Review
8000BCE - 1914
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Russia
Czar Nicholas II
Worker revolt throughout the empire
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Displayed British superiority in E. Asia
Constructed by a private company
All iron gun boat
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Trade imbalance established
Result of the first Opium War
Agreement that opened ports to the Opium
trade and gave Hong Kong to Britain
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South Africa
Fought against the Boers
Shaka led this society
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United States victorious
White Man’s Burden
Explosion on the USS Maine
Cuba freed and US takes the Philippines
Teddy Roosevelt is the hero
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West Africa
British idea
Place for recaptives
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Japan
Mid-19th Century
Commodore Matthew Perry
Plan to industrialize and modernize
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Urbanization
Assembly line production
Spread by railways
British the first
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Vast
Multicultural and multilingual
Limited transportation
Limited warm water ports
serfdom
Slow to modernize
Lack of modern weaponry
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Plan of industrialized nations
Expansion
Colonization
Ex. Scramble for Africa
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Black Sea
Russia started it
Sick man of Europe in trouble
French and British to the rescue
Russia loses… lack rail lines and modern
military
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New World
British Colonies
Enlightenment ideas
French and Indian War (7 Years War)
No taxation without representation!
Liberty!
Ended in 1783
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France
Changes Egypt and South Africa and inspires
revolution in Latin America
1799-1815
Emperor
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European
Caused labor shortage in New World
Blisters on the skin
Paved the way for Cortes and Pizarro
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China
Qing
Called for the Boxer Rebellion
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British in India
Rule over India
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Up and coming superpower of the 19th C
Threw Europe out of Balance
Otto Von Bismarck
1871
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Cotton
British protectionism
S. Asian disunity
Mechanization of British Labor
S. Asians return to agriculture
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Gain and control colonies
Control of a commodity
Silver or gold primarily
Hoarding to prepare for conflict
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South Africa
After the Napoleonic wars
Escape British Rule
Boers traveling north
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Men as hunters
Men as traders and warriors
Men as head of family
Societal Structure
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Yellow
Indus
Nile
Where we find the earliest agricultural societies
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Sumer
Babylonians
In present day Iraq
“between the rivers”
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Fertile crescent goats
Typically nomadic
Horse peoples on the Asian steppe
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Sumer
Sparta
Maya
Political structure: independent cities that had
their own legal and social structure
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Minoans
Hittites
Shang
Ancient Egypt
Age that predated the Iron Age
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Ancient King of the Akkadians
Law codes based on class
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Carthage
Sea People
Alphabet
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Connected Egypt to interior of Africa
Ruled Egypt in 9th C… the “Black Pharaohs of
Egypt”
Lived south of Egypt and had key cities such as
Meroe
People of the bow
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Inhabited the Aegean
Bronze Age civ
Flush toilets
Probably ruled over the Mycenaean's from
their capitol of Knossos on Crete
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Spread of ideas
Spread of diseases
Spread of… well, everything
Ex: Bantu language and culture spread from W.
Africa to all reaches of sub-Saharan Africa
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Assyrians
First to initiate were the Hittites
An age that first started with the Mycenaens
Democratized metallurgy… but an age
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Macedonian
Father was Phillip II
Educated by Aristotle
Conquered Persia, but died and opened the door
for the Maurya Empire (Chandragupta Maurya
may have met him)
Hellenized Persia
Started the Greek Hellenistic Age
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Greek colonization of Persia and the
Mediterranean
Ex: Rome adopts Greek mythology
Ex: Greek influences in the Middle East
“Like Greece”
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Before 600CE
Empires with strong militaries and centralized
governments
All defeated by peoples from the Asian Steppe
Han, Rome, Maurya and Gupta
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Kingdom, Republic, Empire
Italy
City-state that grows to conquer most of
Western Europe and the Mediterranean
Split in two
Defeated by barbarians
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Network on the Roman Lake
Carthage and Rome attempt to control it
Key reason for the spread of the Black Death to
Europe
Ottoman’s and Venetians vie for control
Battle of Lepanto was largely due to this
network
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Rome vs Phoenicians…
Phoenician Carthage, that is
2nd one found Romans running from Hannibal
and his elephants
Third war Rome devastated Carthage
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Adopted heir of Julius Caesar
Octavian
First emperor of Rome
More stringent laws and focus on family values
Ushers in the Pax Romana
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Ushered in by Augustus
Roman Peace
Empire had expanded enough to create buffer
states that provided security for citizens and
merchants
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Greek city-state
Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
Early democracy
Defeated the Persians at Marathon
Eventually Persians burn this city to the
ground… but then rebuild it.
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Persian vs. Greek
Athenian victory
Angers Persia
Darius, then Xerxes forms a Massive army in
an attempt to defeat the Greeks
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Founder may have met Alexander
Power Vacuum left by Alexander may have led
to the rise of the Maurya
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First peoples to settle Europe
Settled a land called Gual
Eventually will make their way North to
Ireland
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Continuation of norms in China
From Shang to Zhou to Qin to Han to Sui to
Tang to Song…
Probably the main reason that the fall of
Western Europe was so much worse on the
region than the fall of the Han in China
Round and round she goes…
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Dynasty constantly at war
Spring and Autumn period (don’t be fooled,
kingdoms were warring)
Warring States period (kingdoms banded
together to form states and kept on fighting)
Confucius, Laozi, and Legalism, Oh my!
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United China (of course it all falls apart a few
more times)
Shi Huangdi (self-proclaimed first emperor of
China)
Dynasty that followed Zhou
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Strong centralized government
Bureaucrats placed in high positions
Strong military to defend their northern
frontiers
Founded by Liu Bang
Dynasty that followed the Qin
Pressure from Xiongnu (called Huns by some)
led to their downfall
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Indo-Europeans made their way into northern
India and started this period
Time of the Vedas (Rig Veda)
Sanskrit developed from combining Aryan and
Dravidian languages
Beginning of Hinduism and birth of the Caste
system
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India
Reinforced by Hinduism… especially
reincarnation
Rejected by Buddhism
Class system
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Earlier known as Byzantium
City on the Bosporus
First Roman Christian City
Justinian had the Hagia Sophia (Church of
Holy Wisdom)
Taken by the Ottomans and renamed Istanbul
Founded by Constantine
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Jew forced to leave (Northern Kingdom, Israel,
destroyed by Assyrians in 722BCE, Southern
Kingdom, Judah, destroyed by Babylonians in
586BCE).
Merchants travel abroad to make their fortunes
in the Indian Ocean
Africans brought to the New World and to
areas of the Middle East
Means dispersion
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Split in Christianity
East vs. West
Question that caused the split: Who should be
head of the church?
Eastern Orthodox vs. Roman Catholic
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Looks Greek
Starts in Constantinople
Emperor is political and religious head
Kiev takes on this form of Christianity, which
will continue East into Russia
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Classical Empire
India
Theater State
Defeated by White Huns
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From the Asian Steppe
Pastoral nomads
Pushed German tribes into Europe
Attila
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During and after the fall of Rome
People groups entering Europe at the end of
the Classical Age
Changed the culture and structure of Europe:
from Latin to German
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Americas (Mesoamerica)
Mother Culture
Big Heads
Were-jaguars and sacrifices
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Belief system in China
The Way
Harmony between humanity and nature
Founded by Laozi
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Roman Citizen
Spread Christianity
Successfully set up churches in cosmopolitan
Rome
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Another response to the constant fighting
during the Zhou
Ideas embraced by the Qin
Men need strict laws and strict leaders to
function well in society
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Belief system with origin in the Middle East
Dualism
Covenant between Hebrew people and God
Abraham is the patriarch
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China
Response to Warring States Period
Social Harmony
Created strict social hierarchy
Examination system was based on these ideals
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India
Polytheism
Aryan origins
Based on a mix of Aryan and Dravidian beliefs
along with the Vedas
Spread through India, into Sri Lanka and to
S.E. Asia
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Indian Origin
Response to Caste System and reincarnation
Rejected by India
Spread along the silk routes to SE Asia and E.
Asia
Rejected by the Tang Dynasty
Founder: Siddhartha Gautama
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Middle Eastern Origin
During the Roman Empire
Paul and others spread this belief system
through the Eastern Mediterranean
Branches: Roman Catholicism, Eastern
Orthodox and later Protestantism
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Middle Eastern Origin
Arabian Peninsula
Mecca
Founder: Muhammad
Spread through Anatolia, N. Africa and Spain
in the 7th and 8th Centuries
Spreads across the Indian Ocean
Acheh Sultanate
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Eastern Mediterranean
Eastern Roman Empire
Justinian and Theodora
Defeated the Muslims in 717
Influenced Kiev, then Russia
Fell in 1453 to Mehmet II (the Conqueror)
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Eastern Roman Emperor
Regained N. Africa and Rome
Plague ravaged his Empire
Wife was a former “dancer”
He as a jerk (Nika Riots, caused by heavy
taxation, ended in the slaughter of the rebel
leaders)
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Trade Network
Becomes the most important trade network in
the 8th C.
Engines of trade were India and China
Trade entrepots found throughout
Trade Diasporas
Arabic becomes the dominant trade language
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Pastoralists
Opened trade from E. to W.
Extended the silk routes
Allowed for diffusion of goods, technologies
and disease
Conquered or controlled most of the people in
Eurasia
Established the Yuan Dynasty
Defeated by Japan…twice
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Social hierarchy
Middle Ages Europe
15th C. Japan
knights=samurai
Pyramid Structure
Begins to die in Europe following the Black
Death
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Language
Trade language
East African Coast
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Began in China
Weaponized by Song
Utilized effectively by Mongols
Brought to Europe by Mongols
European enhancement in this gave them an
upper hand throughout the world
Saltpeter, charcoal, sulfur
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China
Capital Chang’an
Tributary states
Empress Wu (bodhisattva)
Rejection of Buddhism
After Sui, before Song
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Empire in West Africa
Means land of gold
Captured by the Arabs
Becomes predominantly Muslim
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Followed Ghana
West Africa
Mansu Musa
Great trade City: Timbuktu
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Mahayana Buddhism
Empress Wu of the Tang
Buddhists who stay behind to help others find
nirvana
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China
Great manufacturing capacity
Defeated by the Mongols
Followed the Tang
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Trade city
Avoided the pitfalls of other European cities
during the “Dark Ages”
Monopolized trade flowing into Europe
Chief competitor was the Ottoman Empire
City in Italy (the armpit of Italy)
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Dynasty in China
Paper money
Reunited China (once again)
Strengthened the economy
Founded by Kublai
Mongol Dynasty in China
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Created his empire in the Middle East
Followed in the shadow of the Mongols
Emerged from a “power vacuum”
Claimed to be a descendent of Genghis
Defeated the Delhi Sultanate
Laid the groundwork for the Mughal Empire
Had a bad leg
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China
Defeated the Mongols
Kicked out the Yuan
Sent Zheng He to the Indian Ocean on huge
treasure junks
Defeated by the Manchu
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Mexican people
Migrated south to Lake Texcoco
Chief god was huitzilopochtli
Capital: Tenochtitlan
Used chinampas for agriculture
Blood sacrifices were a part of life
Defeated by Cortes
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India
Followed the power vacuum left by the Gupta
Brought Islamic rule to India
Initially brutal, but later benign
Defeated by Timur
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After the fall of Rome
Trade and power shifts towards the Middle
East and Asia
Indian ocean becomes most important trade
network
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Rebirth
…of Classical Age
Muslims …Scholars in Baghdad save GrecoRoman writings
Florence, then North
Da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo, the Medici
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Traveler
Moroccan
Dar al Islam
May have made it to the Chinese Court (but
probably not)
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Northern Europe
Raiders
Reached height during the 9th C
Settled parts of E. Europe, Normandy in France
and parts of present day UK
Located and inhabited Iceland
Found the Americas (Newfoundland)
Eirik the Red
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Diffusion
Mongols and Caffa blamed
Yersina Pestis
It is the rat’s fault!
1/3 of Europe wiped out
Gave peasants more power
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Mongols
Merchants could travel safely
Wars on the Asian steppe halted
Mongol Peace
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Areas of Islam
Home of Islam
Areas where Ibn Battatu traveled