Prologue to Chapter 10
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Motivation and Emotion
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Why do we do the things we do?
Why do we feel the way we do about events in our
life?
What is “hunger?” Why are many people
overweight? Why do some teenage girls starve
themselves to death in the midst of plenty?
These are the questions of motivation and emotion
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Definitions of motivation and
emotion
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Motivation
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those factors that activate behavior and give it
direction
those factors that make us do what we do and
give our behavior either a positive or negative
direction
psychologists abbreviate the term
“motivation” with the letter “K” (as per Clark
Hull’s work in the 1940s)
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Definitions of motivation and
emotion
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Emotion
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positive or negative feelings
generally in reaction to environmental stimuli
emotion is accompanied by physiological
arousal and related behaviors
examples include love, hate, fear, joy,
loathing, etc.
We will now examine primary motives
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Primary Motives
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Primary motives: biological
needs
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Homeostasis: biological “thermostats”
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homeostasis is a process by which internal
body mechanisms sense biological
imbalances and stimulate action to restore the
proper balances
homeostatic controls exist for hunger, thirst,
body temperature, electrolyte levels, etc.
we will discuss hunger and thirst motives in
detail next
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Primary motive: hunger
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Hunger is the regulation of food intake
There are biological and psychological
regulators operative in hunger
Biological regulation of hunger
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control center located in the hypothalamus
homeostatic monitoring of blood sugar levels;
insulin and glucagon monitoring
rat and cat experiments (surgical ablations)
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Primary motives: hunger
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Specific hungers and homeostasis
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animals deprived of protein, a specific
vitamin, or fat will tend to eat greater
quantities of foods containing that element
when later given a choice
children will, if it is available, eat the
substances they need to have in their diet;
have nutritious snacks available for them
from which to choose and they will eat right
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Primary motives: hunger
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Psychological factors in hunger
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learning affects hunger
emotion affects hunger
incentives affect hunger
social situations affect hunger
commercials, time, and smells all affect hunger
“stimulus control” and dieting: controlling the cues to
eat
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Primary motives: thirst
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Thirst is the regulation of fluid intake
Biological regulation of thirst
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a “drink” and a “stop drinking” center are
located in different sections of the
hypothalamus
homeostatic measurements of blood volume
regulate thirst; as blood volume decreases a
hormone called angiotensin is released by the
kidneys; hypthalamic detection causes thirst
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Primary motives: thirst
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Biological regulation of thirst (cont.)
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cell fluid levels in the body and a dry mouth
are also stimuli which affect thirst
Psychological factors in thirst
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excluding alcohol, it is not as powerful as that
for foods
body is not picky about what fluids, however
fluids that contain addictive substances may
be craved, e.g., coffee, pop, tea, and beer
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Primary motives: thirst
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Psychological factors in thirst (cont.)
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cravings for addictive drinks are not due to
deprivation of required substances (as is the
case in food cravings); drink cravings are
psychological dependencies
social drinking and coffee klatching as cues
for injestion of certain beverages
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alcoholism and social drinkers
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Psychological motives
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Psychological motives
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Psychological motives are motives not
directly related to the biological survival of
the individual or species
Stimulus motivation: Seeking out novel
stimulation
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the Optimum Arousal Theory
the Yerkes-Dodson Law of motivation and
task performance
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Psychological motives
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Affiliation motivation: the drive to be in contact
with others
Achievement motivation: the need for success in
competitive situations
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fear of failure
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failure to try because of fear you might not succeed
fear of success
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snatching defeat out of the mouth of victory because of fear
of success
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Psychological motives
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Solomon’s “Opponent-Process” theory of
acquired motives
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based on a notion of affective contrast and
affective habituation
people acquire habits of doing things that
provide emotional excitement and break up
boredom
Would you hang-glide? Free-fall? Fly a
plane or climb Mount Everest?
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Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
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Intrinsic and Extrinsic
Motivation
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Intrinsic motivation is stimulated by the
inherent nature of the activity itself; by the
process itself and with no external rewards
Extrinsic motivation is stimulated not by
the process itself but by what can be gotten
from doing the activity, e.g., a reward or
recognition or other gain
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Maslow’s “Hierarchy of Needs”
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Lower level needs must be met before
higher level needs will be operative
Maslow: a humanistic psychologist; his
theory is often observed in business
Maslow’s pyramid of ascending needs
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Self Actualization
Esteem Needs
Belongingness Needs
Safety Needs
Physiological Needs
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Emotions
Emotions
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Emotions
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Psychologists have trouble agreeing on a
precise definition of emotions
Three (3) theories of emotions
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the “James-Lange Theory” suggests that an
emotional stimulus produces a bodily
reaction, which them produces an emotional
feeling. The BODY makes the feeling.
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Emotions
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Three (3) theories (continued)
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The “Cannon-Bard Theory” states that an
emotional stimulus simultaneously produces
both the emotional experience and the
physiological arousal; the BODY and the
MIND are influenced together by the
emotion-producing stimulus
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Emotions
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Three (3) theories (continued)
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“Cognitive Theory” suggests that there are
two (2) steps in the cognitive interpretation of
emotion
the interpretation of incoming stimuli from the
environment
 the interpretation of stimuli from the body
resulting from autonomic arousal
 the MIND influences the BODY which then
influences the MIND again...
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Emotions
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Each of these three theories suggests an
approach for dealing with emotions and
therapy in clinical settings
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Do you act your way into a new way of
feeling?
Do you feel your way into a new way of
acting?
Do you feel and act together simultaneously
to resolve emotional difficulties?
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Emotions
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The physiology of emotion and the lie
detector device
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what is a lie detector machine?
how does it work and what does it measure?
can you beat a lie detector machine?
why aren’t lie detectors considered good
evidence in a court of law?
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Emotions
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The role of learning and culture in the
experiencing of emotion
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many psychologists believe that we are born
with basic emotions
comparisons of different cultures reveal that
learning plays an important role in the
experience of emotions and what emotions
we will or won’t have
emotional illnesses by cultures
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Emotions
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Cultural emotional illnesses include:
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Windigo
an emotional illness in far North American Native
Americans
 an irresistable urge to kill and eat your neighbor
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Depression
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Northern Europeans are particularly prone toward
depression
Polynesian fears of the penis growing inward
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Aggression
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Aggression
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The emotional and motivational aspects of
human aggression
Why are we the most violent species?
We will examine several theories
concerning human aggression
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Freud’s “instinct theory”
Dollard & Miller’s “frustration-aggression”
Bandura’s “social learning theory”
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Aggression
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Freud’s “instinct theory”: the release of
aggressive energy
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sex and violence: the source of psychic
energy (the libido)
“catharsis”
Freud suggested that all animals (including
humans) are born with potent aggressive
instincts that must be released in some way
the “sublimation” of aggression
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Aggression
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Dollard & Miller’s “Frustration-Aggression
hypothesis”
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blocked goals cause aggression
aggression is a natural reaction to the
frustration of a blocked goal
theory suggests the inevitability of aggression
is it inevitable that aggression occur and, if
so, what implications for the human race?
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Aggression
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Bandura’s “Social Learning Theory” and
aggression
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aggression is learned by observing others
benefit from aggression
theory posits that aggression is learned and is
not inevitable
sources of observations of violence include
TV violence of many types
are we teaching ourselves to be aggressive?
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Aggression
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Culture and aggression
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according to Richard Nesbitt, socially learned
attitudes may be the basis for the difference in rates
of violence in the United States
love, hate, religion, racism, and war
what about the future now that we have hydrogen
bombs and intercontinental ballistic missles to deliver
megadeath in 30 minutes?
can we learn to be passive and not aggressive?
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Applications of Psychology
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Applications of psychology
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Can we have peace on earth or will we
become extinct?
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what do we teach ourselves?
what must we do to preserve our species from
nuclear annilhilation?
Green Peace vs Red War: can we reprogram
ourselves for a sustainable future?
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Questions?
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Any questions over Chapter 10?
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Test #3 coming up!
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We will have a test over chapters 8, 9, and
10 coming up
Remember to read the chapters, study your
notes, use the study guide, and bring 2 #2
pencils to the class on test day
Remember to have your studyguide
checked BEFORE test day by me or a
proctor
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