What is MIS? An exploratory research project By Michael Byrd, Eric Case, Bradley Dorn, Steven Pentland, and Wenli Zhang For MIS 696A, Fall 2013 December 18, 2013 1 Contents Executive Summary....................................................................................................................................... 3 Approach ....................................................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 4 Defining a field .......................................................................................................................................... 4 Developing metrics ................................................................................................................................... 4 Limitations ................................................................................................................................................ 4 Data collection .............................................................................................................................................. 5 Initial journal survey ................................................................................................................................. 5 Author list ................................................................................................................................................. 5 Article list .................................................................................................................................................. 5 Journal classification ................................................................................................................................. 5 Summary ................................................................................................................................................... 6 Analysis ......................................................................................................................................................... 7 Author Publication .................................................................................................................................... 7 MIS Change Over Time............................................................................................................................ 10 Journal Categories................................................................................................................................... 14 Co-Authors .............................................................................................................................................. 15 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 16 Appendix A: Author Biographies ................................................................................................................. 17 Ritu Agarwal ............................................................................................................................................ 17 Izak Benbasat .......................................................................................................................................... 18 Robert O. Briggs ...................................................................................................................................... 19 Eric K. Clemons........................................................................................................................................ 20 Alok Gupta .............................................................................................................................................. 21 Blake Ives ................................................................................................................................................ 22 Robert J. Kauffman.................................................................................................................................. 23 Jay F. Nunamaker Jr. ............................................................................................................................... 24 Paul A. Pavlou ......................................................................................................................................... 25 Viswanath Venkatesh.............................................................................................................................. 26 James C. Wetherbe ................................................................................................................................. 27 Andrew B. Whinston ............................................................................................................................... 28 Robert Zmud ........................................................................................................................................... 29 Vladimir Zwass ........................................................................................................................................ 30 2 Executive Summary In previous years, students in this class have taken the approach of attempting to define the discipline of Management Information Systems by analyzing publications in MIS journals and using the citations of those publications to link to other disciplines. These citation links serve to identify reference disciplines of MIS as a proxy to the definition of the field itself. In this study, we take a slightly different approach. Instead of using citations as the link to reference disciplines, we use the authors themselves as the link. We first identified the top authors in the top MIS journals, and then analyzed the complete publication record of those authors to identify the journals they had published in and by extension, the reference disciplines that those journals represent. We used both subjective coding and linguistic analysis to identify reference disciplines and we analyzed our data using a variety of visualization techniques. 3 Approach Introduction Management Information Systems (MIS) is a relatively new field of study. Currently, its scope is interdisciplinary, broad, and somewhat ill-defined. The purpose of this research is to provide a firm, defensible definition of the scope of MIS from an academic perspective. Defining a field Fields of study are defined by the knowledge they represent. In academia, authors create knowledge. The knowledge that authors create is disseminated by publication in journals. Academic journals select and evaluate knowledge that is appropriate to the focus of the journal. Previous work by students in this class has taken the approach of categorizing the articles published in these journals to identify the scope of topics that define MIS. We take a slightly different approach of focusing on the authors as a basis for defining a field of study. Since authors bring their various experiences and knowledge bases to bear in the execution of research and the publication of results, we feel that the author’s background can serve as a mechanism for identifying topic areas that define a discipline. We then use the academic journals in which the authors publish as a proxy for the knowledge base and use the journal subject area to classify generated knowledge into categories. Developing metrics To develop our definition of management information systems, we use journal articles as atomic pieces of knowledge. We assume that knowledge that is classified together by a journal, meets some common criteria. For our study, we base the definition of these criteria on the self-assigned description of each journal. We interpret this definition using both computational linguistics and a subjective, normative evaluation. We then infer that the most prolific authors of journals that classify according to management information systems criteria are the most influential generators of management information systems knowledge. Limitations One limitation to our classification system is that each component is defined by the others. It is necessary to start with a given seed of information – the journal list generated by from our survey. We feel our approach is valid, but we acknowledge this potential limitation to our methodology. 4 Data collection Initial journal survey Our data collection began with a survey of faculty members in the Management Information Systems department at The University of Arizona to identify journals. The results of the survey produced a subjective list of the top, most influential management information systems journals. Author list For each journal in our initial journal list, we gathered a list of individuals with the most publications. We combined the lists developed from each journal to create our list of significant management information systems authors. Please see Appendix A for a brief biographical dossier on each author. The selected authors were: Agarwal, Ritu Benbasat, Izak Briggs, Robert O. Clemons, Eric K. Gupta, Alok Ives, Blake Kauffman, Robert J. Nunamaker Jr, Jay Pavlou, Paul A. Venkatesh, Viswanath Wetherbe, James C. Whinston, Andrew B. Zmud, Robert Zwass, Vladimir Article list For each author in our author list, we gathered citations for all of their publications. With this list, we gathered article titles, co-authors, year, and journal. The combined list of all publications would allow us to create a new expanded list of journals. Journal classification For each journal on the new journal list, we searched for the journal online and located either the website for the journal, the publisher’s website for the journal, or the website for the society that publishes the journal if neither of the previous were available. We then reviewed the websites and found statements that defined the aim and scope of articles published in the journal; usually a mission statement, overview, summary, etc. We collected these statements into a data file. We then manually assigned subject tags based on articles in the journal, the journal title, and the self-describing statement. These tags were selected to parsimoniously categorize the journal subject matter for analysis. Three raters coded the tags with overlap to enhance inter-rater reliability. 5 Summary By gathering data previously described, we developed and used the following data sets in our analysis: List of influential management information systems authors List of articles written by influential management information systems authors o Title o Author and co-authors o Publishing journal o Year List of journal influential management information systems authors have published in o Description o Tag-based classification 6 Analysis Data analysis was conducted over several dimensions - top author contributions, breadth of publications, and keywords associated with each journal. The objective of this research paper is to identify the top authors in the MIS field and then evaluate how their work has influenced other disciplines. Our analysis will begin with an overview of the main contributors to the MIS Author Publication As the discipline of information systems has developed over the years, the influence of our selected authors has grown. The graph below describes the number of yearly publications for the researchers being evaluated in this paper starting in the 1960s. Two main factors contribute to the temporal growth presented in the graphic: Researchers have developed research careers and gained notoriety, which led to an increase in publications over time. As we will discuss in detail later, the influence of MIS on other disciplines increased leading to an increase in publication outlets. Interestingly, the year-by-year publication count takes on a familiar trend. The gradual increase in the number of publications, followed by dramatic peak to trough movements reflects the same trend as the S&P 500 stock index. 7 The diverse composite of the S&P 500 make it an excellent indicator of U.S. economic health. The correlation between the number of publications and the S&P 500 suggests that researchers are able to conduct and publish research in flourishing economic time periods. In hindsight, this seems obvious because of the availability of grant funding during strong market growth. Amusingly, the number of publications takes a significant drop in the late ‘90s and early ‘00s when the S&P was rising due to the Dot Com bubble. We speculate that the number of publications dropped because researchers were working with tech companies instead of publishing research. Overall, the year-by-year comparison of publications demonstrates the influence of our information system researchers. Given the method used to derive the list of MIS researchers, the majority of their publication were in IS specific journals. As the discipline has progressed over the years, its influence on other disciplines continues to expand. For this study, we are interested in the breadth of influence of MIS. The table below highlights where the researchers have published the majority of their research: Rank Journal Count 1 MIS Quarterly 163 2 Journal of Management Information Systems 141 8 3 Information Systems Research 100 4 Decision Support Systems 52 5 Electronic Commerce Research and Applications 50 6 Communications of the ACM 49 7 System Sciences 43 8 Management Science 37 When these outlets are removed from the dataset, we begin to see the breadth of influence MIS researchers have. The original dataset consisted of over 1,400 publications in more than 400 journals. The visualization below exhibits the influence of top researchers. Darker colors represent the number of publications in each journal. When analyzing the outlying journals, we start to see contributions to a variety of disciplines including: Accounting, Marketing, Organization, Water Resource Management, Economics, Education, ECommerce, Transportation, Health Care, and Psychology. This demonstrates the scope of influence even a small subset of MIS researchers have on a variety of disciplines. This was not always the case for MIS 9 researcher. As the field evolved over time its influence and acceptance in other disciplines has increased. MIS Change Over Time The Series of images below show the growing influence of MIS research over time. Each bubble represents the journal top MIS researchers published. The larger the bubble the more publications in that particular journal. The links between the journals are based on keywords extracted from the name of each publication: 1960’s 10 1970’s 11 1980’s 12 1990’s 13 2000’s Two key interesting trends can be observed in these visualizations: as MIS matures, it has evolved away from a dependence on the journals of other fields and, the universe of outlets continued to expand, both within MIS and without. Major MIS journals are now surrounded by a variety of sub-disciplines encompassing MIS as a whole. Yet, even with this expanding universe of specialty journals, MIS researcher still contribute broadly to multiple diciplines. Journal Categories To further determine the influences on information system research, we categorized each journal. Our ontology consisted of 47 categories including: accounting, business administration, environment, government, health care, logistics, negotiations, manufacturing, marketing, phycology, sociology, and statistics. Journals were tagged with multiple categories depending on the description offered by the journal’s website. Multiple tags and the volume of journals allowed us to create a network map demonstrating the variety of influence and the relationships between each category. Each node in the network diagram below represents a different category. The closer nodes are to each other, the stronger the interdisciplinary research. 14 Overall, MIS researchers have had a most noticeable presence in Business Administration, Economics, Operations, Decision Science, Accounting, E-Commerce, Health Care, Engineering, Human-Computer Interaction, Education, and Sociology. Co-Authors Along with analyzing the breadth of research by top MIS authors, we also looked at cross collaboration between co-authors. Our intension was to determine the extent that top MIS researchers work with each other as well as other scientists. Our evaluation revealed that most top authors publish with a distinct subset of authors. Cross collaboration was minimal. 15 Each of the larger spheres in the image represents our selected researchers. The surrounding clusters and smaller spheres represent co-authors. As the image shows, most top authors collaborate with only a small subset of researchers. Interestingly, Andrew Whinston, the larger green sphere, shows the most collaboration with other top researchers and has diversified work with lesser known scientists. Conclusion We set out to define the discipline of MIS through the identification of disciplines not directly related to information technology. Our analysis revealed that as MIS has grown as a discipline, it has been influenced by and also influenced a variety of other fields. These include health care, psychology, sociology, and education. Although we studied only a small subset of MIS researchers, we believe that their work is an indication of the direction of MIS. The exponential growth of technology has solidified the need for a bridge between technologist and end-user. Our findings demonstrate that MIS research has contributed to filling the void. As more and more disciplines and industries have voiced a need for effectiveness and efficiency through technology, MIS researchers have provided the structure necessary for successful implementation. We believe MIS has value in all areas of business and study. Our discipline is relatively young and its impact on real-world problem solving will continue expand. 16 Appendix A: Author Biographies Ritu Agarwal Professor and Robert H. Smith Dean’s Chair of Information Systems Robert H. Smith School of Business The University of Maryland, College Park Year Degree Major Institution 1988 PhD 1988 Masters 1984 1982 Bachelors Biography Syracuse University Syracuse University Indian Institute of Management, Calcutta St. Stephen's College, Delhi University Management Information Systems Computer Science MBA Mathematics Prof. Ritu Agarwal is Professor and the Dean’s Chair of Information Systems at the Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of Maryland, College Park. Prof. Agarwal has evolved her interest in the use of information technologies in healthcare settings into an institutional effort. She and her colleagues started CHIDS to provide an independent third party research platform and organization that could build knowledge and insights into the complex domains of health information and decision systems. In addition to health information technology, Prof. Agarwal’s current research in the area of information technology management is focused on technologyenabled transformations in various industry sectors and the evolving effects of electronic markets. Prof. Agarwal has published extensively on information technology management topics in several top journals, and has made multiple presentations at industry and academic forums. 17 Izak Benbasat Professor and Canada Research Chair in Information Technology Management The University of British Columbia Year Degree Major Institution 1974 1971 1969 University of Minnesota University of Minnesota Robert College, Istanbul PhD Management Information Systems Masters Management Information Systems Bachelors Marketing Biography Prof. Izak Benbasat Ph.D. is a fellow of the Fellow, Royal Society of Canada (Academy of Humanities and Social Sciences). He is a CANADA Research Chair in Information Technology Management at Sauder School of Business, University of British Columbia, Canada. He has a Ph.D. in Management Information Systems (MIS) from the University of Minnesota. His research interests includes: Evaluating human-computer interfaces, specifically how to design web-based interfaces to facilitate business-to-consumer electronic commerce; Investigating the role of explanations in intelligent support systems in improving user productivity and knowledge transfer to users; and Measuring IT-related competencies, namely, IT knowledge in line managers and business competence in IT professionals, and their impact on the effective deployment of IT. The general theme that links his areas of research interest is improving the communication between IT, management, and users of technology. 18 Robert O. Briggs Professor of Management Information Systems, Director of Doctoral Studies, Management Information Systems Department San Diego State University Year Degree Major Institution 1994 1987 1986 1986 University of Arizona San Diego State University San Diego State University San Diego State University PhD Management Information Systems Masters MBA Information Systems emphasis Bachelors Art History Information Systems Biography Robert O. Briggs, Ph.D. (University of Arizona, 1994). Dr. Briggs studies the cognitive foundations of collaboration and applies his findings to the design and deployment of collaboration systems. He is co-founder of the field of Collaboration Engineering and coinventor of the ThinkLets design pattern language for collaborative work practices. He has made theoretical contributions on group productivity, ideation, creativity, consensus, change, technology transition, and satisfaction. He is currently working to reduce military decision cycles with collaboration systems and to reduce the dropout rate among K12 learners-at-risk with collaborative learning techniques, with a focus on technical and cognitive challenges for transferring engineered work practices to non-experts without training on either the techniques or technologies. 19 Eric K. Clemons Professor of Operations and Information Management and Area Coordinator, Information, Strategy, and Economics The Wharton School University of Pennsylvania Year Degree Major Institution 1976 1974 1970 Cornell University Cornell University Massachusetts Institute of Technology PhD Operations Research Masters Operations Research Bachelors Physics Biography Dr. Eric K. Clemons is Professor of Operations and Information Management at The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. A pioneer in the systematic study of the transformational impacts of information on the strategy and practice of business, his research and teaching interests include strategic uses of information systems, information economics, and the changes enabled by information technology. 20 Alok Gupta Curtis L. Carlson Schoolwide Chair in Information Management Department Chair, Dept. of IDSc, Carlson School of Management University of Minnesota Year Degree Major Institution 1996 University of Texas Austin PhD Management Science and Information Systems 1991 Masters Mine Electrical Systems 1988 Bachelors Mining Engineering Biography Pennsylvania State University Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University Alok Gupta is Curtis L. Carlson Schoolwide Chair in Information Management and Chair of Information and Decision Sciences at the Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota. His research has been published in various information systems, economics, and computer science journals such as Management Science, ISR, MIS Quarterly, CACM, JMIS, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Computational Economics, Decision Support Systems, and IEEE Internet Computing. In addition, his articles have been published in several leading books in the area of economics of electronic commerce. He was awarded a prestigious NSF CAREER Award for his research on dynamic pricing mechanisms on the internet. From 1999-2001, he served as co-director of Treibick Electronic Commerce Initiative (TECI), an endowed research initiative at Dept. of OPIM, University of Connecticut. He is also an affiliate of the Center for Research in Electronic Commerce (CREC) at the University of Texas at Austin. He serves as Senior Editor for ISR and an Associate Editor for Management Science. He also serves on the editorial boards of JMIS, DSS and Brazilian Electronic Journal of Economics. He has been serving as Publisher of MIS Quarterly since 2005. He teaches courses in the areas of computer networking, electronic commerce, decision support, IT infrastructure, and computer programming at the undergraduate, MBA and Ph.D. levels. 21 Blake Ives Charles T. Bauer Chair of Business Leadership University of Houston Year 1978 1970 1969 Degree PhD Masters Bachelors Major Management Information Systems Computer Science Management Institution University of Minnesota State University of New York, Albany State University of New York, Albany Biography Blake Ives holds the C.T. Bauer Chair in Business Leadership at the Bauer College of Business at the University of Houston. He is past Director of the Information Systems Research Center and immediate past Director of Research for the Society for Information Management’s Advanced Practice Council. Blake is also Past President of the Association for Information Systems, a Fellow of the Association for Information Systems, and a past Editor-in-Chief of the MIS Quarterly. Ives is one of eight faculty at the University of Houston listed in ISI’s Highly Cited archive. ISI reports over 2,000 citations to his work, while Google Scholar identifies over 7,000 citations, including teen of his peer reviewed articles that each been cited over 200 times. He is on the editorial board of six journals including Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery and, as Senior Editor, the MISQ Executive. 22 Robert J. Kauffman Professor of Information Systems Associate Dean (Research) Deputy Director, SMU-Carnegie Mellong Living Analytics Research Centre (LARC) School of Information Systems Singapore Management University Year Degree Major Institution 1988 1985 1977 Carnegie Mellon University Carnegie Mellon University University of Colorado, Boulder PhD Industrial Administration Masters Systems Science Bachelors Psychology Biography Robert J. Kauffman is currently a Visiting Professor of Information Systems and Strategy at the School of Information Systems and the Lee Kong Chian School of Business at Singapore Management University, where he serves as Associate Dean of Research, and Deputy Director of the Living Analytics Research Center. He also is a Distinguished Visiting Fellow at the Center for Digital Strategies of the Tuck School of Business, Dartmouth College. Previously he served at Arizona State University, the University of Minnesota, New York University and the University of Rochester. He also visited the Research Department of the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, and worked in international banking and finance prior to beginning his academic career. His work has recently appeared in Information Systems Research, IBM Research and Development Journal, MIS Quarterly, the Journal of Management Information Systems, and the Review of Economics and Statistics. 23 Jay F. Nunamaker Jr. Regents Professor and Soldwedel Professor of Management Information Systems, Computer Science, and Communication Director and P.I., The National Center for Border Security and Immigration (BORDERS) Director and founder, Center for Management of Information (CMI) Eller College of Management University of Arizona Year Degree Major Institution 1969 1965 1964 1960 Case Institute of Technology University of Pittsburgh Carnegie Mellon University University of Pittsburgh PhD Operations Research and Systems Engineering Masters Industrial and Systems Engineering Bachelors Industrial Management Mechanical Engineering Biography Dr. Jay Nunamaker is Regents and Soldwedel Professor of MIS, Computer Science and Communication. He is Director of the Center for the Management of Information and the National Center for Border Security and Immigration (BORDERS) at the University of Arizona. Dr. Nunamaker was inducted into the Design Science Hall of Fame, May 2008. Dr. Nunamaker received the LEO Award for Lifetime Achievement from the Association of Information Systems (AIS) at ICIS in Barcelona, Spain, December 2002. He was elected a fellow of the AIS in 2000 and featured in the July 1997 Forbes Magazine issue on technology as one of eight key innovators in information technology. 24 Paul A. Pavlou Professor of Information Systems, Marketing, and Management Stauffer Senior Research Fellow Fox School of Business Temple University Year Degree Major 2004 1999 1998 1998 Institution PhD Information Systems University of Southern California Masters Electrical Engineering University of Southern California Bachelors Electrical Engineering Rice University Management Biography Paul A. Pavlou is a Professor of Management Information Systems, Marketing, and Strategic Management and a Stauffer Senior Research Fellow at the Fox School of Business at Temple University. His research focuses on e-commerce strategy, digital business strategy, and the development of research methods. Paul was ranked first in the world in publications in the two top MIS journals (MISQ and ISR) in 2011 and second in 2010. His research has appeared in MISQ, ISR, JMIS, JAIS, JAMS, CACM, and Decision Sciences, among others. His work has been cited over 2,000 times by the Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) of the Institute of Scientific Information (ISI) and over 8,750 times by Google Scholar. 25 Viswanath Venkatesh Distinguished Professor and George and Boyce Billingsley Chair in Information Systems Department of Information Systems, Walton College of Business University of Arkansas Year Degree Major 1997 1993 1991 Institution PhD Information and Decision Sciences University of Minnesota Masters Information Systems Temple University Bachelors Computer Science and Engineering Bharathiar University India Biography Viswanath Venkatesh, who completed his PhD at the University of Minnesota in 1997, is a Professor and the first holder of the George and Boyce Billingsley Chair in Information Systems at the Walton College of Business, University of Arkansas, where he has been since June 2004. Prior to joining Arkansas, he was on the faculty at the University of Maryland. In addition to presenting his work at universities across the world, he has held many visiting appointments at universities around the world. His research focuses on understanding the diffusion of technologies in organizations and society. For over a decade, he has worked with several companies and government agencies in different capacities ranging from a systems engineer to a special consultant to the VicePresident, and has rigorously studied real world phenomena. Recently, he served on an expert panel at the United Nations on the advancement of women. 26 James C. Wetherbe Robert Stevenson Chaired Professor of Information Technology Jerry S Rawls College of Business Texas Tech University Year Degree Major Institution 1976 Texas Tech University 1973 1971 PhD Management Information Systems, Organizational Behavior and Computer Science Management Masters Management Information Systems Bachelors Management/Systems Analysis Texas Tech University New Mexico State University Biography Ph.D. in Management Information Systems, Organizational Behavior, and Computer Science with over 40 years experience in academia and industry. Experience includes professorial and administrative positions in higher education including the Universities of Minnesota, Memphis, Houston, and Texas Tech; and management positions with computing, energy, and consulting companies. Rated as one of the top 20 consultants and lecturers on MIS by Information Week, also ranked as one of the 20 most influential scholars in the field. Co-recipient of the first MIS Quarterly Distinguished Scholar Award, author or co-author of 33 books (including multiple editions) and widely published in top journals with over 7,500 citations. Brought in over $15 million in funded research during academic career. Served on the Board of several major corporations including Best Buy and CIBER. Honored as Distinguished alumnus of Texas Tech and New Mexico State Universities and in the Hall of Fame of New Mexico State University. 27 Andrew B. Whinston Professor of Information Systems and Economics Hugh Roy Cullen Centennial Chair in Business Administration Director, Center for Research in Electronic Commerce McCombs School of Business The University of Texas at Austin Year Degree Major Institution 1962 1960 1957 PhD Masters Bachelors Carnegie Mellon University Carnegie Mellon University University of Michigan Biography Andrew B. Whinston is the Hugh Roy Cullen Centennial Chair in Business Administration, Professor of Information Systems, Computer Science and Economics, John Newton Centennial IC2 Fellow, and Director of the Center for Research in Electronic Commerce at The University of Texas at Austin. He is editor of the journals Decision Support Systems and Organizational Computing, and Electronic Commerce, and co-author or co-editor of 23 books and over 250 articles. Recent research interest is the area of electronic commerce. 28 Robert Zmud George Lynn Cross Research Professor Emeritus Price College of Business University of Oklahoma Year Degree Major 1974 1970 1968 Institution PhD Management University of Arizona Masters Management Information Systems Massachusetts Institute of Technology Bachelors Aerospace Engineering University of Virginia Biography Robert Zmud is George Lynn Cross Research Professor Emeritus in the Michael F. Price College of Business at the University of Oklahoma. He is a recipient of: the AIS LEO Award, fellow awards by DSI, AIS and INFORMS Information Systems Society; and, the OCIS (Academy of Management) Lifetime Service Award. He has served as EIC of MISQ, as SE with ISR, OS, JAIS, and MISQE, and as ICIS General Chair (1994) and Program Chair (1986). He holds a Ph.D. from the University of Arizona, a M.S. from MIT, and a Bachelors of Aerospace Engineering from the University of Virginia. 29 Vladimir Zwass Gregory Olsen Endowed Chair and University Distinguished Professor of Computer Science and Management Information Systems Fairleigh Dickinson University Year Degree Major Institution PhD Computer Science Columbia University Masters Electrical Engineering Bachelors Biography Dr. Zwass holds a PhD in Computer Science from Columbia University. He is the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Management Information Systems, a leading journal in the field. He is also the Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Electronic Commerce, the top-ranked scholarly journal in the area of E-commerce. The series of Advances in Management Information Systems monographs, of which Dr. Zwass is Editor-in-Chief, aims to codify the knowledge and the research methods in the MIS domain. Vladimir Zwass is the author of six books, of which the most recent is Foundations of Information Systems. He is also the author of a number of papers in various journals and book chapters, including sections of the Encyclopaedia Britannica. His foundational publications center on organizational memory and electronic commerce. 30