Lecture 6: Notes
Arrangement and Invitational Speech: Chapters 2 and 7
I.
Arrangement
A. Organization vs. Arrangement
1. Performance
2. Not like a machine
3. Ethos/pathos/logos like primary colors for art
a. Speech is a work of art
b. Has multiple layers (palimpses)
i.
Narrative arrangement (generic expectations)
ii.
Logical organization (argument structure)
iii.
Strategic organization (audience interests)
iv.
Emotional arrangement (psychological effects)
B. Skeletal Substructure
1. Intro
2. Body
3. conclusion
C. Verbal palette
1. Genre (epideictic, forensic, deliberative)
2. Argument pattern (problem, solution, chronological)
3. Prose (figure, periodic structure, composition)
4. Voice (rhythm, tone, inflection)
i.
Repetition (example) Lucy Stone, feminist, National Women’s Rights
Convention using the rhetorical device of irony (“the disappointed woman”)
ii.
Makes the idea of the “disappointed woman” that feminists were women
who could not get married or become mothers, or weren’t very good at it.
Stone makes “the disappointed woman” the subject of her speech. She
owns it and changes it to fit her argument. She is disappointed because of
the opportunities that have been denied to her. And she is not the only one.
iii.
It is the motif of her speech. She moves from the particular to the general.
Then she moves from description of a situation to a movement for change
of the situation.
D. Chapter 7 is Awesome (covers all of the following)
1. Beginnings (The Introduction)
i.
176-185 (ex. Analogy…)
ii.
Umbrella revolution compared to war of independence
iii.
Tips:
a. prepare the body first
b. keep the intro concise but potent
c. study the textbook for ideas,
d. calculate how your intro will affect your audience (leads to the only
piece of advice that he has for the body of the speech)
2. Body
i.
What kind of indelible experience do you want your audience to have when
they think back on your speech?
ii.
Work backwards from there.
3. Endings: one of the hardest skills in public speaking
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
Summarize
Quote someone
Making a personal reference
Challenge the audience
Offer a Utopian vision
Never end with “this is the end”
Ending as a beginning to--- Moving the audience to a decision/ calling
people to action
4. Transitions
i.
Beats that give the speech a logical flow and propel it forward
ii.
What is it that makes the next part of the speech follow logically from the
one preceding it?
iii.
Quote from Zarevsky : dynamic movement of both speaker and listener
depends on the connections that the speaker provides
a. Internal summaries
b. Links
c. Internal preview
d. Thematic transitions (all 3 of the above- most complex)
iv.
Transitions as mapping—speech as journey. Transitions as joints on the
map. 24:30 good examples of transitions at this point in the lecture. Speech
as “climb of a mountain”
II.
III.
Invitational Speech
A. Moving your audience to your ideas, moving your appeals to your audience
1. Openness to multiple perspectives
2. Degrees of adherence
3. Seeking transformation
B. Speech #3 highlights from the directions
1. Leans, to bring groups, together
2. Locate the topoi (starting points—start at a place that everyone can accept)
3. Language—I believe, and I’d like you to consider
4. Gestures toward identification, but recognizes the fact that you are not going to get
there all the way. Seeks common ground for partial agreement and may encourage
community in the process.
C. Calibrating language
1. Audience centered speech has situated constraints
2. Speech “will be affected by the current status of the topic in the public forum: what
aspects or issues people are generally considering, which matters are accepted and
uncontested, and which are in dispute, which questions seem central and which
seem peripheral (TB 39)
3. Remain a community with your language. Do not divide with your language—SO
AVOID LOADED LANGUAGE
D. This speech uses ETHOS most of all—character of the speaker
Invitational Speech Pattern- problem solution
A. Intro- Arouse, Dissatisfy
B. Body- Gratify and visualize
C. Conclusion- Move
D. Exemplar: Mary Fisher “The Whisper Speech”
1. Arouse: Convince people that there is a problem (slide 1 of the speech)
i. He gives context for the history of AIDS in 1992 so students understand how
potentially polarizing this topic could be
ii. She uses her ethos as an argument—this is not a gay man’s disease. Because this
could happen to someone like me, it could happen to someone like you.
iii. The Authority of the speaker (slide 2 of the speech)
a. I: she identifies herself as a person with this disease (and identifies with her
audience)
b. I am like: she identifies with people who the audience does not identify with
(and then identifies her audience with the other victims of AIDS)
c. If you think that I do not deserve this disease, then no one deserves this
disease
2. Dissatsify: Convince audience that they should be dissatisfied with their current
response to the situation
i. “because they believe they are in love” GREAT use of language to diffuse the
argument that if kids said no to sex, then they wouldn’t get AIDS.
ii. She doesn’t tell us where she gets her facts, but they are logos
3. Transition: from dissatisfaction to gratification
i. Victims are people and we need to stop thinking that people who are sick deserve
it because they have sinned.—summary
ii. It’s a long transition, but an effective piece of pathos
iii. Trying to create another connection between victims and the audience—they are
deserving of attention
4. LOGOS: reasoning with words
i.
5. Gratify: “want” and “will” (and changes “unprotected sex equals death” to “love
equals death”)
i. Identification and gratification
ii. Pathos that is NOT manipulation is inviting others to inhabit our space
6. Visualize: help your audience to see what the world will be like with/without the
solution you are endorsing
i. Vivid language
ii. You language
7. Transition: she moves from vision to speech
8. Move to action: Speak the word—speak up about changes that need to be made to
help people who are victims
IV.
Other pattern… Problem/Solution speech? Need to check on that.
Plan for October 20
a. Girls go and talk about lecture 6 as I fill in gaps
b. Talk about the Mary Fisher speech
1. Watch the speech in its entirety
2. Discuss Monroe’s Motivated Sequence as it applies to the speech
3. Look especially for ways that she uses ETHOS to appeal to her audience
a. Find the language that she uses
b. Break up the speech into parts and look at it
c.
c. I talk about the assignment
d. Rest of the quarter…
a. Midterm on Monday covering lectures 4-6 and the chapters they support which are…???
b. Study guide on Thursday
Calendar:
Thursday, midterm review sheet and computer lab to work on speech (E112)
Monday, midterm and lecture
Wednesday, assign speech days and lecture, audience description due
—possibly work on speech???
Friday, peer edit speech and possibly go to the computer lab
Tuesday, speeches begin
Thursday
Monday
Wednesday
Friday
Tuesday, work on speeches and lecture
Thursday, lecture and work on speeches
Monday, lecture and work on speeches
Thanksgiving
Monday, peer edit speeches (could move a day)
Wednesday, speeches begin or final exam
Friday
Tuesday
Thursday
Monday
Wed/Fri—final exam or last day of speeches