The Puritans
The Puritans
• Came to New England in family groups. They wanted to escape
political repression, religious restrictions, and economic recession
• Leader was John Winthrop
• Typically live in small villages surrounded by farm land.
• Community was characterized by a close relationship between
church and state
• Believed in a trained and educated ministry. Would eventually
found Harvard and Yale
A City Upon a Hill
• John Winthrop called on the Puritans to build a model society
• The puritans believed in a strong sense of mission – to build
an ideal Christian society
• Society would have a strict moral code of conduct
• They traveled to America for religious freedom but did not
tolerate religious dissent or diversity
• Both Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams were expelled for
challenging these beliefs.
Roger Williams and Anne
Hutchinson
• Anne Hutchinson believed in a stronger place for women in
society and tried to bring light to corruption in the ministry
• Hutchinson would travel to Rhode Island and then New York
• Her teachings were known as the Antinomian Heresy
• Roger Williams founded Rhode Island
• Advanced the ideas of Religious toleration
The Half-Way Covenant
• Eased requirements for church membership
• Requirements for baptism open to all puritan children
The First Great-Awakening
• Religious revivals starting in New England in the 1730’s
• “New Light vs Old Light” – New light ministers appealed to
many through highly intense and emotional sermons
• New Light ministers promoted learning through educational
institutions
• Missionary work that led to the conversions of many African
slaves.
• Led to division within many denominations
• Led to increase membership of women wihtin the Church
• Jonathan Edwards: “Sinners in the hands of an angry God”
Enlightenment
• Intellectual movement that had a profound impact on many
colonial leaders.
• Reason to improve the human condition
• Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson
• Believed in “Natural Rights”
• Declaration of Independence
• Deism
Federalist vs Anti-Federalist
• Passing of the Federal Constitution?
• Federalist Papers
• James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay
• Anti-Federalists
•
•
•
•
•
•
Feared strong central government
Drew support from rural areas
President would have to much power
Congress would levy high taxes
Government would raise a standing army?
Bill of rights calms many nerves of the Anti-Federalists
Alexander Hamilton
• Proposed
•
•
•
•
•
•
National Bank
Protective Tariff
Increase national debt
Assume state debts
Tax Liquor
Expand domestic manufacturing
• Jefferson vs Hamilton
• Loose vs Strict interpretation
• Necessary and Proper Clause
***Washington and Adams*** - know the farewell address and
the Alien/Sedition Acts
The Marshall Court
• Marbury v Madison – Strong Central Government
• Dartmouth College v Woodward – Federal Government or
State Government, states cannot encroach on a contract
• McCulloch v Maryland – Economic Nationalism – can not tax
the bank
Henry Clay’s American System and
The Missouri Compromise
• During the Era of Good Feelings
• Clay’s American System called for internal improvements
through funding from protective tariffs.
• Missouri Compromise – Maine and Missouri want into the
United States…everything following would be determined by
36-30
The Age of Andrew Jackson
• The Common Man
• Jackson was seen as a common man and many of his constituents
made up those who were considered to be common, everyday,
Americans.
• Expanding Suffrage
• Took away many of the property qualifications to vote
• Replaced legislative caucuses which selected candidates with
nominating conventions
• Secret Ballot
• Patronage
• Reward supporters with jobs…seen as a good thing to remove the
politically entrenched
• Eastern Elite
The Age of Andrew Jackson
• Tariff of Abominations
• Tariff’s passed between 1816-1828 were the first in history
passed only for protection
• John C. Calhoun formulates a doctrine on of nullification
• Exposition and Protest (Was Jackson’s VP)
• South Carolina Exposition and Protest
• Finds its roots in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
• Nullification a state right?
• Response to Nullification
• Webster-Hayne Debate
• “Liberty and union, now and forever, one and inseperable”
The Age of Andrew Jackson
• Jackson’s Veto
• Jackson hated the Bank of the United states and did not want it
re-charterd
• Granted special privileges
• Hard money vs Soft Money
• Removed federal deposits from the Bank of the United States
• Caused in expansion of credit and speculation (wild cat banks) –
state banks issuing unregulated money
• Specie Circular – how to stop state and wild cat banks from printing
money not backed by gold or silver? Forced all land sales to be
purchased with coin
The Age of Andrew Jackson
• Worcester v Georgia – John Marshall has made his decision,
now let him enforce it
• Trail of Tears
• Second Party System
• Whigs: Daniel Webster, Henry Clay, William Henry Harrison,
Zachary Taylor
•
•
•
•
•
Anti-Jackson
Strong Federal Government
Support for Internal Improvements
Protective Tariff and National Banks
Branch off into the Free-Soil Party, Know Nothing Party, Republican
Party
• Slavery will divide the party (Cotton vs Conscience Whigs)
Meanwhile…
• Rise of King Cotton!
• Canals and Railroads help expand the country
• The South is unhappy with protective tariffs as it hurts their
ability to buy products
• Welcome to Antebellum America
Cult of Domesticity and Republican
Motherhood
• American women could not vote, serve on juries, or perform
other civic tasks…what role should they play
• Republican Motherhood – advanced the notion that women
could play impactful roles as wives and mothers.
• Women should be educated so they raise virtuous children
• Concerned with domestic, family, and religious affairs.
Women in Antebellum America
• Lowell System – Early 1820’s-1830’s women make up large
workforce in mills
• Women’s Movement, tied to anti-slave and temperance
• Northeast and Midwest
• Seneca Falls Convention (Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Sojurner
Truth)
• Women’s Suffrage
• Equal Education
• Property
• Dorothea Dix
• Mental and emotional disabilities (not women’s rights)
The Second Great Awakening
• Social and Religious movement
• Leader: Charles Finney
• Brought to light many moral issues
• Slavery
• Women’s Rights
• Burned Over District
Abolition
• American Colonization Society
• Move back to Africa
• William Lloyd Garrison
• The Liberator
• Frederick Douglass
• Sarah Moore Grimke
Other Antebellum Culture
Movements
• Transcendentalism
• Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson
• Romanticism
• Utopian Societies
• Brook Farm, Oneida Community
• Changes in Education
Manifest Destiny and
Territorial Expansion
• Manifest Destiny was used to gain public support for American
territorial expansion
• Texas independence became official in 1836 after the Texas
Revolution
•
•
•
•
Stephen F. Austin
Alamo
Santa Anna
San Jacinto
• The question becomes do we admit Texas? Will remain independent
republic until 1845
• The Mexican War, 1846-1848
•
•
•
•
President Polk’s war of Aggression
Whigs oppose the Mexican War
Slavery?
Wilmot Proviso – no slavery in lands acquired from Mexico
• Never became federal law, but endorsed by free states
Manifest Destiny and
Territorial Expansion
• OREGON – fifty-four forty or fight
• Polk’s promise to take all of the Oregon land under dispute
• Compromise reached to set boundary at the 49th parallel
• Aroostook War – LUMBERJACKS!
• Note*** Importance is placed on territorial expansion and its
relation to slavery. Slavery in newly founded western
territories would cause a split between both the democrats
and the Whigs and help create the Republican party
• Do not confuse territorial expansion before and after the Civil War.
Extension of slavery into western territories was the major issue
before the Civil War. After the Civil War, homesteaders, ranchers, and
miners, all moved west to subdue and tame this unknown
wilderness. Asian immigration and Indian relations are major topics
Sectionalism and Slavery
• States rights vs the federal government
• Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
• Nullification Crisis
• Slavery
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Missouri Compromise of 1820
Abolition Movement
“Gag Rule”
The Amistad
Wilmot Proviso
Free Soil Party splinters from the Whigs
Compromise of 1850
• Cali is a free state
• Fugitive Slave Act
•
•
•
•
Fugitive Slave Act – required all escaped slave to be returned
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Kansas-Nebraska Act – Popular Sovereignty/Bleeding Kansas/Split Democrats
Dred Scott Case – slaves could not be taken from their masters regardless of a
territory’s free or slave status , black people were not citizens
The Gilded Age
• Big Business
• Carnegie, Rockefeller, Edison, Morgan, Bell, Westinghouse, etc…
• Vertical and Horizontal integration, trusts, Knights of Labor,
Industrial Workers of the World, American Federation of Labor,
blacklisting, “taylorism”, Pullman Strike, Haymarket Riot,
Homestead Strike
• Immigration
• New Immigration – southern and eastern Europe – Italy, Russia,
Poland, and Austria Hungary
• Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
• Nativism – opposed Irish and German Catholic Immigrants during
the 1850’s (Native American Party, Know-Nothing Movement).
Opposed new immigration in the late 19th century
The Gilded Age
• Philosophies of change in the Gilded Age
• Social Darwinism – Herbert Spencer, Horatio Alger, Russell
Conwell
• Gospel of Wealth – Carnegie
• Social Gospel – Salvation army
• Edward Bellamy – Looking Backward
Populism
• Agrarian Discontent
• Railroads exploiting the farmers with discriminatory rates
• Big Business used high tariffs
• Farm machinery to expensive
• Granger movement and Farmer’s Alliance’s used as early movements to
unite farmers
• Populist organize to:
•
•
•
•
•
Free coinage of silver
Regulate Railroads
Support William Jennings Bryan
Direct Election of Senators
Graduated Income Tax
• Reasons the Populist or Peoples Party Failed
•
•
•
•
Differences between western and southern farmers
Discovery of gold in the Yukon made it easier to access credit
DEMOCRTIC PARTY absorbed many populist programs
1896 election
Accomplishments of the
Progressive Era
• Democratization of the political process
• Direct election of senators
• Women’s suffrage
• Reform of local governments
• Initiative, recall, referendum, commission plan, city-manager plan,
breaking up of political machines
• Regulation of Big Business
• Passage of Child Labor Laws
• Passage of anti-trust legislation
• Passage of Pure Food and Drug Act
• Progressive Amendment
•
•
•
•
16th
17th
18th
19th
Imperialism 1890-1910
• General causes of American Imperialism
•
•
•
•
•
•
Yellow Journalism
New Navy policy promoted by Alfred Thayer Mahan and T.R.
Examples of European imperialism in Africa
Social Darwinism
Moral Justification for brining civilization to third world countries
Natural Resources
• Spanish-American War
• Remember the MAINE!
• Yellow Journalism – Joseph Pulitzer, William Randolph Hearst
• United States maintains control over Puerto Rico, Cuba, Guam,
and the Philippines after the war
• Platt Amendment
• Anti-Imperialist League
Imperialism 1890-1910
• Open Door Policy and The Boxer Rebellion in China –
protecting American commercial interests in China
• Annexation of Hawaii
• Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
• Latin America defaulting on debts owed to European banks
Roaring 20’s
• Economic prosperity due to increase in jobs, growing
investment in the stock market, and the automobile
• Still stinks to be a farmer
• The “Lost Generation” – F. Scott Fitzgerald, William Faulkner,
and Ernest Hemingway
• Harlem Renaissance
• Organized Crime
• Mass entertainment – Baseball, Boxing, movies, radio
Responses – Nativism (national origins act), Religious
Fundamentalism, Anti-Radicalism (Sacco and Vanzetti), Birth
Control, First-Red Scare
The 1950’s
• Korean War
• McCarythism
• Move to the suburbs, interstate highways, rise of the
automobile, TV, and consumer culture
• Cultural Rebels
• James Dean
• Beat Generation
• Rock and Roll
Shifting Demographics and
Political Changes
• Reaganomics – Supply side economics
• Reduce federal tax rates for wealthy Americans
• Reduce corporate tax rates and encourage private investment
• Promote economic growth by deregulating business
• Movement from the “frostbelt” or “rustbelt” to the Sunbelt
• Social Security system threatened as the baby-boomers get older
• Rise of the New American Right
• Sagebrush Rebellion – Western conservatives upset about new
environmentalist laws
• Evangelicalism and religious revivalism “born again” Christians
• Moral Majority – denounced abortion, divorce, and supported strong
American stance in the world
• Rise of think tanks, consulting firms, and lobbyists.
• Tax Revolt – Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid
The Environment
• Theodore Roosevelt – Conservation
• Chief Forester – Gifford Pinchot, seized all forests and water
power sites still in the public domain
• National Reclamation Act – provided federal funds for the
construction of dams, reservoirs, and canals in the West
• John Muir – early preservationist and founder of the Sierra Club
• Antiquities Act
• 1960’s – Ecology, Pollution, Aldo Leopold, Exxon Valdez,
Environmental Protection Agency, Clean Air and Water Acts