Portland Community College, Sylvania Campus
BI 232 Lab
Supplemental Package
1
PCC-Sylvania BI 232 Laboratory Supplement
1. Upon entering the laboratory, please locate the exits, fire extinguisher, eyewash station, and
clean up materials for chemical spills. Your instructor will demonstrate the location of fire
blanket, safety kit, and showers.
2. Read the general laboratory directions and any objectives before coming to lab.
3. Food and drink, including water, are prohibited in laboratory. This is per Federal laboratory
guidelines and per College Safety Policy. Do not chew gum, use tobacco products of any kind,
store food or apply cosmetics in the laboratory. No drink containers of any kind may be on the
benches.
4. Please keep all personal materials off the working area. Store backpacks and purses at the rear
of the laboratory, not beside or under benches. Some laboratory spaces have shelving in rear for
this purpose.
5. For your safety, please restrain long hair, loose fitting clothing and dangling jewelry. Hair ties
are available, ask your instructor. Hats and bare midriffs are not acceptable in the laboratory.
Shoes, not sandals, must be worn at all times in laboratory. You may wear a laboratory apron or
lab coat if you desire, but it is not required.
6. We do not wish to invade your privacy, but for your safety if you are pregnant, taking
immunosuppressive drugs or who have any other medical conditions (e.g. diabetes,
immunological defect) that might necessitate special precautions in the laboratory must inform
the instructor immediately. If you know you have an allergy to latex or chemicals, please inform
instructor.
7. Decontaminate work surfaces at the beginning of every lab period using Amphyl solution.
Decontaminate bench following any practical quiz, when given, and after labs involving the
dissection of preserved material.
8. Use safety goggles in all experiments in which solutions or chemicals are heated or when
instructed to do so. Never leave heat sources unattended: hot plates or Bunsen burners.
9. Wear disposable gloves when handling blood and other body fluids or when touching items or
surfaces soiled with blood or other body fluids such as saliva and urine. (NOTE: cover open cuts
or scrapes with a sterile bandage before donning gloves.) Wash your hands immediately after
removing gloves.
10. Keep all liquids away from the edge of the lab bench to avoid spills. Immediately notify your
instructor of any spills. Keep test tubes in racks provided, except when necessary to transfer to
water baths or hot plate. You will be advised of the proper clean-up procedures for any spill.
11. Report all chemical or liquid spills and all accidents, such as cuts or burns, no matter how
minor, to the instructor immediately.
12. Use mechanical pipetting devices only. Mouth pipetting is prohibited.
Students who do not comply with these safety guidelines
will be excluded from the Laboratory
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Safe Disposal of Contaminated Materials
 Place disposable materials such as gloves, mouth pieces, swabs, toothpicks and paper towels that have
come into contact with blood or other body fluids into a disposable Autoclave bag for
decontamination by autoclaving. This bucket is not for general trash.
 Place glassware contaminated with blood and other body fluids directly into a labeled bucket of 10%
bleach solution. ONLY glass or plastic-ware is to be placed in this bucket, not trash.
 Sharp’s container is for used lancets only. It is bright red. When using disposable lancets do not
replace their covers.
1. Properly label glassware and slides, using china markers provided.
2. Wear disposable gloves when handling blood and other body fluids or when touching items or surfaces
soiled with blood or other body fluids such as saliva and urine. (NOTE: cover open cuts or scrapes with a
sterile bandage before donning gloves.) Wash your hands immediately after removing gloves.
3. Wear disposable gloves when handling or dissecting specimens fixed with formaldehyde or stored in
Carosafe/Wardsafe.
4. Wear disposable gloves when handling chemicals denoted as hazardous or carcinogenic by your
instructor. Read labels on dropper bottles provided for an experiment, they will indicate the need for
gloves or goggles, etc. Upon request, detailed written information is available on every chemical used
(MSDS). Ask your instructor.
5. No pen or pencil is to be used at any time on any model or bone. The bones are fragile, hard to replace
and used by hundreds of students every year. To protect them and keep them in the best condition, please
use pipe cleaners and probes provided instead of a writing instrument.
a. Probes may be used on models as well. The bones are very difficult and costly to replace, as are the
models and may take a long time to replace.
6. At the end of an experiment:
a. Clean glassware and place where designated. Remove china marker labels at this time.
b. Return solutions & chemicals to designated area. Do not put solutions or chemicals in cupboards!
7. You cannot work alone or unsupervised in the laboratory.
8. Microscopes should be cleaned before returning to numbered cabinet. Be sure objectives are clean, use
lens paper. Place objectives into storage position, and return to the storage cabinet. Be sure cord has been
coiled and restrained. Your instructor may require microscope be checked before you put it away. Be sure
it is in assigned cupboard.
9. Please replace your prepared slides into the box from which they came (slides and boxes are
numbered), so students using them after you will be able to find the same slide. Before placing slides in
box, clean it with Kimwipes if it is dirty or covered with oil. If you break a slide, please, inform you
instructor so the slide can be replaced. Please be aware that there is hundreds of dollars worth of slides in
each box and handle the boxes with care when carrying to and from your workbench.
10. Be sure all paper towels used in cleaning lab benches and washing hands are disposed of in trash
container
provided.
Students who do not comply with these safety guidelines
and directions will be excluded from the Laboratory
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Please Read
You are beginning a very intense laboratory course. Before you come to class you will
want to review what the study focus is for that day’s lab. This is important because you will be
liable (tested) for the information listed in your study guide and manual. There are lists of
terms that you are required to know, as well as tables and diagrams. These are testable as well.
If there are slides listed in the study guide then you are also liable to identify these structures
under the microscope on quizzes or on practicals. There will also be various models that are
available in the classroom which will be used in the tests. It is up to the student to identify the
structures on these models. Remember, majority of your practicals will be on these models.
Please do not think that you will be able to look at the pictures in the book and do well on
quizzes and practicals. YOU NEED TO SPEND TIME WITH THE MODELS!
Some labs will have exercises that are required. Please make sure that you understand
what was learned in these exercises because these are also fair game to be used for questions
in the tests.
Each lab will start with a 10 point quiz. You are required to be in attendance at the
beginning of each lab. You will receive a zero on the quiz if you miss it. There will not be
quizzes on the weeks we have a practical or the week after a practical. If you stay in lab only
long enough to take the quiz and then leave soon after the lab will be counted as a missed lab.
Spelling can account for up to 10% off of your grade so please be careful. Also be aware
of singular and plural usage because these mistakes will count as spelling errors.
Absences: You cannot miss more than two labs and still pass the course. Also you can
only attend another instructor’s class once during the quarter. This must be approved by both
instructors. If you attend another instructor’s lab without permission your quiz will be
automatically thrown out.
There are review sheets at the end of each exercise that we recommend that you do.
You will not receive credit for these pages but they will help you study the material and prepare
for the tests.
Any material found in the lab manual can be used for the extra credit questions.
If you have any questions please contact Marilyn Thomas, Lab Coordinator
(Marilyn.thomas@pcc.edu) Thank you!
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BI 232
Anatomy and Physiology 2
Lab 1:
Exercise 22: The Spinal Cord and Nerves and
Exercise 23: Nervous System Physiology-stimuli and
Reflexes
Today’s Lab Objectives:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Know the major regions in a cross section of the spinal cord and their functions
Know the structure of the longitudinal aspect of the spinal cord
Identify the nerve plexuses
Identify the nerves listed on models
List three things that cause a nerve to be stimulated
Describe reflex arcs
What is monosynaptic and polysynaptic?
Define hyporeflexic and hyperreflexic
Be able to identify structures on models and histology slides if available in lab.
Longitudinal Aspect of the spinal cord:
Conus medullaris
Terminal filum
Cauda equina
Cervical enlargement
Lumbar enlargement
Cross Section of Spinal Cord (be able identify structures on models and slides)
Multipolar neuron cell bodies
*gray matter
*posterior gray horns
*anterior gray horns
Lateral gray horns
*gray commissure
*Central canal
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*White matter
*Tracts (funiculi)
*Anterior column
*Posterior column
*Lateral column
Ascending tracts
Descending tracts
*Posterior median sulcus
*Anterior median fissure
Meninges
Dura mater
Epidural space
Arachnoid mater
Subarachnoid space
Cerebrospinal fluid
Pia mater
Denticulate ligaments
Nerves associated with the spinal cord
Anterior (ventral) root: motor
Posterior (dorsal) root: sensory
Posterior (Dorsal) root ganglion
Spinal nerve (mixed)
Intervertebral foramen
Anterior ramus (mixed)
Posterior ramus (mixed)
Nerve Structure
Nerves (PNS) (be able to id on microscope)
Endoneurium
Perineurium
epineurium
Spinal Nerves and Plexuses
Spinal nerves (31) mixed
8 pairs cervical nerves
12 pairs thoracic
5 pairs lumbar
5 pairs of sacral nerves
1 pair coccygeal
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Plexuses
Cervical
Phrenic
Brachial
Radial
Median
Ulnar
Musculocutaneous
Axillary
Lumbar
Femoral
Obturator
Sacral
Sciatic (branches into the tibial and common fibular)
Communicating rami
Sympathetic ganglion
Sympathetic chain ganglion
Thoracic Nerves
Fundamental properties of neurons
Excitability
Conductivity
Saltatory propagation in myelinated
Reflexes
Spinal reflexes
Cranial reflexes
Reflex arcs
Receptor
Afferent (sensory) neuron
Integrating center (brain or spinal cord)
Efferent (motor) neuron
effector
Somatic reflex
Example: ___________________________
Visceral or autonomic reflex
Example: ___________________________
Polysynaptic reflex arc
Example: ____________________________
Monosynaptic reflex arc
Example: ____________________________
Hyporeflexic
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Hyperreflexic
Stretch reflexes
Muscle spindle
Practice patellar, triceps and biceps brachii reflexes, calcaneal reflexes on partners
Are these reflexes somatic or visceral?
Are these reflexes spinal or cranial?
Practice eye reflexes
Is this reflex spinal or cranial?
Which cranial nerves are tested with this test?
Plantar response (babinski reflex)
Is this reflex Spinal or cranial?
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Lab 2
Exercise 21: The Brain and Cranial Nerves
Quiz #1: spinal cord and reflexes
Objectives
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Name the three meninges of the brain and their location relative to one another
Name the main structures of each of the four regions
Know the main function of the listed structures in the brain
Trace the path of CSF through the brain
Know the major blood vessels that take blood to or from the brain
Structures that cannot be see on the models in lab may be tested with pictures
Major Brain Regions
Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Brain Stem
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata
Cerebellum
Meninges
Dura mater
Periosteal layer
Meningeal layer
Falx cerebri
Arachnoid mater
Subarachnoid space
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Pia mater
Blood Supply to the Brain
Vertebral arteries
Internal carotid
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Basilar artery
Arterial circle (circle of Willis)
Venous sinuses
Superior sagittal sinus
Inferior sagittal sinus
Internal jugular veins
Ventricles of the Brain
Lateral ventricles
Choroid plexuses
Interventricular foramina
Third ventricle
Mesecephalic (cerebral) aqueduct
Fourth ventricle
Hydrocephaly
Central canal
*Cerebrum
Gyri
Precentral gyrus
Function: ____________________________________________________
Postcentral gyrus
Function: ____________________________________________________
Sulci
Central sulcus
Fissures
Falx cerebri
Frontal lobe
Functions: ___________________________________________________
Parietal lobe
Functions: ___________________________________________________
Occipital lobe
Functions: ___________________________________________________
Transverse fissure
Temporal lobes
Functions: ___________________________________________________
Lateral sulcus
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Cerebral Hemispheres
Longitudinal fissure
Left and right cerebral hemispheres
Corpus callosum
Septum pellucidum
Tracts
White matter
Basal nuclei (basal ganglia)
Functions: ____________________________________________________
Diencephalon
Thalamus
Functions: ______________________________________________________
Hypothalamus:
Functions: ______________________________________________________
Pituitary gland (may be removed)
Functions: ______________________________________________________
Connected to brain by the ____________________________
Mammillary bodies
Functions: ______________________________________________________
Epithalamus
Pineal Gland
Functions: ______________________________________________________
Optic chiasm
Function: _______________________________________________________
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Brainstem
Medulla oblongata
Functions: ______________________________________________________
What is meant by “Decussation of the pyramids”? ______________________
Pons
Functions: _______________________________________________________
Midbrain (mesencephalon)
Cerebral peduncles
Corpora quadrigemina
Superior colliculi
Functions: _________________________________________
Inferior colliculi
Functions: _________________________________________
Cerebellum
Functions: ______________________________________________________
*Cerebellar cortex
Arbor vitae
Folia
Vermis (midline band)
Cranial Nerves (be able to identify on models and know their specific functions)
I
Olfactory
Sensory
II
Optic
Sensory
III
Oculomotor
Motor (mainly)
IV
Troclear
Motor (mainly)
V
Trigeminal
Both
VI
Abducens
Motor (mainly)
VII
Facial
Both
VIII
Vestibulocochlear
Sensory
IX
Glossopharyngeal
Both
X
Vagus
Both
XI
Accessory
Motor (mainly)
XII
Hypoglossal
Motor (mainly)
Be able to give both name and number
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
should be able to identify these on histology slides
Lab 3:
Exercise 20:
Introduction to Sensory Receptors
Quiz 2: Brain and CN
Objectives:
1. List the major receptor types in the body
2. Define adaptation to a stimulus
3. Define referred pain
Terms to understand:
Punctate distribution
Modality
Receptors (know the modalities of each of the following)
Photoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Proprioreceptors
Pain receptors (nociceptors)
Mechanoreceptors
Baroreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Tonic receptors
Phasic receptors
Touch Receptors (Know functions)
*Meissner corpuscles
Merkel discs
*Pacinian (lamellated) corpuscles
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Do the following tests (Make sure that you understand the tests because may be questions on quizzes
and practicals concerning your understanding of the test results)
Two-Point Discrimination Test
Warm and Cool Receptors
Map Temperature Receptors
Map light-tough receptors
Adaptation to Touch
Locating stimulus with Proprioception
Temperature Judgment
Referred pain
Exercise 26: Eye and Vision
Objectives:
1. Identify major structures listed on eye models
2. Identify the six extrinsic muscles of the eye and the Cranial nerves that innervate
them
3. Describe the function of the rods and cones of the eye
4. Determine the near point of the eye
5. Define the near point of the eye
6. Demonstrate the Snellen vision tests and those for accommodation, color
blindness and astigmatism
External Features of the Eye
Pupil
Iris
Sclera
Cornea
Lateral and medial commissure
Extrinsic Eye muscles (know direction eyes turn)
Lateral rectus – CN VI- (abducens)
Medial rectus – CN III (oculomotor)
Superior rectus –CN III (oculomotor)
Inferior rectus – CN III (oculomotor)
Inferior oblique – CN III (oculomotor)
Superior oblique -- CN IV (trochlear)
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Lacrimal apparatus
Lacrimal gland
Nasolacrimal duct
Lacrimal sac
Interior of the Eye
Conjunctiva
Anterior cavity
Anterior chamber
Posterior chamber
Aqueous humor (produced by ciliary body)
Venous sinus (canal of Schlemm)
Iris
Circular muscles of iris
Radial muscles of iris
Pupil
Posterior Cavity
Vitreous body (Vitreous humor)
Tunics
*Fibrous layer
Sclera
Cornea
*Vascular layer (Uvea)
Choroid
Ciliary body
Iris
*Neural layer
Optic Nerve (CN II)
Pigmented epithelium
retina
*Photoreceptor cells
Rods and cones
*bipolar cells
*ganglion cells
Macula lutea (yellow spot)
Fovea centralis
*should be able to identify these on histology slides
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Lab activities
Dissection of sheep or cow eye (these can be used for testing purposes)
Do the following Vision tests:
Visual tracking exercise
Which cranial nerves are being tested?
Determine your near point
Measurement of the distribution of rods and cones
Measure binocular visual field
Measurement of Visual acuity (Snellen Test)
Astigmatism test
Ophthalmoscope
Pupillary reaction
Color blindness
Afterimages
Determination of the blind spot
Make sure that you understand these tests because questions may be asked on the quizzes and
practicals
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Lab 4:
Exercise 25 & 27
Ear, Hearing and Equilibrium and Taste and smell
Quiz 3: Vision & sensory receptors
Objectives:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Identify structures of the outer, middle, and inner ear
Describe the structure of the cochlea
Perform conduction deafness tests, such as the Rinne and Weber tests
Compare dynamic and static equilibrium and the structures involved in their perception
Explain how mechanical sound vibrations are translated into nerve impulses
What are the two major chemoreceptors located in the region of the head?
Identify a taste bud on a slide
Know the functions of listed structures
Anatomy of the Ear
Outer Ear
Pinna (auricle)
Helix (elastic cartilage)
Earlobe
Auditory canal
Middle Ear
Tympanic membrane (border between outer and middle ear)
Tympanic cavity
Ossicles
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
Auditory tube (Eustachian tube)
Inner Ear
Bony labyrinth
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Perilymph
Membranous labyrinth
Endolymph
Cochlea (hearing)
Oval window
Round window
*Scala vestibule (vestibular duct)
*cochlear duct (scala media)
*scala tympani (tympanic duct)
*vestibular membrane
*basilar membrane
*tectorial membrane
Vestibule
Utricle
Saccule
Maculae
Otoliths
Semicircular Ducts (inside canals)
Ampulla
Crista ampullaris
Cupula
Do the following tests and make sure that you understand them:
Weber Test
Rinne Test
Bing Test
Sound location
Postural Reflex test
Barany’s Test
nystagmus
Romberg Test
What cranial nerve is being tested in these tests?
Taste and Smell
Chemoreception
*taste buds
Supporting cells
Taste cells
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Taste pores
Gustation (taste)
Olfactory bulbs (ID on brains)
Cribriform plate
*must be able to identify these structures on the microscope
Do the following tests and make sure that you understand them:
Taste Determination of solid materials
Mapping the Tongue for taste receptors
Olfactory bulbs (ID on brains)
Olfactory reflex
What cranial nerve causes this?
Visual cues in smell interpretation
Olfactory discrimination
What cranial nerves are innervated?
Adaptation to smell
Taste and olfaction tests
Lab Practical I will be next week (Week 5)
The practical will cover all the material covered in the package for the
last 4 weeks of lab
75 questions
Models
Microscopes
Images
Also this week:
Instructors will determine 4 student volunteers who will be testing
their blood glucose levels in week six!
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Lab 6
Endocrine System Exercise 28
No Quiz
Objectives:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
List the major endocrine organs of the human body
Name the hormones produced by these endocrine organs
Discuss how the secretions of the endocrine glands differ from exocrine glands
Identify endocrine organs in histological slides
Identify endocrine glands and organs on models in lab
Do glucometer experiment and be able to discuss the outcomes
Endocrine system
Hormones
Exocrine glands
Sweat, salivary, ovary, testes, pancreatic acini
Anatomy of the major endocrine organs
Pineal gland
Melatonin
Function:
Hypothalamus and pituitary gland (hypophysis)
infundibulum
*Anterior lobe (adenohypohysis)
Intermediate lobe (part of the anterior lobe)
Melanocyte stimulating hormone
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Function:
Growth hormone (GH)
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Function:
Prolactin (PRL)
Function:
Gonadotropins:
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Function:
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Function:
Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)
Function:
*Posterior Lobe (neurohypophysis)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Function:
Oxytocin
Function:
*Thyroid Gland
*Follicle cells
Thyroid hormone (T3 & T4)
Function:
*Colloid
*Parafollicular cells
Calcitonin
Function:
*Parathyroid glands
*Chief cells
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Function:
*Thymus
Thymosin
Function:
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Heart:
Natriuretic peptides
Function:
*Pancreas
Pancreatic islets
Glucagon (alpha cells)
Function:
Insulin (beta cells)
Function:
Delta cells
Function:
*Adrenal Glands
*Zona glomerulosa
Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
Function:
*Zona fasciculata
Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Function:
*Zona reticularis
Sex hormones (androgens and estrogens)
Function:
Glucocorticoids
*Adrenal Medulla
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Function:
Kidney
Erythropoietin
Function:
Calcitriol
Function:
Gonads
*Testes
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Testosterone
Function:
Inhibin
Function:
*seminiferous tubules
*interstitial cells
Nurse cells
Sperm
*Ovaries
Estrogen
Function:
Progesterone
Function:
*Oocyte
*Follicle
*stroma
Detection of hormones:
Was Luteinizing hormone (LH) detected on samples? _____________________
What does a raised level of LH represent on a sample? _______________________
Make sure that you understand the results of the Glucometer exercise.
*must be able to identify these structures on the microscope
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Lab 7
Exercise 29 & 30: Blood & Blood tests and typing
Quiz 4: Endocrine system
Lab Objectives:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Distinguish among the various formed elements of blood and their functions
Know the major components of plasma
Determine the percent of each type of leukocyte in a differential white cell count
Know the significance of an elevated level of a particular WBC and what it may indicate about a
disease state or an allergic reaction
Determine the antigens present in a particular ABO blood type
Know the antibodies present in a particular ABO blood type
Relate Rh-positive or Rh-negative blood to antigens present
Correlate hematocrit with erythrocyte counts
Know the universal donor and universal receiver and why
Blood
Plasma
Water (90%)
Proteins: (Know what they do)
Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen
Ions
Nutrients
Hormones
Wastes
Blood cells
*Erythrocytes
Hemoglobin
*Platelets (thrombocytes)
Megakaryocytes
Leukocytes
Granular leukocytes
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*Neutrophils
*Eosinophils
*Basophils
Agranular leukocytes
*Lymphocytes
B cells
Plasma cells
Antibodies
T cells
Cell-mediated immunity
Natural killer (NK) cells
*Monocytes
Macrophage
Differential Leukocyte Count
Determine differential leukocyte count and compare your cell count with normal values
Neutrophils (60-70%)
% in your sample _________________________
Cause for increase ____________________________________________
Eosinophils (2-4%)
% in your sample _________________________
Cause for increase _______________________________________________
Basophils (0.5-1%)
% in your sample _________________________
Cause for increase ______________________________________________
Lymphocytes (25-33%)
% in your sample _________________________
Cause for increase ______________________________________________
Monocytes (3-8%)
% in your sample __________________________
Cause for increase ______________________________________________
Leukopenia
Leukemia
Blood Typing
Antigens (agglutinogens)
Type A
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Type B
Type AB
Type O
Antibodies (agglutinins)
Transfusion reactions
Rh factor
Rh-positive
Rh-negative
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
What is your blood type? _______________________________
Hemoglobin concentration
What was your hemoglobin concentration? _______________
Is this within normal range? _________________
Hematocrit
Polycythemia
Anemia
Genetics of ABO blood types:
There are 4 blood group phenotypes that occur in the ABO system:
Phenotype
O
A
B
AB
Genotype
OO
AA, AO
BB, BO
AB
A Punnett Square can be used to help determine potential children. Place one parent’s blood type
across the top and the other parent’s downward, then fill out the combinations.
Fill out the following Punnet squares:
1. Parents: dad is AB & mom is AO
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2. Parents: dad is BO & mom is AO
3. Which blood type is the universal donor? Why?
4. Which blood type is considered the universal recipient?
5. Could two parents have a child with Type O blood and a child with Type A blood?
6. Could two parents have a child with Type O blood and a child with Type AB blood?
7. What parental genetics are needed to yield a child with Type O blood?
*must be able to identify these structures on the microscope
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Lab 8
Exercise 27: Structure of the Heart and
Exercise 32: Electrical conductivity of the Heart
Quiz 5: Blood
Objectives
1. Identify the three layers of the heart wall
2. Find and name the anatomical features on models of the heart and in the sheep heart
3. Describe the blood flow through the heart and the function of the internal parts of the
heart
4. Know the functioning of the atrioventricular valves and the semilunar valves and their
role in circulating blood through the heart
5. Be able to read an electrocardiogram (waves and intervals)
6. Distinguish between systole and diastole
7. Associate the P wave, QRS complex and T wave of an ECG with electrical events that
occur in the heart
Heart Wall
Mediastinum
Fibrous pericardium
Parietal pericardium
Pericardial cavity
Serous fluid
Serous pericardium (epicardium)
*Myocardium
Endocardium
Endothelium
Overview
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Exterior of the Heart
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Apex
Base
Aorta
Pulmonary trunk
Interventricular sulcus (groove)
Anterior interventricular sulcus
Anterior interventricular artery
Great cardiac vein
Posterior interventricular sulcus
Posterior interventricular artery
Middle cardiac vein
Auricles
Atrioventricular sulcus (groove) (coronary sulcus)
Right coronary artery
Left coronary artery
Circumflex artery
Great cardiac vein
Coronary sinus
Major vessels
Pulmonary arteries
Ligamentum arteriosum
Ascending aorta
Pulmonary veins
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Aorta (ascending, arch, descending)
Interior of the Heart
Interventricular septum
Interatrial septum
Fossa ovalis
Foramen ovale
Pectinate muscles
Right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve)
Chordae tendineae
Papillary muscles
Trabeculae carneae
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Left atrioventricular valve (Bicuspid valve or mitral valve)
Also has chordae tentineae and papillary muscles
Aortic semilunar valve
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Electrical Conductivity of the Heart
Terminology
Systole
Atrial systole
Ventricular systole
Diastole
Atrial diastole
Ventricular diastole
Sinoatrial (SA) node
Pacemaker
Atrioventricular (AV) node
Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)
Right and left bundle branches
Purkinje (conduction) fibers
Electrocardiograph (ECG)
Electrocardiogram (ECG, or EKG)
P wave
QRS complex
T wave
Analysis of the ECG
Irregularities in Heart Rate
Tachycardia
Bradycardia
PR Intervals (normally about 0.16 second)
Heart blocks
QRS complex (normally about 0.08-0.10 second)
Right or left bundle branch block
QT interval (normally 0.30 second)
Cardiac Arrhythmias
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Lab 9
Exercise 34: Introduction to Blood Vessels and Arteries of the
Upper Body
Exercise 35: Arteries of the Lower Body
Exercise 36: Veins and Special Circulations
Exercise 38: Blood Vessels and Blood Pressure
Quiz 6: Heart structure and Conductivity of the heart
Lab Objectives:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Be able to identify layers of blood vessels on microscopes and models
Be able to distinguish between arteries, veins and capillaries
Identify the arteries and veins listed on models in the lab
Distinguish the systemic circulation from the pulmonary circulation
Describe the major digestive organs and vessels that supply blood to the hepatic portal vein
Describe the pathway of fetal circulation and discuss how it varies from the adult circulation
General Circulatory Patterns
Pulmonary circulation
Pulmonary trunk
Right and left pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Systemic circulation
Cross Sections of Arteries and Veins
*Tunica externa (tunica adventitia)
Vaso vasorum
*Tunica media
Smooth muscle (thicker in arteries)
Elastic fibers (large arteries)
*Tunica interna (tunica intima)
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Endothelium (simple squamous epithelium)
Inner elastic lamina (in arteries)
*Valves (only found in veins)
Know the difference between arteries and veins
Aortic Arch Arteries
Brachiocephalic trunk
Right common carotid
Right subclavian artery
Left common carotid
Left subclavian
Descending aorta
Thoracic aorta
Intercostal arteries
Abdominal aorta
Arteries that feed the upper extremities
Axillary
Brachial artery
Radial
Palmar arch arteries
Digital arteries
Ulnar
Palmar arch arteries
Digital arteries
Arteries of the Head and Neck
Vertebral arteries
Basilar
Circle of Willis
Common carotid arteries
External carotid (face)
Facial
Temporal
Maxillary
Occipital
Internal carotid (brain)
Abdominal arteries
Abdominal aorta
Celiac artery (celiac trunk)
Splenic artery
Left gastric artery
Common hepatic artery
Superior mesenteric artery
Renal arteries
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Gonadal arteries
Inferior mesenteric
Common iliac arteries
External iliac arteries
Femoral artery
Posterior and anterior tibial arteries
Fibular (peroneal artery)
Tibial and fibular arteries anastomose in the foot and supply blood to
Plantar arteries
Dorsal pedal artery
Digital arteries
Internal iliac arteries
Pelvic region
Veins of the Upper Extremities
Digital veins
Palmar arch veins
Major superficial veins
Basilica vein
Cephalic vein
Median cubital vein
Deep veins of the forearm
Radial vein
Ulnar vein
Brachial veins
Basilic vein
Axillary
Cephalic
Subclavian
Brachiocephalic veins (union of internal jugular and subclavian veins)
Superior vena cava
Veins of the Head and Neck
Internal Jugular vein
External jugular vein
Vertebral vein
Temporal veins
Occipital vein
Facial vein
Veins of the Lower extremities
Plantar venous arch
Dorsal venous arch
Anterior tibial vein
Great saphenous vein
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Small saphenous vein
Posterior tibial vein
Popliteal vein
Femoral vein
Deep femoral vein
External iliac vein
Veins of the Abdomen and Pelvis
Internal iliac vein
Common iliac vein
Inferior vena cava
Renal veins
Gonadal veins (right takes blood to IVC and left takes blood to left renal vein
Hepatic Portal Circulation
Inferior mesenteric vein
Splenic vein
Gastroepiploic vein
Superior mesenteric vein
Hepatic portal vein
Liver
Hepatic vein
Thoracic Veins
Intercostal veins
Azygos vein
Hemiazygos vein
Fetal Circulation
Placenta
Umbilical vein
Umbilical cord
Ductus venosus
Inferior vena cava to right atrium
Foramen ovale
Pulmonary trunk
Ductus arteriosus
Aortic arch (bypassing the lungs)
Systemic arteries
Internal iliac arteries
Umbilical arteries
Fossa ovalis
34
Blood Pressure
High blood pressure (hypertension)
Acute
Chronic (know causes)
Atherosclerosis
Low blood pressure (hypotension)
Sphygmomanometer (blood pressure meter)
Category
Hypertension
Hypotension
Systolic
Diastolic
Calculate your lab partners BP:
Sitting or lying down:
Immediately standing:
With exercise:
Be able to describe why these are different?

Be able to identify on histology slides
Lab 10 – Practical #2
The practical will cover all the material discussed in the last 4 weeks of lab
 75 questions
 Models
 Microscopes
 images
 Timed stations
 Any materials found in this guide can be on the practical
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