Chapter 6
World History
8 MOTIVES AND MEANS FOR EUROPEAN EXPLORATION
1. Europeans had been attracted to Asia.
2. Marco Polo had written accounts of the Far East.
3. Ottoman Turks reduced the ability of travel by land so
Europeans wanted to gain access to Asia by sea.
4. Merchants wanted to expand trade.
5. They needed spices to preserve and flavor food.
6. The three chief motives were the three G’s: God,
Glory, and Gold.
7. European monarchies increased their power and
resources to make voyages possible.
8. Technology enabled European explorers to make a
series of voyages beyond Europe.
Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460)
• Portuguese prince who sponsored early
voyages of discovery along the west coast of
Africa.
• The son of King John I, he established a
court at Sagres (1419) composed of
cartographers, navigators, shipbuilders, and
seamen.
• Under his direction the Portuguese caravel
was developed, mapmaking was refined,
and other advances important to voyages of
discovery were made.
Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460)
•
•
Though he never sailed himself, Henry
organized the expeditions that
rediscovered the Madeira Islands
(1418), and by degrees ranged
southward along, but never quite
rounded, the Horn of Africa. In 1441
his ship came back laden with gold
dust and slaves, thus providing the
means for financing further
expeditions. To oversee the
burgeoning slave trade, Henry built
the first European trading post
overseas (1448), a fort on Arguin
Island off the Horn of Africa. Later, his
captains rounded Cape Verde (1444)
and voyaged down the coast as far as
present-day Sierra Leone (1460).
The voyages to Africa sponsored by
Henry began the age of discovery, and
laid the foundation for the Portuguese
colonial empire.
Prince Henry the Navigator
Bartholomeu Dias (1450?-1500)
• The first European to
see the stormy Cape of
Good Hope at the
southern tip of Africa.
• He was one of the
great Portuguese
seamen who helped
find the southeastern
water route between
Europe and Asia.
Bartholomeu Dias
Bartholomeu Dias (1450?-1500)
•
As a youth Diaz entered the hazardous gold and ivory trade along the African Gold Coast and
rose to the rank of captain. At this time the Italian cities were growing rich on their trade with
India and the Far East. Portugal and other European nations were eager for a share of this trade.
However, the Italians controlled the Mediterranean, which was the chief trade route to the East.
The Portuguese dreamed of finding an all-water route around Africa. The groundwork was laid
by Prince Henry, who had sent ships on voyages down the African coast (see Henry the
Navigator). Exploration continued under his nephew, King John II. When Diogo Cam (or Cao)
returned to Portugal with word that he had sailed past the mouth of the Congo River, John
planned to send another expedition to sail even closer to the southern end of the continent. He
chose Diaz to lead the venture. With two caravels and a storeship Diaz left Lisbon in August
1487. He sailed straight from Cape Palmas to the mouth of the Congo, then kept close to the
coast until he reached Cabo da Volta (present-day Luderitz). About New Year's Day 1488 a gale
hit his ships and blew them southward, past the southernmost tip of land. After 13 days he
managed to turn east, but found no sheltering shore. Turning north, he sighted Mossel Bay,
beyond the Cape of Good Hope. Unknowingly and out of sight of land, he had rounded the cape.
Almost at the entrance to the Indian Ocean, Diaz' crew, weary and afraid, virtually forced him to
turn back. On the return voyage he charted the southern waters, and in May 1488 he saw the
Cape of Good Hope for the first time (see Cape of Good Hope). Diaz called it Cabo Tormentoso-"stormy cape." Diaz was welcomed home in December 1488. The task that he began was
completed ten years later by Vasco da Gama, who sailed around the Cape of Good Hope and on
to India (see Gama). Diaz supervised the building of Da Gama's ships. In 1500 Diaz sailed as one
of the captains in a large fleet headed by Pedro Alvares Cabral (see Cabral). Their destination
was India, but they made a wide sweep into the South Atlantic and touched on the shores of
Brazil. Then they headed southeastward and encountered fierce storms. Four ships went down,
and all on board, including Diaz, were drowned.
Vasco da Gama (1460-1524)
• Portuguese navigator
who first made the sea
voyage from Europe to
India. His voyage and
the trade it opened up
with India provided the
foundation for the
Portuguese Empire.
Vasco da Gama
Vasco da Gama (1460-1524)
•
•
Chosen by King Manuel I to find a route to India, he sailed
with four ships in 1497. He rounded the Cape of Good
Hope (already explored by 1488) and after enduring both
storms and mutinies he reached Calicut in India (1498).
He subsequently commanded a fleet of 20 ships on a
second voyage to India (1502-03). This time he founded
the Mozambique and Sofala colonies on the African coast
and, after leading a naval attack, established Portuguese
rule over Calicut. Sent to India as a viceroy in 1524, he
died soon after his arrival.
Alfonso de Albuquerque (1453-1515)
•
•
Portuguese viceroy of the
Indies (1506-15), a principal
founder of Portugal's empire
in the East. As viceroy, he
conquered Goa in India
(1510) and made it a center
of Portuguese power.
He went on to conquer other
eastern territories, including
Ceylon and Melaka on the
Malay Peninsula which was a
thriving port for the spice
trade. He twice took Ormuz
(1507, 1515) to control the
Arab spice trade.
Alfonso de Albuquerque
Melaka
•
•
•
•
Thriving port for the spice trade on the Malay Peninsula.
It was important to the Portuguese to destroy Arab control
of the region and it was also used as a weigh station.
Melaka is the capital of Melaka, a state of Malaysia. Melaka
lies on the southwest coast of the Malay Peninsula, 125
miles (201 kilometers) northwest of Singapore.
Melaka lies in an area that produces pepper, rice, and sage.
In the 1400s, the city became the most important port in
Southeast Asia. The Portuguese captured the city in 1511.
The Dutch seized Melaka in 1641, and the British gained
control of the city in 1824. Melaka is no longer a major
Asian port.
• The Spanish established an overseas empire that
was quite different from the Portuguese trading
posts.
• The Spanish had greater resources and a higher
population.
Christopher Columbus (1451-1506)
• Genoese navigator in
the service of Spain,
credited with the
discovery of America in
1492. It was not until
1492, however, that
the Spanish monarchs
Ferdinand and Isabella
agreed to support his
venture.
Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus (1451-1506)
•
•
He left Spain (August 3, 1492)
with three ships, (the Santa
Maria, Nina, and Pinta) and
landed on the island of San
Salvador in the Bahamas on
October 12, 1492, just over two
months later.
Believing he had reached islands
east of Japan, he briefly
explored the Caribbean,
including the coastline of Cuba
and the island of Hispaniola, and
then returned to Spain later in
October.
Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus (1451-1506)
•
Three other voyages followed (1493, 1498, 1502), on which he discovered other Caribbean islands and reached the South American coast. Unable to
adequately administer the Spanish colony in the New World he was removed as governor (1500), and died shortly after his disastrous fourth voyage
(1502-04).
o At dawn on Aug. 3, 1492, the three ships hoisted anchor in the Palos harbor and got under way. Only three days out of Palos, the Pinta lost its
rudder and the Nina's lateen rig proved unsuitable. Columbus had planned to stop at the Canary Islands only long enough to load fresh
provisions and water, but he extended his stay to install a new rudder on the Pinta and square rigging on the Nina. On September 9 the three
ships left the Canaries and spread their sails. Steady trade winds from the northeast drove them on their course due west. As they sailed
westward, Columbus kept two records of progress. One was the distance he thought they had actually traveled. The other was a much shorter
estimate that he showed the crew to quiet their fears at being so far from home. The false record was nearer to the actual mileage than the
secret one. Columbus' mistakes were common to the times. His navigation instruments were crude, and, like most captains, he had little practice
in their use. For the most part the passage was smooth and the winds were steady. As the days passed, however, the men could not see how
they could sail home against winds that had blown them steadily west. About midway in the voyage the seamen noted that the compass varied
to the west of true north. They were familiar with the easterly variation in the Mediterranean, but this change was new and fearful (see
Compass, Magnetic). A falling meteor and the thick-growing plants of the Sargasso Sea increased their fears. On October 8 and 9 the men were
ready to rebel. Columbus had to agree to turn back if land was not sighted within three days. On October 11 the Pinta fished up a piece of
bamboo, a pole, a board, and a stick that seemed to have been shaped by tools. At 10 PM Columbus himself thought he saw lights. At 2 AM on
October 12, Rodrigo de Triana, a seaman aboard the Pinta, cried loudly the first sight of the New World. The voyage from the Canaries had taken
33 days.
o The little Spanish fleet had sailed among the Bahama Islands. Columbus named the first land sighted San Salvador (probably now Watling Island).
Its Indian name was Guanahani. The ships' boats were put over the side and Columbus, accompanied by officers and crewmen, landed. With
them they carried the royal banners of Ferdinand and Isabella. They were met by a band of curious but peaceful natives. The Spaniards knelt on
the sand and gave thanks to God for the safe and successful voyage. Then, while the natives watched, Columbus took possession of the island in
the name of the rulers of Spain. The crewmen, delighted with the rich and unexpected discovery of this island, begged Columbus' forgiveness for
their disobedience. The natives were friendly and helpful. Columbus, believing San Salvador to be an island of the Indies, called them Indians. At
once the men began trading with the Indians, offering hawks' bells and glass beads for the Indians' ornaments. Sailing on, Columbus stopped at
islands he named Santa Maria de la Concepcion (now Rum Cay), Fernandina (Long Island), and Isabela (Crooked Island). He then sailed south to
the north coast of Cuba. He named this island Juana. Everywhere he asked the Indians where gold could be found. On Dec. 6, 1492, he reached
the north coast of Hispaniola. Previously he had found small trinkets of gold, but here the natives told of a gold mine in the interior of the island.
Early Christmas morning the Santa Maria went aground off Cap Haitien. Before it could be worked off, its bottom was so badly torn that the ship
had to be abandoned. From its timber Columbus built a small fort, La Navidad. The sailors, excited by stories of gold, begged to be left as
colonists. Columbus selected 39 to stay.
Line of Demarcation
• This line extended from north to south
through the Atlantic Ocean and the
easternmost part of the South American
continent. Unexplored territories east of
the line would be controlled by Portugal,
and those west of the line by Spain. This
was according to the Treaty of
Tordesillas.
Line of Demarcation
•
•
Line of Demarcation was an imaginary line drawn by Pope Alexander VI to settle land
claims. The line was drawn in 1493, after Christopher Columbus returned from his first
voyage to the Americas. The pope hoped it would prevent disputes between Spain and
Portugal over new lands discovered by Spanish and Portuguese explorers. The line ran
from north to south about 350 miles (563 kilometers) west of the Azores and Cape Verde
Islands. It barely touched the east coast of the South American mainland, which had not
yet been discovered by Europeans. Spain was permitted to claim land to the west of the
line, and Portugal could claim land to the east of the line. Neither nation found this
settlement satisfactory. So the next year Spain and Portugal moved the line west to a
point about 1,295 miles (2,084 kilometers) west of the Cape Verde Islands, by the Treaty of
Tordesillas. This agreement later supported Portugal's claim to territory that is now
eastern Brazil. The line was never surveyed, so its exact location was not determined.
Scholars think that it lay near the 48° west longitude line.
A continuation of the Line of Demarcation around the globe and into the Eastern
Hemisphere gave Portugal the right to claim the Philippine Islands. Spain recognized this
claim in the Treaty of Saragossa in 1529, which set the line 17° east of the Moluccas (Spice
Islands). In later treaties with Spain, Portugal gave up its claim to the Philippines and won
the rest of Brazil. But Portugal and Spain could not secure all the newly discovered lands,
because France, England, and the Netherlands ignored the Line of Demarcation and
claimed territory for themselves.
John Cabot (1450-1498)
•
•
Italian navigator serving
England.
On a voyage of discovery
(1497), he landed at what
may have been Cape
Breton Island and
explored the coastline of
Nova Scotia and
Newfoundland.
Voyages of John Cabot
John Cabot
Amerigo Vespucci (1454-1512)
•
•
•
•
Italian navigator who explored some
6,000 miles of the east coast of
South America, including the
mouths of the Amazon River (1499)
and the Rio del la Plata (1500).
Vespucci realized the New World
was a new continent, instead of a
part of Asia as had been thought.
The name "America" is derived from
his name.
Vespucci also devised a method for
figuring longitude with remarkable
accuracy and calculated the earth's
circumference to within 50 miles of
its true measure.
Amerigo Vespucci
Conquistadors
• Spanish military
adventurers who
led the Spanish
exploration and
conquest of the
New World.
Hernan Cortés (1485-1547)
•
•
Spanish conquistador who
conquered Mexico and the Aztec
Empire (1519-1521).
Spanish conquistador and
conqueror of Mexico (1519-21).
He joined with D. Velazquez in
conquering Cuba (1511), then led
a military expedition into Mexico
to conquer the Aztec empire of
Montezuma for Spain. Setting out
(1519) with 600 men and 16
horses, and ignoring Velazquez's
orders that he return, he burned
his eleven ships on arriving in
Mexico, to prevent his men from
retreating.
Hernan Cortés
Hernan Cortés (1485-1547)
•
After conquering Mayan tribes, he
marched to the Aztec capital of
Tenochtitlan (later Mexico City).
Montezuma received Cortes,
believing him to be the descendant
of an Aztec god; Cortes immediately
took him hostage. After traveling to
the coast to defeat forces sent by
Velazquez, Cortes returned to the
capital to find the Aztecs in revolt. In
a famous battle known as La Noche
Triste ("The Sad Night," 1520),
Cortes suffered heavy casualties.
Returning a year later, he conquered
the city and, with it, the empire. He
was, however, replaced (1526) as
governor of New Spain. He died
(1547) in Spain, disillusioned and
embittered.
Hernan Cortés
Francisco Pizarro (1476-1541)
•
•
Francisco Pizarro
Spanish conquistador who
conquered the Inca Empire
in Peru (1531-1533).
He first went to the New
World in 1509, and
accompanied Vasco Nunez
de Balboa when the latter
sighted the Pacific Ocean
(1513). With Diego de
Almagro, he explored (152226) the west coast of South
America, then returned to
Spain (1528) to prepare for
the conquest of Peru.
Francisco Pizarro (1476-1541)
•
In 1531, with fewer than 200
men, he enticed the Inca
chieftain Atahualpa into his
hands by treachery, extracted
an enormous ransom from
him, and later had him
executed (1533). He then
captured the city of Cuzco, and
the conquest of Peru was
completed. Pizarro founded
Lima (1535). In 1537-38, he
came into conflict with
Almagro and his followers, and
he ordered Almagro beheaded.
Pizarro was later assassinated
by Almagro's followers (1541).
Francisco Pizarro
•
•
•
Encomienda
System for supplying Indian laborers in Spanish colonial
America (16th-18th centuries).
The encomienda (entrustment) specified that a Spanish
settler would receive a certain number of Indian laborers,
in return for which he would protect them and instruct
them in Christianity. The system resulted in great
hardships for the Indians despite attempts at reform (16th
century).
Forced labor through the encomienda system, starvation,
and especially disease took a toll on Native American lives.
80% of Native Americans died due to the arrival of
Europeans.
Columbian Exchange
• The transatlantic trade of crops,
technology, and culture between
the Americas and Europe, Africa,
and Asia that began in 1492 with
Columbus’s voyage.
More Information on Columbian Exchange
Ferdinand Magellan (1480?-1521)
• He led the first expedition
that sailed around the
world, though he died in
route.
• The first European to sail
across the Pacific Ocean
and the first to discover a
route by which ships could
sail a complete circle
around the world,
Ferdinand Magellan was
the Portuguese navigator
for whom the Strait of
Magellan is named.
Ferdinand Magellan
Ferdinand Magellan (1480?-1521)
• The strait, located at the southern tip of South
America, proved to be the long-sought connection
between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Sailing for
the Spanish king Charles I (later Holy Roman
Emperor Charles V), Magellan showed in his
explorations that the Earth is round. He also
established a new route to the riches of the East, a
route that involved sailing to the west.
Ferdinand Magellan (1480?-1521)
•
•
•
Fernao de Magalhaes was born in about 1480, probably in Oporto, Portugal.
(Ferdinand Magellan is the English spelling of his name.) The son of a Portuguese
nobleman, he served with distinction in the Indies and Morocco during his youth.
He felt that he was not sufficiently rewarded for these services, and the
Portuguese king advised him to offer his services elsewhere.
He therefore gave up his nationality and offered his services to the ruler of Spain
in 1517. The Portuguese claimed that all the islands of the Far East lay in the
portion of the Earth assigned to Portugal by Pope Alexander VI (see America,
Discovery and Colonization of). Magellan claimed that many of them, including
the rich Spice Islands, or Moluccas, actually lay in Spain's territory. He said that
the Portuguese maps had been falsified to conceal this fact.
Magellan offered to use his knowledge of Portuguese secrets to prove his claim.
He planned to reach the Spice Islands by sailing westward through a strait that he
hoped to discover at the southern tip of America. The Spanish king finally
accepted Magellan's proposal. On Aug. 10, 1519, Magellan set sail from Seville in
command of five small vessels. He sailed across the Atlantic Ocean and down the
coast of South America until cold weather and winter storms forced him to seek
winter quarters. A mutiny was put down by force.
Ferdinand Magellan (1480?-1521)
•
•
•
•
Sailing again in September of 1520 (spring in the Southern Hemisphere), Magellan's fleet rounded a
promontory, and on October 21 he sighted what he guessed to be the sought-for strait. Two ships went ahead
and reported that the strait led to an ocean beyond. The fleet proceeded. What they had thought to be the
ocean, however, proved to be only a large bay in the strait. At a council with his navigators Magellan decided to
go on. For more than a month he battled his way through the stormy 360-mile (580-kilometer) passage that
now bears his name. One vessel was wrecked, and another sailed back to Spain. Nevertheless, Magellan
insisted on going ahead. On November 28 he reached the ocean that Balboa had discovered seven years
before. Because the ocean now looked so calm, Magellan named it the Pacific. At first the voyage on the Pacific
went well. After a month of sailing, however, terrible hardships struck the fleet. The food ran low, and the
sailors were reduced to eating the leather fittings of the ship. There was a scarcity of drinking water, and many
of the crew died of scurvy. The fleet sailed about 100 days before arriving at the islands that are now called the
Philippines.
At Massava Magellan negotiated Spain's first alliance in the Pacific. At Cebu he converted the king and his chief
followers to Christianity. Magellan sailed from Cebu to the neighboring island of Mactan. There he and his men
became involved in a fight with the natives, and Magellan was killed on April 27, 1521. Under the leadership of
Juan Sebastian del Cano, the sailors burned one of the three remaining vessels and sailed to the Spice Islands.
Another ship started to leak and had to be abandoned. The last remaining vessel, the Victoria, commanded by
Del Cano, set out for home. Leaky but laden with spices, the Victoria rounded the Cape of Good Hope and
dropped anchor in the harbor of Seville on Sept. 9, 1522. After a voyage of slightly more than three years, it had
circled the globe.
Contrary to popular belief, Magellan succeeded in sailing around the world before his death. He did not
encompass the globe on a single voyage, however. On a previous eastbound voyage to the East Indies, he had
gone beyond the longitude of the Philippines. Thus, at the time he was killed, he had already overlapped his
earlier course.
In the history of discovery no name ranks higher than that of Magellan. He opened the Pacific Ocean to new
exploration and trade. John Fiske, the American historian, says: "The voyage thus ended was doubtless the
greatest feat of navigation that has ever been performed, and nothing can be imagined that would surpass it
except a journey to some other planet."
Ferdinand Magellan (1480?-1521)
• By the end of the 16th century new European rivals
had entered the scene for eastern trade. The Spanish
established themselves in the Philippine Islands. At the
start of the 17th century England had established trade
India and Southeast Asia. The Dutch created the East
India Company to compete with England and Portugal.
The Dutch also created the West India Company to
compete with Spain and Portugal in the Americas.
• After 1660, however, rivalry with Britain and France
brought and end to the Dutch commercial empire in the
Americas. By the 1700’s the British had colonized the
eastern seaboard of North America and had set up
sugar plantations in the various islands of the
Caribbean. The French controlled parts of Canada and
Louisiana.
Colony
• A settlement of people living
in a new territory, linked with
the parent country by trade
and direct government
control.
Mercantilism
• A set of economic principles
that dominated economic
thought in the 1600’s.
• According to mercantilism the
prosperity of a nation
depended on a large supply of
bullion.
Bullion
• A bulk quantity of precious
metal, usually gold or silver,
that is usually in bars.
Balance of Trade
•The difference in value
between what a nation
imports and what it
exports over time.
• Cane sugar was introduced to Europe from
Southwest Asia during the Middle Ages.
During the 16th century large agricultural
estates were set up along the coast of Brazil
and on islands in the Caribbean to grow
sugarcane.
• Growing sugar cane demands much labor.
The small Native American population,
much of which had died from diseases
imported from Europe, could not provide
the labor needed. Thus, African slaves
were shipped to Brazil and the Caribbean to
work on the plantations.
Triangular Trade
•A pattern of trade that
connected Europe, Africa
and Asia, and the
American continents.
Triangular Trade
•A pattern of trade that
connected Europe, Africa
and Asia, and the
American continents.
More Information on Triangular Trade
Middle
Passage
• The middle portion of the triangular trade
•
•
•
•
route.
The first shipment of slaves to the Americas
was made by Portugal.
Approximately 10 million slaves were brought
to the Americas.
So many slaves were brought to the Americas
because of the high death rate.
Most of the first slaves were prisoners of war.
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