
 Observed by taste, sight,
Page 12sound, touch, smell
Physical
Property- A
 The substance is not
property that
chemically changed to a new
can be observed
substance when you observe
a physical property
with the senses,
without altering
or destroying the
object
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES




Color
Luster – shiny, dull
Odor – describes the smell
State of Matter – solid, liquid, gas


aka: Phase of Matter
Texture – rough, smooth
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
 Mass – describes how much
material is in an object
Tool: triple-beam balance
 Volume – describes how much
space the object takes up
Tools: ruler or graduated
cylinder (water displacement)
 Density – describes how much
mass is in the objects’ volume
Formula: Density = mass ÷
volume
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
Buoyancy –
describes if the
material will float in
water
 Sinks = not buoyant
 Floats = buoyant
Magnetic – if the material
attracts other metals
 Paramagnetic- attraction to
magnets
 transition metals, rare earth metals,
actinides
 Diamagnetic- repulsion to
magnets
ARCHIMEDES
 Task: Determine whether King
Hiero's goldsmith was replacing
gold with a cheaper metal
during the manufacture of a
gold wreath crown.
 First Idea: Melt the irregularly
shaped crown and crush it into
a cube shape, calculate the
volume, compare to the mass;
find density!
 Problem: King does not
approve—“Solve the problem
without damaging the crown!”
 Baf fled, Archimedes took a
bath and observed the rise of
water—he thought he could
calculate the volume of the
gold crown by water
displacement!
 Archimedes Principle
 An object immersed in a fluid
experiences a buoyant force
equal to the weight of the fluid it
displaces
 Determines the volume of an
object with an irregular shape
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Malleable – if the
material can be
pounded, rolled, or
bent into a new
shape
Ductile – if the
material can be
pulled or
stretched into a
rope or wire
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES- PG 12 Boiling Point(phase transition)
Freezing Point- (phase
temperature a
transition) temperature a
substance goes
substance goes from
from liquid to gas
liquid to solid
Melting Point- (phase
transition) temperature a
substance goes from
solid to liquid; Freezing
point = melting point
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
Solubility- ability to
dissolve or be
dissolved
Conductivity- ability to
transmit heat, electricity,
or sound
Chemical propertyone that indicates
how a substance
reacts with
something else
The substance is
chemically
changed to a new
substance when
you observe a
chemical property
 ADD MORE EXAMPLES:
 oxidation (able to react with
oxygen)
 apple slices to turn brown
 iron rusts
 heat of combustion
 reactivity with water
 pH
 flammability (able to catch fire)
 toxicity (able to be poisonous)
 radioactivity (spontaneously
emitting energy)
 sensitivity to light
 causes newspaper to turn
yellow)
When elements are
arranged in order
of increasing
atomic number,
their physical and
chemical properties
show a periodic
pattern.
HOMEWORK: PKT 9 PAGE 12 -- ELEMENT
INVENTORY: ELEMENTS & COMPOUNDS USED IN
EVERYDAY LIVING
 Find examples of at least  There are many names
4 different elements and which you will not
recognize—look for
compounds listed in the
ingredients list on foods, element names within the
name of the chemicals—
cleaners, household
do not just choose “Iron”
items, etc.
Common Name
Red Powerade
Red Powerade
Chemical Name
Magnesium chloride
Magnesium chloride
Element Name
Magnesium
Chlorine
Symbol
Mg
Cl
Red Powerade
Red Powerade
Red Powerade
Potassium citrate
Calcium chloride
Potassium phosphate
Potassium
Calcium
Phosphorus
K
Ca
P
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES LAB- PAGE 13
 Experiment with describing
physical properties of
various elements
 Different element at each
table
 4 minutes per rotationcounterclockwise
 Put all objects (elements,
magnet, calculator, rulers)
back in tray before leaving
 Take ALL personal
belongings with you to next
station
 Table available for extra
items you don’t want to
carry!
 Color- not “copper”
colored
 Classification- use PT
 Volume- use ruler
 cm 3
 Density = m/v
 Buoyancy- take
element to water trays
in back
 Magnetic- do not
break magnet in half!
 Malleable- do not
destroy my elements,
if they bend, they are
malleable!
FINISH LAB STATIONS: PAGE 13
CONCLUSION QUESTIONS: PAGE 14
ACC: CALCULATING % ERROR
…FOR DENSIT Y…
|calculated value – accepted value| x 100 = % error
accepted value
Element
Nitrogen
Accepted Value for
Density (g/cm3)
0.001145 g/cm3
Aluminum
Zinc
Tin
Iron
2.70 g/cm3
7.14 g/cm3
7.265 g/cm3
7.87 g/cm3
Nickel
Copper
Lead
8.90 g/cm3
8.96 g/cm3
11.3 g/cm3
BELLWORK:
1. Vinegar, lemons, and
THURSDAY 3/15/12 green apples have a sour
taste and they are acidic
IT…
1. What do
vinegar,
lemons, and
green apples
have in
common?
2. What do soaps,
shampoo, and
detergents have
in common?
2. You may have accidentally
tasted soapy water,
shampoo, or detergents
and noted that all of these
cleaning agents have a
bitter taste and are basic.
ACIDS & BASES- PAGE 15
Ion– an atom that carries
a charge because it has
lost or gained an electron
Atom with more electrons than
protons – the atom becomes more
negatively charged
An atom with more protons than
electrons – the atom becomes
more positively charged
The more electrons an atom gains
or loses, the more negative or
positive it becomes.
CationAnion“Paws”itively
A Negative ION ;
charged ion;
gained
lost electrons electrons
 The letter t in cation looks like a
positive plus sign +: ca+ion
Ex: Hydrogen (H)
can be a cation
because it easily
loses its one
valence electron
to become H+
Ex. Element X as
a cation: X +
Ex: Chlorine (Cl)
can be an anion
because it
easily gains an
electron to
become stable
as ClEx. Element X
as an anion: X -
ACID
A substance which when added to
water produces hydrogen ions [H + ]
 The strength of an acid is based on the
concentration of H+ ions in the solution.
The more H + the stronger the acid.
Characteristics of Acids:
 Taste sour
 React strongly with metals (Zn + HCl)
 Strong acids are dangerous and can burn
your skin
Examples of Acids:
 Vinegar
 Stomach Acid (Hydrochloric Acid- HCl)
 Citrus Fruits
BASE
A substance which when added to
water produces hydroxide ions [OH - ]
 The greater the concentration of Hydroxide
ions [OH -] the stronger the base. Ex. NaOH
(Sodium Hydroxide-a strong base) in water
Basic solutions are called alkaline
Characteristics of Bases:
 Taste bitter
 Feel slippery
 Strong bases are very dangerous and can
burn your skin
Examples:
 lye (Sodium Hydroxide- NaOH)
 Ammonia
WHAT DO YOU THINK HAPPENS WHEN YOU
ADD AN ACID TO A BASE?
When acids and bases are combined, a process
called neutralization occurs
The acids and bases chemically react to create
water (a neutrally charged substance) and a salt
+
HCl + NaOH H2O + NaCl
HOW CAN YOU TELL
THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN AN ACID
AND A BASE?
pH Scale- “Potential for Hydrogen” Scale;
measures acids and bases
 0 = pure acid
 7 = neutral substance
 14 = pure base
Litmus paper- indicator paper that changes colors
to tell whether a substance is an acid or a base
 Acids - turn the paper a shade of red/orange
 Bases - turn the paper a shade of blue/green
ACIDS VS. BASES (PH SCALE)
 Acids are materials
that have a higher
concentration of H+
ions
 They are measured
from 0-6.9 on the
pH scale
Bases are materials with
a lesser concentration of
H + ions, and a greater
concentration of OH - ions
They are measured from
7.1-14 on the pH scale
PERIODIC TABLE
CROSSWORD PUZZLES-
PACKET 9, PAGES 1819
 Finish filling in the
crossword puzzles at the
end of the packet!
 Do your best from what you
know, and use the periodic
table and process of
elimination to figure out
the rest!
 Due when you turn in your
PACKET 9 next TUESDAY!
(3/20)
BELLWORK: FRIDAY 3/16/2012
What is the charge of an 1.
electron?
2.
2. If an atom gains an
electron, what happens
to the charge of that
atom?
 What is it called?
 Write Chlorine (Cl) after
gaining an e’
3.
3. If an atom loses an
electron, what happens
to the charge of that
atom?
 What is it called?
 Write Sodium (Na) after4.
losing an e’
4. What would you call a
substance with the same
amount of H+ and OHions?
1.
Negative
More negative charge- makes
the atom negative
 Negative Ion = Anion
 Cl -
Lose negative charge- makes
the atom positive
 Positive Ion = Cation
 Na +
Neutral!
ACIDS & BASES LAB
1. They will protect from any
chemicals splashing up
into your eyes or on your
body.
1. Why is it important to
keep your goggles and2.
lab apron on at all
times?
2. Why is it important to
use lots and lots of
water if you
accidentally spill an
acid or a base on your
skin/in your eyes?
Water is usually neutral
(pH 7). Adding lots of
water to the acid or base
will neutralize any of the
corrosive material that
has gotten on your skin,
and will dilute the
strength of the acid or
base so that it will not
burn or irritate you.
ACIDS AND BASES LAB- PAGE 16






Goals/Objectives
Steps through Lab
NOW: Make Predictions
on Data Table
Completing the data
collection chart
Conclusion Questions
Extension Questions
Work in pairs
14 stations



NaOH and HCl with
Mrs. Cole

1 ½ minutes at
each station


Stay at your station
Take tray with you to
each station
Only 1 drop/substance
Record pH values of
the substances


Time’s up? Move
quickly and quietly
to the next station



Stay on chair-less side
of table
Change aprons at
halfway point
ACIDS AND BASES
CONCLUSION QUESTIONS
1. Why do you think you were
asked to include HCl and NaOH
in a test of household products?
2. Lemons and oranges have
nearly the same acidity and pH.
Why might it be easier to eat an
orange than a lemon?
3. What did you notice about the
pH of distilled (purified) water
vs. tap (sink) water? Why is
there a difference?
4. Why do you suppose that most
body fluids (i.e. saliva, blood,
tears) have a pH that is
neutral/almost neutral?
EXTENSION QUESTION- DUE TUESDAY 3/20
 Take home 1 strip of litmus paper and, paying
close attention to the safety warnings on each
substance, test the pH of liquid substances in
your cupboards and cabinets. Fill in the chart and
tape or glue your litmus strips in the appropriate
column, when they are dry.
 Tear the strip into 6 pieces
 Do tests for 6 items
Name of
Substance
Tested
What is the
substance used
for?
Results: pH
Results:
acid/neutral/
base
 ACC ONLY: Design an experiment similar to the one
Litmus Paper
completed in class to determine the pH values for
solid household substances, such as: antacid tablets,
uncoated aspirin tablets, salt, sugar, dishwashing
detergent, etc. Write the procedure for how you
would conduct this experiment.