Animal Structure and Muscle Function
Chapters 40-49
Animal Tissues

Tissues: groups of cells with similar structure that perform a common
function
Types of Animal Tissue:




Epithelial Tissue
 Tightly packed cells used for _____
Connective Tissue
 Cells scattered through an _________________
Nervous Tissue
 _____________ (neurons)
Muscle Tissue
 Fibers for contraction
Epithelial Tissue

Covers outside of body and line _____
________ within the body


Barrier
Polarized cells

Apical surface faces lumen (cavity)
Epithelial Tissue

Cell layers




Simple
Stratified
Pseudostratified
Shape of Cells



Cuboidal
Columnar
Squamous
Simple Squamous

Lines blood vessels and air sacs in lungs

_________

Areas of filtration and diffusion of molecules
Lab Photo
Simple Cuboidal

Line the thyroid, salivary glands, nephrons, ovaries

Specialized for _______
Lab Photo
Simple Columnar

Lines most organs in the ___________


Stomach and intestines
Important for secretion
Lab Photo
Pseudostratified Columnar

Ciliated cells form mucus membrane that
line _____________
Lab Photo
Stratified Squamous

__________ tissue with cells
that regenerate quickly

Outer skin, and linings of mouth,
anus, vagina
Connective Tissue
__________: cells that secrete fiber proteins
Fibers that make up Connective Tissue:
 Collagenous Fibers



Elastic Fibers



Strength and flexibility
Collagen
Elasticity
Elastin
Reticular Fibers


Join connective tissue to adjacent tissue
Collagen
Types of Connective Tissue
Loose Connective Tissue

Binds epithelia to underlying tissue and holds _____ in place

Surrounds blood vessels and nerves
Lab Photo
Collagenous
fibers
Elastic
fibers
Fibroblasts
Fibrous Connective Tissue

Dense tissue made up of collagenous fibers used to attach
____________ (tendons) and bones to joints (ligaments)
Lab Photo
Collagen
fibers
Fibroblasts
Bone

Mineralized connective tissue



___________: bone-forming cells
Osteon
Central canal
Osteon
Central canal
Osteoblasts
Lab Photo
Cartilage

Strong, but flexible tissue that functions in support

______________: cartilage forming cells
Lab Photo
Chondrocytes
Adipose Tissue

____________: cells containing fat droplets that protect
and insulate the body while storing energy reserves
Lab Photo
Fat droplets
Blood

Plasma: liquid, extracellular matrix

__________ (red blood cells)


________ (white blood cells)


Oxygen transport
Immune response
Platelets

Platelets
Leukocytes
Clotting
Erythrocytes
Nervous Tissue

Receive, process, and transmit information

Neurons (nerve cells)




Dendrites
Cell body
Axon
Glia: support and protect
nerve cells
Dendrites
Cell Body
Axon
Muscular Tissue

Responsible for body movement
Types of Muscular Tissue:



Skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth Muscle

__________ (autonomous) control


Digestive tract, bladder, blood vessels
Lacks sarcomeres
Lab Photo
Muscle
fibers
Nuclei
Cardiac Muscle

Contractile wall of heart



Involuntary
Striated
________________
 Synchronize contraction
Intercalated
disks
Lab Photo
Nuclei
Skeletal Muscle

Responsible for voluntary movement

Myocytes: ___________ muscle fibers

Sarcomeres
Lab Photo
Nuclei
Muscle
fiber
Sarcomere
Vertebrate Skeletal Muscle
Multinucleated muscle cells (fibers) made up of
longitudinal bundles (myofibrils)
___________: basic contractile unit of skeletal muscle
 Thick filament


Myosin
Thin filament

Actin
Sliding Filament Model of Muscle Contraction
Thick filaments (myosin)
Thin filaments (actin)
1. Myosin head bound to ATP in lowenergy configuration
2. Myosin head hydrolyzes ATP to ADP,
which causes the head to change to
the high-energy configuration
3. Myosin head binds to Actin at binding
site forming cross-bridge
4. Myosin releases ADP and phosphate,
which returns myosin to the lowenergy position and causes the thick
filament to slide along the thin
filament
5. ATP binds to myosin head causing it
to release from the Actin binding site
Role of Calcium ions in Muscle Function
Tropomyosin: regulatory protein
that covers _______________
when at rest
Troponin complex: regulatory
proteins on tropomyosin with
Ca2+ binding sites
 Cause tropomyosin to _____
when bound to Ca2+
Types of Skeletal Muscle
Oxidative: rely on aerobic respiration
for ATP

__________: oxygen-storing protein
Glycolytic: rely on __________
respiration (glycolysis) for ATP

Fast twitch: rapid, brief, powerful
contractions

Slow twitch: slow reaction, but
longer contraction
Muscles and Skeletal Movement

__________ muscle arrangement
works to extend and contract skeletal
muscle