekki) 石岐,
the administrative center, and in Xiangzhou Zhuhai. There are about 143,000 people in
Zhongshan speaking variations of the Minnan (southern Fujian) dialect, namely the Longdu
(Lung Du) 隆都 dialect in the area west of Shiqi, Dongxiang (Doong Heung) 東鄉 in the area
east of Shiqi, and Sanxiang (Sam Heung) 三鄉 south of Shiqi. There are also about 11,000
Minnan speakers on Qi'ao (Ki Ao) Island 淇澳島 off the east coast of the Pearl River estuary in
Zhuhai, Hakka speakers in Wugui Shan near Nanlang 南蓢 as well as a small enclave in
Xiangzhou, while people in Doumen and the western part of Zhongshan bordering the West
River speak the Sze Yup 四邑 sub-dialect of Cantonese, which is similar to that spoken in
neighboring Xinhui.
History
In 1152 this part of the delta was put under a separate administration as Xiangshan
(Heungshan) County 香山縣, taking land mainly from Dongguan County 東莞縣, but also
including parts of Nanhai, Panyu and Xinhui counties. It was allegedly so named because of the
presence of a Xianglu (Heunglou; "incense burner") Mountain 香爐山 in the county. Another
story alleged that there were many exotic plants that were colorful and fragrant in Wugui
Mountain; hence the name Xiangshan or "fragrant mountain." The territory under the
administration of Xiangshan included the present day Zhongshan and Zhuhai.
When Xiangshan was established in 1152, Shiqi (Shekki) was selected to be the
administrative center. A story tells of the circumstances surrounding the selection of the site.
The Chen 陳 (Chan) clan of Kuchong (Fuchung) 庫充 near the present Shiqi and the Zheng 鄭
(Chang, Jang) clan of Yongmo (Yungmak) 雍陌 at Sanxiang 三鄉 were rivals seeking the county
seat to be located near their villages. The leader of the Chen clan devised a winning strategy by
mixing iron particles in the soil and then declaring that county seat should be located on a site
with the most valuable soil. He then persuaded everyone that the heaviest soil would be the soil
with the highest worth. When the judges weighed and compared the samples from the two sites,
the soil at Shiqi was clearly the winner. From that day on the poetic reference for Shiqi became
Tie Cheng 鐵城 (Tit Shing; "iron town"). Another version of the story states that in 1154 Chen
Tianjue 陳天覺 spread iron particles on a site east of the market town Shiqi. A walled town with
the county government was built there that was named Tie Cheng. The two was joined in 1921
when the city wall was breached and a connecting road was constructed.
Soon after its founding, the region became the setting leading up to the denouement of
the death throes of the Song dynasty. As the Mongol juggernaut crushed resistance on its way
to establish the Yuan dynasty, the first non-Han Chinese people to rule all of China, Song
supporters fought desperately as they retreated southward into Fujian and Guangdong. When
the Song Court reached the Pearl River Delta, it stayed for a brief period in the Hong KongKowloon area. But when the Mongol armies began closing in again in 1278 the Songs resumed
their flight among the islands dotting the ocean off the coast and finally stopped in Xinhui on the
western flank of the delta, where the Song supporters met their final defeat. Zhang Shijie 張世傑
, commander-in-chief of the Song armed forces committed suicide by drowning. He was buried
in Huangyang Mountain in Doumen.
After less than a century of Mongol rule the Ming dynasty restored Han rule to the
Chinese empire. It was during their rule that the Portuguese arrived at the southeast coast of
China. By bribing Chinese officials the Portuguese established themselves in Macau, a part of
Xiangshan, in 1557. In subsequent years the Portuguese expanded the territory under their rule
to adjacent territory and islands. However, their presence was not legally sanctioned by
international treaty until Portugal and China signed the Treaty of Lisbon of 1887, recognizing
Portuguese rule in Macau.
The Qing emperors succeeded the Mings as rulers of China. The coastal areas, such as
the present day Doumen and nearby offshore islands, became havens for Ming loyalists and
pirates. In order to prevent Ming sympathizers on the mainland from communicating with their
compatriots operating offshore, the court issued decrees in 1662 and 1664 ordering evacuation
of the China coast. Xiangshan (including the present day Zhongshan and Zhuhai), which
borders upon the ocean, was directly affected and the people suffered tremendous hardships.
There is a legend handed down in Doumen that the inhabitants hid in the mountains
when Qing officials arrived to enforce evacuation of the region. The officials spread the word
that all those who were unwilling to go could resume their former lives after they came in to
register with the officials. But as each individual returned to register, he or she was killed by
hidden soldiers. Later a kind-hearted person gathered and buried the bodies in a mass grave
with a tablet stating simply Mulong sui zhong 木龍歲冢 (“grave of Mulong year”). Mulong is an
elliptical reference to jiachen 甲辰 (1664), the year the bloody event allegedly occurred.
After the ban was lifted in 1684, many original inhabitants did not return and the vacuum
was filled by immigrants from other Guangdong areas with limited arable land. This may have
been the reason why the area today has such a diversity of dialects. Pirates continued to
operate along the coast, and the coastal islands and the area were continually harassed by
pirate raids up to the establishment of British rule in Hong Kong. One of the most powerful pirate
bands during the early nineteenth century was that led by the legendary Zhang Baozi (Cheung
Po Tsai) 張保仔, whose name was closely connected with the early history of Hong Kong before
the British occupation.
During the 18th century the number of Western vessels arriving to grab a share of the
lucrative China trade increased year by year. When the Western countries began to smuggle
opium into China, the Pearl River estuary near Xiangshan became closely connected with the
traffic. At the beginning English merchants used to store the opium at Yunque Bay 雲雀灣 south
of Macau. Later, the narcotics were stored in vessels bound for Whampoa 黃埔, the port at
Guangzhou. When the Qing government imposed a ban on opium trade, the English changed
their storage depot to Lingding (Lintin) Island 伶仃島 in the Pearl River estuary, and the waters
near the island became an anchorage point for the ships bearing opium cargoes, which would
trade with the Chinese at nearby Jinxing Men 金星門 (“golden star gate”) in the territorial waters
of the present day Zhuhai.
This region being some distance away from the political center of Guangzhou was not
greatly affected by the fighting during the First and Second Opium Wars of 1840 and 1856.
However, there was a Red Turban Triad insurrection in the northern part of the county that
lasted ten months, which may have helped motivate some villagers in these areas to migrate.
The county also had to contend with Portugal expanding its Macau enclave by occupying
Xiangshan territory. After the Opium War, when other Western nations pressured China for the
same treaty rights gained by the British, even tiny Portugal was emboldened to expand its tiny
enclave of Macau at the expense of Xiangshan County. As early as 1849 the Portuguese
expelled Chinese authorities from Wangxia Village 望廈村, where American special envoy
Caleb Cushing signed the first Sino-US treaty in 1844. After the Portuguese occupied a number
of villages in what was to be present day Zhuhai, it forced the Qing government to sign the
Treaty of 1887, officially recognizing Portugal rule in Macau. (This treaty was declared void by
the Nationalist government in 1928.) However, continued Portuguese aggression in 1910-1911
to expand the Macau enclave led the Chinese to organize the Kanjie Weichihui 勘界維持會
[Society to maintain the surveyed boundary] in Xiangshan, Guangzhou, and Hong Kong in
protest. The Portuguese were forced to desist in their aggression. During the same period
nationalistic sentiments also inspired Wu Yuzheng 伍于政, a Taishanese Chinese returned from
abroad, to work with Xiangshan entrepreneurs Wang Shen 王詵 and others to establish
Xiangzhou 香洲 as a commercial port on the west bank of the Pearl River estuary in present day
Xiangzhou District in 1909. Wu Yuzheng had led a successful effort to establish a commercial
port at Gongyi (Gung Yik) 公益 in Xinning (Taishan), The town prospered for a few years with
the number of stores increasing to more than 1,800. However, Xiangzhou declined to a fishing
village after a great fire in 1911 destroyed many buildings.
After the Opium War the British colony of Hong Kong developed into an international
port, while Portuguese-occupied Macau became a center for the international coolie trade.
Xiangshan's strategic geographical position in relation to these western enclaves not only
facilitated many in the area to emigrate, but also enabled many others to develop early contacts
with Westerners, to be introduced to Western ideas, and to play useful roles in the
modernization of China. The county’s proximity to Macau also enabled people of this region to
be among the first to learn Western languages and Western customs. This was especially true
during the years immediately after the Opium War when Chinese familiar with Western
languages and customs were few and far between.
When English missionaries established the Morrison School in Macau during the 1830s,
most of the students were from Xiangshan. One of the students, Yung Wing 容閎 from Nanping
南屏 in present day Xiangzhou District in Zhuhai, was the first Chinese college graduate in
America, and he later played a prominent role in helping to modernize China. In the 1870s he
was one of the two appointed by the Qing government to organize and lead the Chinese
Education Mission, in which 100 Chinese students were selected to study in the United States
to acquire modern knowledge from the West in an effort to reinvigorate a decaying China. Half
of the students in the mission were recruited from present day Zhongshan and Zhuhai. One of
the students, Ouyang Geng 歐陽庚 from Daling 大嶺 in present day Zhongshan, later served in
China’s diplomatic corps for more than twenty years, including service at consulates in San
Francisco and other locations. Another student, Tang Shaoyi 唐紹儀 from Tangjia 唐家 in
present day Zhuhai, who also was in China’s diplomatic service, later became the first premier
of the Republic of China in 1912, while a classmate Tang Guo’an 唐國安 of neighboring Jishan
雞山, became the first principal of Qinghua (Tsinghua) School, which later became Tsinghua
University. Others from the area who studied abroad included Tang Bao’e 唐寳鍔, also of
Tangjia. One of the first students sent to study in Japan, he returned to establish the first
cement plant in Tangshan 唐山, North China, during the early years of the 20th century,
Others in the region were merchants dealing in tea or other commodities in parts of
China, such as Hankou and Shanghai, or worked as compradors for Western merchants. Tang
Jingxing (Tong King Sing) or Tang Tingshu 唐景星, 唐廷樞, one of Yung Wing's classmates at
the Morrison School and a native of Tangjia, became comprador for the British firm, Jardine,
Matheson & Company 怡和洋行. Later, he was a founder of the China Merchants' Steam
Navigation Company 中國招商局, the first Chinese-owned steamship company. Another, Zheng
Guanying (Cheng Kuan-ying) 鄭觀應 of Yongmo 雍陌, Zhongshan, was comprador for
Butterfield & Swire (the predecessor of the Swire Group 太古) toward the end of the 19th
century, and the author of Shengshi weiyan 盛世危言 (“Words of alarm during a prosperous
period”), an influential book in the reform movement in China.
A number played prominent roles in the political events of China. An example was Liu
Lichuan 劉麗川 of Xijiao 谿角, Zhongshan, who during the Taiping Rebellion led the Dagger
Society 小刀會 insurrection against the Qing government in Shanghai from 1853 to 1855. Liu
was a member of the Triads. He understood Pidgin English and worked for a Western firm in
Hong Kong before he went to Shanghai. In the service of the imperial government was Zheng
Zaoru 鄭藻如 of Haotou 濠頭, Zhongshan, who was the Chinese envoy to the US during the
height of the anti-Chinese movement. He vigorously protested the 1885 Rock Springs antiChinese riot and initiated action that finally resulted in Congress authorizing payment of
$147,747.78 in 1887 to indemnify the Chinese for loss of lives and properties. The region's bestknown native son in the political arena, however, was Sun Zhongshan (Dr. Sun Yat-sen) of
Cuiheng Cun 翠亨村 in Xiangshan. He led the revolution that brought down the two-thousandyear-old imperial system and established a republic. When Dr. Sun passed away in 1925 the
name Xiangshan was changed to Zhongshan in his memory. The house he designed and built
in his native village is a popular tourist spot visited by thousands annually.
Under the Nationalist government in the 1930s, Zhongshan was designated a model
county 模範縣. Tang Shaoyi became county magistrate and moved the county seat to his native
Tangjia. But China at that time was beset with economic and political problems within and
Japanese aggression from without. As a result little of the grandiose was implemented. Soon
afterward, the Sino-Japanese War broke out and Japanese troops invaded and occupied
Zhongshan (including present day Xiangzhou and Doumen districts). In 1938 the Japanese
army built an airport on Sanzao Island 三灶島 off the coast of Doumen and then killed an
estimated 8,000 inhabitants on the island, an event which is commemorated by a memorial
gateway (paifang 牌坊) still standing today.
After World War II the People's Republic of China was established in 1949. In 1953 the
southeastern part of Zhongshan and most of the offshore islands near Hong Kong, all of which
were vital parts of Guangdong's coastal defense, became Zhuhai County. The county was
merged with Zhongshan in 1958 but became a separate county again in 1961. In order to create
conditions spurring economic development, Doumen, which had long been an economically
under-developed area far from the Zhongshan county seat Shiqi, was made into a separate
county in 1965.
In 1979 Zhuhai became a regional-level city under direct jurisdiction of provincial
authorities. A 5.9 sq. mi. area adjacent to Macau was designated as a special economic zone
(S.E.Z.) offering favorable inducements for investments from abroad. In 1983 Doumen County
was put under the jurisdiction of Zhuhai City. The following year the territory of the original
Zhuhai City became the Xiangzhou District. In 1988 the success of the Zhuhai S.E.Z.
encouraged the PRC central government to expand its area to 46.7 sq. mi. During the early
years of the 21st century the administration of Zhuhai was further reorganized into three
districts—Xiangzhou (which was basically the original Zhuhai county), Doumen, and Jinwan 金
灣 (which includes the airport in Sanzao and the port of Gaolan 高欄港)--in order to facilitate
economic development. Zhongshan became a county-level city under the jurisdiction of Foshan
in 1983. Five years later, its status was upgraded to regional-level city directly under jurisdiction
of the provincial government.
Today the economies of both Zhongshan and Zhuhai are growing rapidly with many
investments from abroad. Modern highways connect the region with other parts of Guangdong,
one of which connects Shenzhen to Zhuhai by crossing the Pearl River estuary and bypassing
Guangzhou. Ports were developed at Zhangjiabian 張家邊 in Zhongshan and Jiuzhou 九洲 at
Xiangzhou, Zhuhai, both with frequent service to Hong Kong. Cargo port facilities are being
developed at Gaolan 高欄 in Jinwan District 金灣區 in the western part of Zhuhai. An airport built
to international standards was completed on nearby Sanzao. There are plans to build a rail line
passing through Doumen and Jiangmen 江門, connecting to the trunk lines going through
Guangzhou. There is also an ambitious proposal to build a bridge across the Pearl River
estuary connecting Zhuhai and Macau to Hong Kong.
Emigration
Since the 19th century many people from this region have emigrated abroad. Like the
Sam Yup people many moved only a short distance to Macau, practically in their own backyard,
or to Hong Kong across the estuary. Others, however, went further to Southeast Asia, Australia,
the Hawaiian Islands, and the Americas.
In the United States mainland people from this region probably comprised 15 to 20
percent of the Cantonese population. The largest number came from Long Du 隆都 in west
central Zhongshan (now the townships Shaxi 沙溪鎮 and Dachong 大涌鎮, Si-Da Du 四大都
(also referred to as Nanlang 南蓈, one of the principal market towns in the area; now Nanlang
Township 南蓈鎮) and Huangliang Du 黃梁都 (now Doumen District 斗門區). At first many went
to the gold mining area such as Weaverville, where Zhongshan immigrants were engaged in
armed conflict with Siyi (Sze Yup) and Sanyi (Sam Yup) miners. Later, as California developed
its economy, many settled at different times in metropolises such as San Francisco and Los
Angeles. Smaller concentrations were also found in a number of small towns in California. For
example, Zhongshan Longdu communities existed in Suisun and Armona, while many
Zhongshan Nanlang immigrants settled in the Sacramento River Delta. Later, small
communities also sprang up in cities east of the Rockies, such as Chicago and New York
One of the earliest leaders of the Chinese community familiar to San Franciscans of the
1850s was Norman Asing 袁生, who originated from Sanzao in present day Zhuhai. During the
same period Zhuhai's Tong Achik 唐廷植, older brother of Tong King Sing and also a graduate
from the Morrison School in Macau, was a leader in the Yeong Wo Company in San Francisco
and was active fighting for just treatment of the Chinese in California. The work Yingyu jiquan
(Complete conversational English) 英語集全, which he compiled with Tong King Sing and
published in 1860, is generally acknowledged as being the earliest Chinese-English dictionary.
In the 1850s, Lee Kan 李根, one of Tong’s classmates at the Morrison school who had also
immigrated to America, was the Chinese editor of The Oriental, one of the earliest San
Francisco Chinese newspapers.
At the beginning of the 20th century, Doumen immigrant Chin Hong Dai 陳康大, also
known as Chin Lung 陳龍, took up farming near Stockton, California, becoming known as the
Chinese Potato King. He was also known by the name of his store, Sing Kee 生 記. When
potato prices dropped after World War I, many Doumen villagers moved to the San Francisco
Peninsula, where they dominated the cultivation of asters and chrysanthemum. However, one
Doumen immigrant who continued to engage in large-scale farming was Jue Jan You 趙峻堯.
He invested in farms in Firebaugh and Imperial Valley, California.
Immigrants from this region were also connected with many modern enterprises in the
Chinese community. In 1907 Look Poong Shan 陸蓬山 (Lee Eli) of Zhongshan ancestry found
Canton Bank 金山廣東銀行, the first Chinese-owned bank in the United States, and his brother
Look Tin Eli 陸潤卿 led the founding of the first Chinese-owned steamship company in America,
the China Mail Steamship Co. 中國郵船公司 in 1915. During the early 20th century Joe Shoong
周崧 of Zhongshan founded a dry goods store in Vallejo, which grew to be National Dollar
Stores 中興公司 in the 1920s. Its headquarter was in San Francisco. The corporation expanded
to 54 branch stores in the West and Hawaii by the 1960s. In the 1930s Joseph Sunn Jue 趙樹燊
of Doumen ancestry and son of Jue Jun You, founded an early Cantonese film company, the
Grandview Motion Picture Company 大觀聲片公司. After World War II Johnny Kan 簡漢 of
Zhongshan ancestry was credited with founding Kan’s Restaurant 冠園 in 1953 in San
Francisco Chinatown and Ming’s Restaurant 明苑 in Palo Alto in 1956. These were among the
first upscale Chinese restaurants in their respective areas targeting the middle class of
mainstream society.
Many Chinese entered the professions. One of the most famous was the herbal
physician Henry Wong Him 黃華添, 黃曉霖 and his son 黃天恩 of Doumen, who became
wealthy treating non-Chinese clients during the turn of the century. The father was also famous
for his unsuccessful fight in 1902 with the San Francisco Board of Education against
segregation of Chinese students to the Chinese Primary School in Chinatown. As the younger
generation grew up many became dentists, medical doctors, and engineers. Among those of
Zhongshan descent entering the acting profession were Keye Luke 陸麒麟, who began his
screen career in the 1930s and was known for his depiction of the son of Charlie Chan; Beijingborn Lisa Lu 盧燕, who began acting around the 1960s; and Victor Wong 黃自強, who was a
newscaster in public television in the 1960s before turning to the screen in the 1980s. In
electoral politics Wing Luke 陸榮昌 was the first Chinese American elected to the Seattle City
Council in the 1960s, while George Chinn 嚴泮欣 became the first Chinese American to serve
on San Francisco’s Board of Supervisors in the 1970s.
Chinese of Zhongshan and Zhuhai formed about three quarters of the Chinese in
Hawaii, where they played important roles in island life. As early as the 19th century, Chun
Afong 陳芳 of Meixi 梅溪 in Zhuhai was an advisor to the Hawaiian king. He retired to his native
village during the late 19th century and his house is now converted to a museum. Other
immigrants or descendants of immigrants from Zhongshan who became prominent
businessmen in Hawaii included Chun Quon 陳滾 (C. Q. Yee Hop & Co.) and Chung Kun Ai 鍾
工宇 (City Mill Co.) before World War II. Ching Hing Wo 程慶和 (Aloha Airlines) and others
during the post-war period also played prominent roles in Hawaii's economic development.
During the 20th century there were many more from this region who were in public service or
active in politics. During and after World War II a number of Chinese also became successful
developers. One of the most successful was Chinn Ho 何清 of Zhongshan ancestry. He also
branched out into numerous enterprises, including being elected board chairman of the
Honolulu Star-Bulletin in 1962. He was also the first Chinese to head a metropolitan newspaper
in the US. In politics Hiram Fong 鄺友良 of Doumen descent became the only Chinese
American to have served as United States Senator.
The Chinese from this region living abroad also contributed to the development of their
ancestral land. In 1872 Yung Wing 容閎 led in raising funds to build Zhenxian School 甄賢學校
in his native village. It was the earliest school built by donations from Chinese abroad. Other
schools were also built from contributions from abroad but not to the extent found in Taishan
and Kaiping.
In the business sector the best known were Chinese entrepreneurs from Australia. Ma
Yingbiu 馬應彪 raised capital to start the Sincere Company 先施公司 in 1900 in Hong Kong. He
was followed in 1907 by Philip Gockchin 郭泉, who founded Wing On Company 永安公司 and in
1912 by Choy Hing 蔡興, who founded The Sun & Company 大新公司. These companies later
expanded to Guangzhou and Shanghai to operate the three largest department store chains in
the Far East. The first two individuals were from Zhongshan while the third came from what is
today Zhuhai.
Others were involved in China politics. The best known of these was Sun Yat-sen, who
was raised and educated in Hawaii and Hong Kong. He organized his first revolutionary group in
Honolulu and subsequently spent most of his adult life abroad working to promote the cause of
China's national revolution. Many overseas Chinese from this area were Sun's loyal followers.
Young Sen Yat 楊仙逸, a Hawaii-born Chinese of Zhongshan ancestry, helped to establish a
military air force to support Sun. He is considered by the Kuomintang to be the father of the
Chinese Air Force. There is a school in Shiqi named in his memory. Others close to Sun were
George Bow 姚觀順 (Yao Guanshun), who headed Sun Yat-sen’s personal bodyguards, and Li
Luchao 李祿超, who acted as Sun’s English secretary. Both were American-born of Zhongshan
ancestry.
Last but not least was Rong Guotuan 容國團 of Nanping, Zhuhai ancestry, who was born
and raised in Hong Kong. Returning to China at the invitation of the Chinese government in
1957, Rong made history in 1959 when he became the first Chinese to be world champion in
table tennis.
Him Mark Lai
May 9, 2007
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