The mock will focus on the three
topics below in green
UNIT 1
• Restless Earth
• Living World
• Water On the Land
UNIT 2
• Population Change
• Changing Urban
Environments
• Tourism
Three questions in mock!
30 minutes on each
• Restless Earth
• Living World
• Population
REVISION GUIDES £3 (rrp £5.99)
Please ask Mrs Harris or Mr Baker
Limited
stock left
Exam tips
• Pen (spare)
• Pencil
• Sharpener / rubber
Spellings
Environment
Volcano / Volcanoes
Erosion
Desert
Deciduous
Don’t forget
Look out for questions without lines to write – you may have to draw on maps
/graphs!
Examiners cannot take marks off you – always answer the Q!!
Question 1 – Living World
Destructive? Constructive? Conservative?
Describe the distribution of Volcanoes
Convection currents in the mantle
drive the plates to move!!
DESTRUCTIVE
CONSTRUCTIVE
CONSERVATIVE
Oceanic plate moves
towards continental plate
Two oceanic plates
separate
Oceanic plate subducts
beneath the continental
plate (as it is denser and
more flexible). An ocean
trench is formed.
The two plates separate
leaving a gap between
them.
Two plates move besides
each other (opposite
direction or one faster than
the other.
Friction builds up between
the two plates and causes
earthquakes.
The oceanic plate melts in
the mantle and pressure
increases. This is released
as a volcanic eruption
(composite volcano)
Magma rises from the
mantle and makes its way
between the plates.
This comes out as lava as is
runny so forms a wide
volcanic cone
(constructive)
Pressure builds up
between the two plates as
they attempt to move.
Eventually the plates jolt
forwards as they move and
the friction between the
plates is released as a
strong seismic wave
(earthquake).
Destructive
• Convection
currents
• Move together
• Subducted
• Friction =
earthquake
• Melted plate =
pressure = volcano
Constructive
•
•
•
•
Convection currents
Plates move apart
Magma rises
Lava spreads out at
surface
• Creates a shield
volcano
Conservative
• Convection currents
• Plates move
alongside each
other
• Friction causes
pressure to build up
• As plates jolt
pressure is released
as seismic waves =
earthquake
Volcanoes
Mt St Helens
Location /
causes
The oceanic Juan de Fuca plate subducts beneath the continental
North American plate. (DESTRUCTIVE PLATE MARGIN)
Size
8:32am 18 May 1980: an earthquake caused a landslide which released the pressure inside the
volcano.
Effects
57 people died (one of them a volcanologist)
Airports were closed.
Emergency treatment was given in nearby towns to the people
rescued.
185 miles of roads, 15 miles of railway and 27 bridges were
destroyed.
Tourism increased to the area (3 million per year)
Responses
Emergency treatment was given in nearby towns to the people
rescued.
Helicopters were used to search for and rescue people close to the
eruption.
Forest in the area began to be replanted.
The area became a National Park in 1982 and now attracts 3 million
visitors per year.
Monitoring and Predicting Volcanoes
•
•
•
•
•
Tiltmeters
Think about how
you know you
Gas Sensors
have a tummy
upset! 
GPS
Seismographs
Thermometers (ground and water
temperatures)
• Animal behaviour
Formation of a supervolcano
Think of a big
spot!
Supervolcano – Yellowstone, USA
Size / Shape
• 1000km3
Effects
• The magma chamber
beneath Yellowstone is
believed to be 80km long,
40km wide and 8km deep
•
• Caldera – large depression
surrounded by a raised rim
An eruption today would have a catastrophic effect.
It is potentially five times the minimum size for a
supervolcanic eruption by the size of the magma
chamber.
•
An eruption is likely to destroy 10,000 km2 of
land and kill 87000 people. 1 in 3 people will be
killed within 1000km of an eruption. 15cm of
ash would cover buildings within this area and
make them collapse. This ash would ground
planes and make road transport difficult.
Livestock would die as they would choke in the
hot ash.
UK would see the arrival of the ash about 5 days
later. This ash will circle the Earth, changing the
climate. Temperatures will fall by over 10
degrees which will make it difficult to grow food
in many areas. 40% of the population could face
starvation. Certain parts of northern Europe will
be snow covered for 3 years, so no food will be
able to be grown.
Fold Mountains
Fold Mountains
Challenges:
Steep Relief – Use of chairlifts to travel up slopes and get fresh
produce (milk) from farms down to market. Use of steep slopes
for tourism e.g. skiing.
Poor Soils – Use of fertilisers and farming on flat valley floor
Limited Communications – New roads, railway lines (on flat valley
floors) and tunnels e.g. Mont Blanc and St. Bernard tunnels.
Uses
HEP – generates energy for local villages (ideal snow melt in
summer provides water, easy to build dam across valley)
Farming - Transhumance farming
Tourism – Winter (skiing) Summer (mountain biking / hiking)
Industries – saw mills (wood), electrochemical, mining
Geosyncline
Sedimentary
rock – sandstone
Compressed to
form fold
mountains e.g.
Alps
Describing the distribution of ocean
trenches and fold mountains
Edge of oceans – Pacific
Ocean
Where continental and
oceanic plates meet
Fold mountains – west coast
of North and South America
** use names
Earthquakes
Keywords:
Focus
Epicentre
Seismic wave
How we measure earthquakes
What are the
differences?
Monitoring and Predicting
Earthquakes
• Three Ps
Prediction – attempts to
forecast when it will happen
Protection – construction of
buildings so they are safe and
will not collapse
Preparation – organising
activities and drills so people
know what to do in the event
of and earthquake
MEDC
LEDC
Location
Kobe Earthquake 1995
Sichuan Earthquake, China 2008
Effects
Immediate
Deaths = 6500
Injuries = 40,000
Roads were at gridlock, delaying emergency services.
Houses completely destroyed = 180,000. Homeless = 300,000
Industries like Mitsubishi and Panasonic were forced to close.
Long-term
Fires raged for days destroying 7500 houses (many of them wooden
Hanshin expressway and bridges collapsed.
High speed bullet trains were derailed as the rails buckled
Immediate
Death toll was 69 000 two months after the earthquake.
* 900 students trapped in collapsed school. Parents angry
about the cheap building materials used.
* At least 374 000 were injured.
Chemical plants collapsed, killing hundreds and spilling toxic
ammonia.
Long-term
* 80% of buildings collapsed in rural Beichuan which was
near the epicentre.
* Communications were cut – no land or mobile phones
worked in Wenchuan.
• Rivers were blocked by landslides and there was fear they
may flood.
• At least 5 million (some say 11 million) were made
homeless
Responses
Immediate
Immediate
Motorola maintained telephone connections for free.
Major retailers like 7-Eleven helped provide essentials.
Friends and neighbours searched through the rubble, joined by
emergency services when access was possible.
Evacuate people into temporary shelters because they were still at risk
from many fires and unstable buildings.
20 helicopters used for relief and rescue operations. One
million temporary small homes to be built to house those
made homeless.
Long-term
• Rescue services are specially trained and the whole country practices
responding to an earthquake on 12th January, the anniversary of the
Kobe earthquake, in an Earthquake Preparation Day.
• High rise buildings had to have flexible steel frames.
• Increase in the number of seismic instruments use to record earth
movements.
• New buildings were built further apart to prevent the domino effect.
Long-term
Troops were parachuted in to assess the situation while
others hiked in on foot.
The Chinese government pledged $10 million for rebuilding.
Areas of land flattened to make room for the 3.3 million
tents used for emergency shelter.
Tsunami
Tsunami
• The Indo Australian plate subducts beneath
the Eurasian plate causing an earthquake.
• The earthquake displaces the column of
water above it upwards.
• The water that has gone up comes down and
splits into two waves. One wave travels out
to sea and the other wave travels towards
the coastal areas of south-east Asia.
• The wave reaches the shoreline and gains
height before it crashes onto the land.
Primary cause = the earthquake
Secondary cause = the Tsunami wave
Tsunami – Indian Ocean, Boxing Day,
2004
Tsunami
Immediate Effects
Deaths: 220 000
Serious injuries: 650 000
4500 fishing boats destroyed in India
Fresh water reservoirs unusable for drinking water.
Bodies littered the streets
Injured people wounds became infected
Long-term Effects
2 million homeless
1500 homes in Banda Aceh (city in Indonesia) completely destroyed. Only one mosque left standing.
Loss of tourism and fishing economies in Indonesia, Thailand and India.
Immediate Responses
Food, sheeting and tents sent by MEDCs.
Fresh water and water purification tablets sent from the international community.
Medical teams sent from MEDCs.
Mass graves had to be set up
Long-term Responses
Rebuilding of homes and businesses, especially in tourist resorts like Phuket in Thailand.
Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System set up in 2006 so people have warning and know how to
respond if it happens again.
QUESTION 2 - Living World
Ecosystem
• A community of living (animals and
vegetation) and non living components (soil
and climate) and the relationships that exist
between them
Climate
Animals
Soil
Vegetation
Producer – organisms that
obtain their energy from a
primary source such as the
sun
Consumer – organisms that
obtain their energy by eating
other organisms
Food Chain – a line of links
between producers and
consumers
Food Web – a diagram
showing the complex links
between producers and
consumers
Do you know the difference?
Decomposer
• Organisms such as bacteria that break down
plant and animal material.
Scavenger
Organisms that consume dead animals or plants
Biome
•
•
•
•
Micro
Meso
Macro
Biome – global scale ecosystem dominated by
climate e.g. Tropical Rainforest.
Location /Distribution
• Tropical Rainforests – along the equator (Between the tropic of Cancer
and Capricorn)
• Deserts – 15-30 degrees North and South
• Temperate Deciduous Forests 40-60 degrees North and south
Biome Case studies
Name
Tropical
Rainforest
Rich Desert
Poor Desert
Deciduous
Woodland
Borneo,
Malaysia
Sonoran
Desert, USA
That Desert,
India
Epping Forest,
Essex, UK
Climates and Soils
Biome
Tropical Rainforest
Desert
Deciduous Forest
Temperature
Average daily temp
of 28 degrees C
(never goes below
20)
Daytime
temperatures can
be above 40
degrees C
Can be very cold at
night
Summers warm –
winters cool
Precipitation (rain)
2000mm of rain per
year
Humid
No real seasons
Very dry (arid) Less Throughout the
than 250mm of rain year
per year
Continental Interior
(torrential
downpour)
Soils
Latosol
Fertile Humus layer
Leaching
Red/Iron Rich
Rocky and Sandy
Thin – can have a
crust
Salts deposited
near the surface
Brown Earth
Fertility comes from
leaves which fall in
the winter rotting
Climate graphs
If you have to describe them include numbers!
• Highest
• Lowest
• Seasons
Stratified
• Vegetation growing in layers
Tropical Rainforest
Deciduous Woodland
Vegetation Adaptations
Adaptation feature
RAINFORESTS:
Buttress roots
Drip tips
Thin, smooth bark
Lianas
Epiphytes
Leaves with flexible bases
DESERTS:
Thick waxy skin
Spikes
Fleshy stem
Long shallow roots
Slow growing plants
TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS:
Losing leaves in Autumn
Bluebells flowering in early Spring
Explanation of how it helps the vegetation to cope with the climate
Tropical Rainforest
Causes and impacts of deforestion
Cause of
deforestation in
Malaysia
Detail about the cause
An impact of this cause of Economic, social or
deforestation
environmental impact?
Commercial
Logging
Clear felling was common in the 1980s.
Deforestation threatens the
survival of many species,
including the orang-utan
A local Penan community protested
against a logging company and were
imprisoned.
Malaysia was the biggest exporter of
tropical woods and so made a lot of
money.
Energy
$2bn Bakun Dam project flooded thousands
of hectares of forest to provide hydroelectric
power for new industries.
Mining
For tin and drilling for oil and gas. Forest has
been cleared for operations and construction of
roads.
Commercial
plantations
Forest was cleared for rubber plantations
and, in the 1970s, for oil palm. 10 year tax
breaks for owners has led to more forest
being converted to plantations.
9000 Kenyah people have been forced
to move from the flooded area. They
are traditional subsistence farmers
(farm enough to eat but not sell) but
are being asked to pay to be rehoused.
Many suffer from depression and
alcoholism.
Land and rivers have been
polluted by mining chemicals and
affected local food chains.
Malaysia was the largest exporter of
palm oil in the world and so made a lot
of money.
Sustainable management in the Tropical Rainforest
Name of strategy
International or national?
Selective Management
System (SMS)
Tree is removed from forest by water buffalo rather than a lorry.
Fully grown trees are selected.
Arrows painted on trees to show which direction it should be felled (cut down)
Replacement tree is planted.
Permanent Forest Estates
Areas of forest are protected – no development or conversion to plantations is allowed.
10% has special conservation status
Forest Stewardship Council
Educates people to buy soft, fast growing wood like pine rather than hard, slow growing
wood like mahogany.
Educates manufacturers and consumers (buyers) to buy wood only from sustainable sources
(all their products have the FSC label on)
Ecotourism
Borneo – swiftlet nest caves (one used by swiftlets, one harvested for their nests to sell, one
shown off to tourists)
Borneo – turtles (used to eat them, now have a hatchery to show tourists
who then set them free into the oceans)
Tourism that focuses on
protecting the environment
and the local way of life.
Debt relief
LEDCs are paid money by MEDCs to make sure their rainforests are not cut down
Deciduous Woodland
Recreation –
interpreting a map
• Use the key to suggest
recreational activities
that may take place in
this ecosystem
Sustainable management in Deciduous Woodland (Epping Forest – Essex)
Management strategy:
What makes this management option sustainable? (How
does it allow us to use the forest today whilst ensuring that
future generations will also be able to benefit from the
forest? )
Pollarding of over 1000 ancient
trees.
Cutting trees at shoulder height (above the level of grazing
animals). Trees reshoot new branches.
1600 ha of forest is a Site of Special This offers protection under law to the forests large number
Scientific Interest.
of ancient trees which support a large number of animals and
other vegetation.
Old trees.
Are allowed to die and collapse naturally unless they are
dangerous.
Recreation.
Riding and mountain biking are restricted in places and
footpaths are maintained to a good standard.
Deserts
Economic opportunities, challenges and management MEDC/RICH DESERT
SONORAN DESERT, USA
Sonoran Desert, USA
Economic opportunity (employment)
Families migrated to the Phoenix Farms grow wheat, barley, pecan nuts
and Tucson to work on the huge
and durum wheat which is exported
farms, mainly growing cotton which
to Italy to make pasta.
uses a lot of water.
In 2007, Marana began hosting golf’s
PGA Matchplay Championship
Retirement migration has meant lots
of new housing complexes have had
to be built for older migrants.
The open space and clean
atmosphere are very attractive to
holidaymakers.
In the mid-19th century ranching and
mining were the big industries.
Challenge (problems)
Management (response)
Habitats that rely on rivers are
disappearing as the rivers dry up.
Spare water from the CAP is being
sent to refill aquifers (underground
lakes).
The water table has dropped by
nearly 3 metres in some places.
Water is being pumped out of
aquifers (underground lakes) faster
than they can be refilled.
Conservation – farms are being shut
down so water can be used in the
cities.
Lakes with water from Salt River are
Central Arizona Project (CAP) is a
the main supply of water but can only
network of canals that transports
provide enough for half of the city’s water from the Colorado River to the
demand.
cities of Phoenix and Tucson.
The water table dropping has led to
land the size of North Yorkshire
subsiding (sinking) which causes
problems for buildings and roads.
The water table has dropped which
means getting water from the ground
has become more expensive and the
water quality has dropped
Waste water is being used for jobs
that don’t need a high level of purity.
Endangered Species Act – used to
prevent developers from building
more buildings which will need more
water for its residents
A heritage park that celebrates the
town’s agricultural past attracts
tourists throughout the year.
.
Economic opportunities, challenges and management LEDC/POOR DESERT
THAR DESERT, INDIA
Thar Desert, India
Economic opportunity (employment)
Challenge (problems)
Thar Desert is the most densely
Most farmers keep a few animals on
Too much irrigation (watering) has
populated desert in the world (83
the grassy areas and cultivate
led to waterlogging in some areas.
people per km2). This is leading to
vegetables and fruit trees so they
Salts get deposited on the ground
overgrazing and over cultivation
have some crops to sell at local
surface and poison the plants.
(farming) which leads to soil erosion.
markets
Too much demand for water in some
Once eroded away the soil takes
The
Kohlis
tribe
survive
by
hunting
places has caused an unsustainable
thousands of years to re-form.
animals and gathering fruit and
fall in the water tables (it cannot
natural products such as honey.
continue forever).
Limestone is quarried in Jaisalmer
and used in the steel industry.
Sand dunes are unstable and can
move across farmland, roads and
waterways.
Management (response)
Prosopis cineraria tree has multiple
uses: a) planted in blocks to stabilise
sand dunes and stop them moving, b)
its pods provide food for animals, c)
wood can be used as a strong building
material and good quality firewood.
Reserves of firewood, their main
source of fuel, is reducing so people
are using manure as fuel rather than
using manure to fertilise the soil.
The 650km long Indira Gandhi Canal
Rajasthan is rich in minerals and the
was built in 1958. It provides drinking
following are mined: gypsum (makes Rainfall is very low (120-240mm per water for many people in the desert
cement), phospherite (makes
year) and temperatures are very high and means that commercial farming
fertiliser), kaolin (whitens paper) and
(53˚c) which makes commercial
of wheat and cotton (selling these for
feldspar (makes ceramics)
farming (farming to make a profit)
a profit) occurs in the Jodhpur and
very difficult.
Jaisalmer.
People make a living selling hide and
wool from livestock (animals).
Trees and fences are built alongside
roads and canals to block the
Most people are involved with
movement of sand dunes across
subsistence farming (producing
them.
enough food for farmer and family to
live off)
Thar Desert National Park has been
created to protect 3000 km2 of
desert vegetation and wildlife.
Local people act as guides on camel
safaris or rear/look after the camels.
The Ber Tree produces large plums
and can survive in low rainfall
conditions. The plums can then be
sold for a decent profit.
Sustainable Management
• Protected for future generations
Describe the strategy but also link this to how
this leads to protecting the environment for
future generations to use
QUESTION 3 - POPULATION
Demographic Transition Model
You m ay
need to draw
stage 5 –
remember
Birth rate falls
below Death
rate
Population Change
• J Curve
• S Curve
Keywords:
• Birth rate
• Death rate
• Natural change / natural increase
• Population Growth rate
Factors affecting population change
Changes to farming
Education and Women
Mechanisation
Emancipation
Children are no longer
needed as machinery can
be used on farms
Women have a voice and
wish to have a career not
large family
Urbanisation
As more people live in
cities fewer children are
needed for farm work and
therefore people have
smaller families
Population Pyramids
Youthful
Ageing
Sustainable population policy
Consequences
Birth Control Policy
China One Child Policy
Slower natural increase
More only children
Little emperor syndrome
Antisocial behaviour
Male dominated population
Difficult to find partner
• 1979 / 1980 onwards
Couples who had one child received financial rewards
Those who had more than one child were fined
Reports of forced abortions and sterilisations
Granny police – older members reported those breaking the rule.
• Since the 1990s
1) Young couples who are both only children can have two children
(help elderly)
2) Change of attitude towards girls. Some can now afford to have more
than one child and break the rules
3) If the first child is a girl then couples are allowed a second
4) Sex determination scans banned in 1994
Non-Birth Control Policy
Gambia
Non-birth Control Policy means people are
educated not forced to reduce the number
of children they have
Challenges
• Too many young people
• Religious beliefs
• Multiple wives
• Lack of education
• Poor health care for
children
• School has too many
students
• 2 toilets for 2000 students
• Running out of resources
Strategies
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
NGO (Charity) ‘Futures’ distributed
condoms to villages on motorbikes.
Mobile pharmacy visiting remote rural
areas.
Female chat shows to discuss
contraception
Vaccinations for children against
whooping cough etc
School split day
Family planning discussed
Backed by religious leaders
Educate boys and girls to abstain from
sex
Healthcare for women to space births
Ageing
population
Graph Skills
• The sections
show the
percentages of
each group
which (its like a
pie chart in a
line!)
Ageing Population (East Devon, UK and France)
Challenges
More frequent visits to doctors
and chemists
More geriatric operations in
hospitals
People unable to live
independently
People less confident about or
are unable to drive
The reason this is negative is because…
….it is a strain on NHS resources.
….it means more money is needed for operations like hip
replacements so less money for younger people.
….more specialist care homes are needed which costs lots of
money.
….then they become isolated and lonely.
Solutions FRANCE PRONATALIST POLICY
Rural to Urban
Migration
Push Factors
Pull Factors
• Move people away from the
place they live (rural)
• Draw people towards the
place they move to (Urban)
Polish Migration
Source / origin (Poland)
Host / Destination (UK)
Positive Poland
Negative Poland
Positive UK
Unemployment is reduced as many
Polish workers leave to work in the
UK.
Birth rate will fall as it is
often young people
(potential parents) who
leave Poland.
Population increases in the UK Many Poles spend very little on
which creates a strain on
accommodation and food so they can
health and education services return home with money and set up a
business or buy a house.
More than half of Polish migrants
Nearly 7 in 1000 Poles have
send money home. About £4 billion is moved from Poland to the UK,
transferred to Poland each year
most of them younger working
people leading to a shortage of
workers and a shortage in
pension contributions and taxes
. There is less pressure on resources
The Polish divorce rate has
(e.g. land) as people leave to work in doubled in 7 years as long
the UK.
periods of separation puts a
strain on marriages.
Brain drain: often the more
skilled and better educated
Polish people migrate meaning
there is a shortage of skilled
labour (e.g. doctors get paid
four times as much in the UK
compared to Poland)
Negative UK
Most immigrants integrate well as new
arrivals from Poland are better
informed and more realistic about life
in the UK. (Many children learn about
the British way of life in Polish schools).
Specialist language teachers and
translators have had to be employed in
some areas with large immigrant
populations
UK supermarkets have cashed in on a
new market of customers. E.g. Tescos
now sell over 100 different lines of
Polish food.
Polish businesses have opened where
immigrants have settled and
rejuvenated declining neighbourhood
shopping areas – often doing jobs
British citizens don’t want to do (e.g.
farm work, fruit picking etc).
Pressure on A&E hospital services as
few immigrants register with a doctor.
Polish labourers have filled the gaps in
the UK labour market – working hard
and for minimum wage.
Increased racial tension in some areas
of the country that has large numbers
of immigrants.
Refugee movements
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Afghan Refugees
Afghanistan had an estimated population of 28 million
3 million refugees
Difficult life, drought, poverty, corruption.
The Jungle – area of wasteland on the edge of Calais
Entrance to channel tunnel
August 2009 700-800 afghans living there (trying to get to the UK)
Wanted to get to England because it is ‘good and safe’
22nd December 2009 the remaining migrants were arrested. 24 hours later the
settlement was bulldozed
Many released so returned and attempted to try and get into the UK again.
Asylum Seeker – seeking asylum
Refugee – granted asylum
Economic Asylum Seeker – claiming to need protection but actually moving for
economic benefits.