PP: Republican
Born: January 9, 1913
Died: April 22, 1994
VP: Spiro T Agnew
And Gerald Ford
State Elected from:
California
Richard M. Nixon
1969-1974
1968
The Election
that Changed America
DEMOCRATIC
PARTY
Democratic Primaries
1. Exhausted (from Vietnam and Civil
Rights…) , LBJ withdraws claiming he
wants to finish his term and focus on
ending the war in Vietnam.
2. Hubert Humphrey Johnson’s current VP,
joins the race
3. Robert F. Kennedy (dove) of NY joins the
race and wins a majority of the primaries.
His followers included African Americans,
Hispanics, the poor, and the young.
(LOOKS LIKE HE WILL WIN!!!)
Kennedy Tragedy
1. Robert Kennedy won the
California primary and
seemed destined to win
the Democratic
Nomination.
2. On the night of the CA
victory, Kennedy was
shot by a Jordanian
immigrantSirhan Sirhan(he was mad at R Kennedy
for taking Israel’s side in a
Palestinian/Israeli conflict)
3. Kennedy dies the next day(only two months after MLK is shot).
Democrats meet
Chaos in Chicago- the 1.in Chicago
to settle
a candidate for
Democratic Convention on
the Nov. election.
Anti-War Protestors
inside and outside the
DNC, Chicago 1968.
2. The mood is
solemn.
3. The Democrats
officially
nominate LBJ’s
VP- Hubert
Humphrey.
4. Anti-War rioting
occurs outside the
DNC, while even
inside there were
protests against
US involvement in
Vietnam
REPUBLICAN
PARTY
Nixon’s Background
A. Republican
B. WWII Vet
C. Former California Senator
D. He was the Vice-President under
Dwight D. Eisenhower
E. Remember the
“Checker’s
Speech”- the dog?
(1) Election of 1968
A. Nixon and his VP nominee- Spiro Agnew - win.
B. Humphrey runs as Democrat.
C. Wallace as American Independent
southern white racist guy!
(last time one of these runs!!!)
(16) Election of 1972
A. Nixon and Agnew win the 1972
Presidential election by a landslide!
– (Was it corrupted???)
B. Democrat- Senator George
McGovern from South Dakota
(Notice Nixon only lost 1 state!)
Hey, Nick at
Night fans, do
you get this?
Domestic Policy
(6) Changes in the Supreme Court
Warren Burger/Burger Court
1. Shifts from liberal court (Earl
Warren, Civil Rights, etc.) to a
conservative court
2. Nixon nominated Warren Burger
as chief justice after Earl Warren
3. Nixon placed three other
conservatives on the bench also
(3) Stagflation
Stagflation:
combination of
rising
unemployment and
inflation (both bad)
2. Large problems with federal deficit, costs
of Johnson’s War on Poverty and Vietnam
3. August 1971- New Economic Policy/
“NIXONOMICS”- freeze on prices, rent, and
wages.
(2) New Federalism
Republican attitude of
reducing federal
government's role in the
economy, and a return of
power to the states.
1. 1970s- Rising oil costs
became a major cause
of inflation and consumer
worry.
(26) Energy
Crisis
2. US has become
increasingly
dependent on
foreign oil since
WWII.
3. Oct, 1973- Arab nations cut off oil shipments to
the US as punishment for US support of Israel in the
new Arab-Israeli war.
26 cont...
4. Price of petroleum shot
ups 400%, created
shortages in oil, gas,
heating, etc.
– And we thought Katrina was bad?
H
(24) OPEC
1. Organization of
Petroleum Exporting
Countries- countries that got
together to “monopolize oil prices”
2. 12 countries made up of Algeria, Angola,
Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar,
Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and
Venezuela.
3. Announces a price hike-1973: Oil goes from
$3.00 a barrel in the summer to $11.65 a barrel
by December (today it is $101.00 a barrel)
(10) Environmental Protection
1. EPA- federal group established in
1970 in response to an oil spill off of the coast of
Santa Barbara, Ca. The FIRST Earth Day
celebration and continued environmental
legislation (air, water, recycling, conservation)
2. Clean Air Act- set air-quality standards and
tough emissions guidelines for automakers (1970)
3. Water Quality Act- required oil companies
to pay part of clean up costs of oil spills (1972)
4. Endangered Species Act- protect the
wildlife of extinction (1972)
Foreign Policy
Henry Kissinger
1. Nixon’s Secretary of State
2. Had advised IKE, JFK, and LBJ
3. Later will serve as Reagan’s foreign-affairs
advisor
4. Nobel Peace Prize winner of 1973
Realpoliticknational interest, rather than
ideals such as democracy and
human rights- should guide US
foreign policy.
5. Shared Nixon’s idea of
Nixon-Kissinger Approach
1. The chief goal of their foreign policy was to
establish a balance of power among the world’s
five major powers.
a. United States
b. China
c. Japan
d. Soviet Union
e. Western Europe.
(France and Great Britain)
(13) Nixon’s China Visit- Feb. ‘72
1. Nixon is perhaps best known
for his China visit.
2. Improved relations with China by lifting
trade and travel restrictions
3. The 2 nations worked together to
promote peace in the Pacific
4. Nixon proposed the eventual
withdrawal of US troops
from Taiwan to promote a new
policy he was planning regarding Soviet
Union.
The Moscow Summit-May ‘72
(14) Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
(SALT)- US and SU sign a treaty limiting the
number of continental nuclear weaponsthose capable of traveling long distances.
2. These talks actually began in ’69.
3. This did not end the Arms Race, but it
was a small step toward reducing the
nuclear threat
4. SU enters into détente- a
lessening of military
and diplomatic
tensions between the
countries
Cambodia- ’69-70
1. Nixon plans to send troops through neutral
Cambodia to cut off supply lines of North
Vietnamese troops. (because of the Ho Chi
Minh trail… remember?)
2. Nixon orders widespread
bombing of Cambodia- he and
Kissinger keep this a big secret
from American people.
3. Nixon feared
international uproar over
the invasion.
4. A revolt overthrows
Cambodian leader in
March ’70- Nixon’s attitude
changes
the new
leader was proAmerican,
Nixon makes
his strategy
public.
5. Because
6. 80,000 US troops enter
Cambodia and the North
Vietnamese enter too.
Cambodia is now under
attack….
(8) My Lai Massacre (1969)
An attack carried out in March 1968 by the United
States Army on the hamlet of My Lai during the
Vietnam War. As many as 500 civilians were killed
during the attack. US soldiers were told that they were to attack
the enemy settlement and to be prepared to kill anyone they
encountered. As it turned out, only women, children, and elderly
men going about their normal routines were in the hamlet when a
platoon entered the area and began herding them into groups to
be executed.
– Many villagers had also been raped and mutilated.
Throughout the attack there had been no hostile fire
from the village.
As a result of My Lai, U.S. soldiers are
now routinely trained to know that
orders to kill civilians can and should
be disobeyed
NO WONDER
AMERICANS WERE
PROTESTING the
WAR…
Anti-War Protest Increase
(12) Pentagon
Papers: 1971-New
York Times (against the
US governments wishes)
begins to publish a
collection of secret
government
documents relating to
the war. Causes havoc in the US!!... More protesting… the truth was out
Vietnam Protests
(9) Kent State, Ohio
• May 4, 1970
• 4 shot dead, 11 students
wounded- in a protest
rally
Jackson State, MS
 May 10, 1970
 2 dead, 12 wounded
(5)Vietnamization
1. War strategy of turning over
fighting to South Vietnam and
gradually pulling out US troops.
2. Nixon thought this would bring “peace with
honor”. He HOPED it would produce a stable
anti-communist South Vietnam.
3. When Nixon took office in ’69, troop numbers
were 540,000. By ’72 it had dropped to 24,200.
(25) War Powers Act
1. In 1973, seeking to prevent another
“Vietnam”, Congress passes this
legislation.
2. This act Un-does the Gulf of
Tonkin Resolution by reaffirming
Congress’s constitutional right to
declare war by setting a 60-day
limit on the presidential
commitment of US troops to
foreign conflicts.
(19) Vietnam Peace Accord- ceasefire in Vietnam on January 23, 1973
and by April 29-30, 1975 (2 years
later): N. Vietnam captures Saigon
(the capital of S.Vietnam), & all U.S.
civilians evacuated.
3. Vietnam Vets will
not actually be welcomed
home with the proper
celebration until 1985.
(20) Ending The Vietnam War
As the final part of Vietnamization,”
leaders met in Paris and officially
called a cease fire to
stop fighting in Vietnam,
US soldiers leave
Vietnam finally… now
Chart: Deaths in Vietnam
its up to them…after
involvement under 5 Presidents! 1960Ike, JFK, LBJ, Nixon and Ford! 1975
WATERGATE
1972-1975
Nixon’s downfall
BACKGROUND to WATERGATE
• Nixon plans to run for re-election in
1972, but his paranoia of others causes
him to take measures to ENSURE his
re-election.
• The Election is November of ‘72…
• Remember the
election map? He
won by a landslide…
Talk about paranoid.
JUNE 13, 1971:
• The New York Times begins
publishing
THE PENTAGON PAPERS; the
Washington Post will soon follow.
(17) Watergate Scandal
Break-in
• JUNE 17, 1972: A Break-in of the DNC
headquarters in the Watergate
building.
5 men (dressed as plumbers) carrying
spy equipment are arrested.
SEPT. 9, 1971:
(15) THE PLUMBERS the 5 men
(who were dressed like plumbers)
were paid “by someone” to
burglarize a psychiatrist’s office to
find files on the democratic party(they were linked to Nixon and CREEP)
CREEP: Committee to Re-Elect the
President (Nixon’s campaign people)
the name is quite fitting!
NOVEMBER 11, 1972:
• Nixon is re-elected in one of the
largest landslides in American political
history, taking more than 60% of the
vote and crushing the Democratic
nominee, Sen. GEORGE
McGOVERN of
South Dakota.
SPRING OF 1973:
(18) Washington Post/Deep throat: An
anonymous tip from a source known
only as “Deep Throat” to the
Washington Post newspaper that
leads the executive and legislative
branches of govt. to investigate
Nixon and his people for criminal
activities and cover-ups.
Just FYI
• The informant named himself “Deep
Throat” from the popular X rated
movie of the day…
MAY, 1973:
• TELEVISED HEARINGS May,
1973 televised coverage of
Senate hearings.
• Americans watch testimony of
witnesses and presentation of
evidence relating to the criminal
charges filed against Nixon and
CREEP.
(May, ’73 cont.)
• In June, John Dean (former White House
attorney) directly implicates Nixon in the cover
up.
• Another witness comes forward with taperecorded conversations
• ARCHIBALD COX - prosecutor- demands
Nixon turn over the tapes. (Nixon recorded
EVERYTHING that went on in the Oval Officehe was sooo paranoid)
• Nixon refuses. He has his secretary “type up
the info” instead
OCTOBER 10,1973:
(23) A CHANGE IN VICE PRES.
Agnew resigns after pleading no
contest to charges of tax evasion.
• Republican leader in the House of
Representatives- GERALD FORD becomes Nixon’s new VP.- HE
NEVER GOT 1 VOTE from any
American Citizen for Presidential
office!!!
OCTOBER 20, 1973:
(27) SATURDAY NIGHT
MASSACRE: After 2 government
officials refuse to resign rather than
fire Cox (the prosecutor), Nixon
sends Robert Bork to fire him.
• Many Americans are outraged
because 2 gov. officials resigned
and 1 was fired on a Sat night while
Nixon tried to cover his buttocks!!!
AUGUST 8-9, 1974:
(28) RESIGNATION & THE
UN-ELECTED PRESIDENT: Nixon
finally agrees to release the tapes.
Prove Nixon had directed the
Watergate cover-up & authorized
illegal activities. Rather than face
impeachment, Nixon resigns on Aug.
8,’74. Gerald Ford becomes Pres. On
Aug. 9, ’74- He is the only president to
not be elected but appointed to the
position.
SEPTEMBER, 1974:
• PARDON- President Ford grants Nixon
a full pardon. He explained that if Nixon
were put on trial it would raise questions
on both domestic and foreign fronts about
our governmental processes and
democracy.
Can this
possibly
be legal?
It smells
awfully
fishy…
June 1, 2005
• DEEP THROAT REVEALED:
Reporters Bob Woodward
and Carl Bernstein were the only
ones who knew the real identity
of Deep Throat until 2005.
• W. MARK FELT, former FBI
director comes forward 30 years
later announcing to Vanity Fair
that he is Deep Throat. He had
kept this secret from everyoneincluding his family for over 30
years. Felt died December 19,
2008 at 95!
Social Changes
1969-1974
(4) Man Lands on the Moon
1. July 16, 1969: Apollo 11 spacecraft leaves Kennedy Space
Center in route to the moon.
2. Astronauts Michael Collins, Neil Armstrong and
Buzz Aldrin
3.July 20, 1969: Neil Armstrong
leaves the first human footprint on
the Moon. (take that, Soviets…ha!)
– “One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.”
(7)
Woodstock:
August ‘69
1. 500,000 Hippies, Doves, Hawks, Gays, Lesbians,
Anti-Gays, and even Rednecks attend the 3 day
PEACE anti-Vietnam concert in upstate NY.
2. 30 Artists: The Dead, Joan Baez, Crosby/Stills/&Nash,
Janis Joplin, Jimi Hendrix…
3. 10 deaths, 2 new babies
4. Filth, Hunger, Intoxication, Disorientation, and
Rain…and lots of love, man!
Charles Manson Killing Spree ‘69
1. Manson lead the killing group known as
“The Family” infamously associated with
the Tate-La Bianca murders
2. First murdered actress
Sharon Tate who was 8
months pregnant at the time
(in Beverly Hills, CA).
3. A spree of murders occurred in the next year.
4. Manson was set for parole in 2007.- he
didn’t get it. Now they are looking for more
bodies on his “ranch”
1. Mexican American
labor activist and
leader of the United
Farm Workers.
2. In 1969, Chávez and members of
the UFW marched through the
Imperial and Coachella Valley to
the border of Mexico to protest
growers' use of illegal aliens as
temporary replacement workers
during a strike.
3. Leading voice for migrant farm
workers
4. Focused national attention on
these laborers' terrible working
conditions, which eventually led to
improvements.
Cesar
Chavez
Rights for migrant
workers… mostly
Mexican. But any worker
who moves around for
work
1970: Music Loses Two Icons
1. Jimi Hendrix dies Sept. 18 at the age of 27
(possible drug OD)
2. Janis Joplin dies Oct. 4 at the age of 27 (drug OD)
(11) Twenty-sixth Amendment
1. Ratified on July 1, 1971
2. Voting age is lowered from 21 to
18.
3. If you are old enough to be sent to
war- you are old enough to vote!
Title IX (9)
1. Prohibited sex
discrimination in any
education program or
activity, within an institution
receiving any type of Federal financial
assistance.
2. Girls, this means your athletic groups
get just as much funding as the guys!
VII. Important
Supreme Court
Cases of the
’60s-’70s
You’ve GOT to know
these!!!!
(22) Gideon v. Wainwright 1963
“…you have the right to
an attorney, if you
cannot afford one, one
will be provided to you…”
States must provide lawyers, at the
public’s expense, for poor
defendants charged with
serious crimes. Mr. Gideon
Escobedo v. Illinois 1964
1. Granted the accused
the right to have a
lawyer present
during police
investigations.
Miranda v. Arizona 1966
1. Accused persons must
be informed of their
rights at the time of
2.
their arrest.
“You have the right
to…”
(21) Roe v. Wade 1973
1. Landmark US Supreme
Court Case: January 22,
1973: Declared that most
2. Right to choose. Laws
against abortion violate a
constitutional right to
privacy
3. Now decades of debates
and it divided the country into
“pro-choice” vs “pro-life”
Hurricane Camille ’69
1. August 17: Category 5 hits Pass Christian killing
256 people
Katrina… Hurricane Katrina of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane
season was the costliest hurricane, as well as one of the five deadliest, in the
history of the United States. Among recorded Atlantic hurricanes, it was the
sixth strongest overall.
Comparisons between Hurricane Katrina of
the 2005 season and Camille of 1969
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
similar strengths and similar landfall locations.
Before Katrina, Camille was considered to be the "benchmark" against which all Gulf
Coast hurricanes were measured.
Katrina was weaker than Camille at landfall but substantially larger, which led to a
broader impact of a similar storm surge.
Many who experienced Camille described Katrina as "much worse" - not only
because of the massive storm surge, but from the fact that Katrina pounded the
Mississippi coast for a longer period of time.
Camille also had a record storm surge- the eye of the storm was about 12 miles in
diameter and crossed almost directly over the town of Waveland at a forward speed
of 15 mph.
All told, Camille caused more than 200 deaths and more than a billion dollars in
damage
Katrina is now considered the deadliest and costliest hurricane in the U.S. in over 80
years. In all, more than 1,400 people were killed and damages are estimated to have
exceeded more than $75 billion.
At 10:00 AM CDT Hurricane Katrina made its third landfall near Pearlington,
Mississippi (20 miles from Waveland) and Slidell, Louisiana, with sustained winds of
120 mph
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