The Pax Romana
Roman Law
Roman Institutions
Roman Tolerance
Roman Attitudes
Roman Military
Roman Peace and Prosperity

• Population: 100,000,000+
• 31 different ethnic groups
• 10,000 cities and towns
• 180,000 miles of paved roads
• Rome itself had:
– 11 Public Baths
– 22 Aqueducts
– Coliseum & Circus Maximus

I. The Founding of Rome 900 - 509BC
II. The Roman Republic and the Conflict of the Orders
III. Wars 509 BC. - 287 BC including the Mountain People, the
Senones, the Samnites, and the Greeks of southern Italy - The
Unification of Italy
IV. Expansion outside of Italy - The Punic Wars 264-241BC and 215-
201BC
V. Dominion in the Mediterranean - Illyria, Macedonia, Greece,
Asia(Turkey), Carthage, and Spain
VI. The Gracchi Brothers, Marius, and Sulla (Liberals vs
Conservatives)
VII. Julius Caesar and the first triumvirate - The fall of the Republic

• Settlement & Founding 1000 BC – 600 BC
• The Monarchial Period
– 600 to 509 BC
• The Republic
– 509 to 44 BC and J. Caesar’s Death
• The Empire
– 44 to 476 AD

Early Settlement
And
The Monarchial Period

• Palafittes 2000 BC
– Lake/Platform Homes
– Cremation, Stone Tools
• Terramare 1500 BC
– Bronze
• Villanovan 1000 BC
– Iron Age Settlements
Oppidum – main settlements
Vicus/Vici – Chief & Assembly
Pagus/Pagi – small district
There’s No
Place Like
Rome

• Highly Civilized
• Urban
• Traders
• Manufactures
• Partiers
• Gladiatorial Contests
• Empire Builders
• Women’s Rights Activists

• 50 Cities
• Villanovan Development
• Cooperative
• Warlike
• Rome
• Latin League Created

• Mars & Rhea Silvia
• Numitor &
Amulius
• Brothers
– Romulus
– Remus
• Palatine Hill
• Romulus
• April 21, 753 BC

• Chief Priest
– Augurs & Pontifex
– Auspicium (omen)
• Chief Legislator
– Curiate & Senate
• Chief Executive Imperium
– Quaestor
• Picked by the Etruscans

Religion Before the Greek Influence
Conducted by the King – 3 Times Daily
Worship was at the Sacred Hearth – Sustained by the Vestal Virgins
Worship focused on the NUMIA formless sexless multifunctional beings

Institutions in the Monarchial
Period
• Extended Family
– Pater Familias
• Clan Group
• 30 Curias
• 3 Tribes
• 2 Social Classes
– Patricians
– Plebeians

509 BC

• Civil War in Latium
• Mountain People:
– Hernici
– Aequi
– Volsci
– Sabines
• Etruscans

• 50 Cities fight each other for dominance
• Questions of Survival
• Saved by a Treaty and Compromise!

War &
• Aequi and Volsci
–38 years
• Etruscans
–At Fidenae
–509 BC to 425
BC
• Neutrality, Peace, and
Protection given by
Individual Treaty
Negotiation!
– Hernici
– Sabines

Etruscans

Freedonium
•
Graftonia
Italy After 509 BC

Cedarburgium

Destruction of the Etruscans
• Fidenae Falls!
• Eturia is open to conquest!!
• Rome takes Veii!!!
• Rome meets the
Senones – Gauls from the North!!!!!

• Government
• Military
• Social
• Architecture
• After:
– 509 BC
– 387 BC

Legislative Branch
Executive Branch
Social Classes

The Course of Honors:
Dictator
Maius Imperium
Consul
Praetor
All offices are one year terms with 10 years required between offices!
Aedile
Tribune of Plebeians
Patrician Path
Queastor
Plebeian Path
Military service and Lieutenants Rank

• Curia Assembly
• Centuriate Assembly
• Comitia de Tributa
• Council of Plebeians
• Senate

• Written Consistent
Law is DEMANDED!
• The Hortensian Law
• Plebeian Protest!

• Reforms in Social
Class
• Reforms in
Government
• Reforms in land ownership
• Reforms in Credit
Plebs v. Pats
Teachers v. School Board

• A New Wall
– 387 BC to 410 AD
• The Legion Created
– Chain of Command
– Consul to Centurion

• HAVES Rebel!
• Latin League
Loyalty????
•
Yes!
• Camillus Leads
– 387 to 358 BC
• Rome Wins
• Individual Treaties
Written
• Roman Control of the area around Latium

Troubles in Campania

Samnites v Oscan
• Area directly south of
Latium
• Peoples of Campania
• Lucanians to the far south and Oscans to the north on the border of southern Latium
• Samnite?????
• Samnites don’t live in
Campania!

• First Samnite War 343-341 BC
• Great Latin War 341-338 BC
• Second Samnite War 327-304 BC
• Third Samnite War 298-290 BC
– Gellius Egnatius & Sentinum 296 BC
– Via Appia Built
– Individual Treaty Negotiations

Space Shuttle
Determined by the Whom?
Roadways,
Railway?
The Romans of
Course!

The first all weather road. Roman Legions eventually built
180,000 miles of paved all weather roads. http://www.history.com/media.do?id=rome_appian_way_broadband&action=clip

http://www.italyguides.it/movie/roma/appia/via_appia.mov

• First Samnite War 343-341 BC
• Great Latin War 341-338 BC
• Second Samnite War 327-304 BC
• Third Samnite War 298-290 BC
– Gellius Egnatius & Sentinum 296 BC
– Via Appia Built
– Individual Treaty Negotiations

Gauls in the North
Greeks in the South

• Roman ally the
Lucanians, attack Thurii
• Thurii claims Roman protection under
Noninterference Treaty from 2 nd Samnite War

• Rome calls off its ally Lucania
• Tarentum and the S. Greeks view this as a violation of the Noninterference Treaty
• War in the South!

Rome’s at war in the South
Gellius Egnatius was right
Gaul’s attack!

Po River City
It’s hard to swim with armor !

• Uncle of Alexander the
Great
• Brings 25,000 mercenaries and 20 tanks to Italy
• Creates a southern coalition against Rome
• Heraclea in 280 BC
– Pyrrhic Victory

1.
Vadimo on the
Po 283 BC
2.
Beneventum near the toe
275 BC

• Cassian Treaty 493 BC
• Socii
• Annexed
• Allies
• Friend
• Full Citizenship
• Half Citizenship
• Dediticci

P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus vs Hannibal

Carthaginian Empire at its Peak!

Hamilicar Barca
• Leaders:
– Hiero II of Syracuse
– Hamilcar Barca
– Regulus
– Xanthippus
• Battles:
– Mylae 260 BC
– Economus 256 BC
– Bagradas 255
– Aegates Isle 241 BC

• Sardinia
• Corsica
• Southern France
• War of the
Mercenaries in
Carthage
• Ebro Agreement with
Hamilcar Barca
226 BC
• Saguntum in Spain

Hannibal Attacks and Wins Battles!

They are mere shadows of men, half dead with hunger, cold, filth and
... bruised on the rocks and cliffs .... Their weapons are shattered and broken, their horses are weak and lame.

Hannibal’s Victories 218 – 216 BC
Saguntum
Terbia
Trasimene
Cannae

Hasdrabul v Scipio
Hannibal
The Real First World War!
Philip of Macedonia
M. Claudius Marcellus

Scipio’s triumph in Rome!

206 BC
207 BC
Metaurus
Roman Victory!
Philip
Negotiates
204 BC
202 BC
Zama
210 BC
Sicily

Expansion into: Illyria,
Macedonia, & Greece

The Second Punic War 218-201 BC
• final Battle of Zama in 202 BC the Romans finally defeated Hannibal
• Hannibal commits suicide 183 BC
The Third Punic War 149-146 BC
• Rome made a series of escalating demands, ending with the near-impossible demand that the city be demolished and re-built away from the coast, deeper into Africa. The Carthaginians refused this last demand and Rome declared the
Third Punic War.
• Scipio Aemilianus besieged the city for three years before he breached the walls, sacked the city, and burned Carthage to the ground. The surviving
Carthaginians were sold into slavery, and Carthage ceased to exist.

Expansion into
Asia Minor

Expansion into Spain and North Africa

• Macedonia 149-148 BC
• Greece 149-146 BC
• Carthage 149-146 BC
• Spain 154-133 BC
• Rome is victorious in all!
• Provinces and
Protectorates in the
Mediterranean!

Unemployment & the Rise of the Latifundia
Turmoil in Rome itself:
Patricians, Equites, and Plebeians

• First Macedonian War 214 BC – 204 BC
• Second Macedonian War 200 BC – 196 BC
• Third Macedonian War 171 BC – 168 BC
– Perseus 179 BC kills the “darling of Roman
Society” his brother to become King!
– Pydna 168 BC
• Andriscus & 4 th Macedonian War 149 BC
• First Roman Province

• Greeks assist Rome in 1 st & 2 nd Macedonian
Wars, but gain nothing but peace!
• Upset the Aetolian Greeks join with the
Selucids(Mesopotamia) led by Antiochus
III to fight Rome
• Thermopylae 191 BC – Greeks lose
• Apamea 188 BC – Selucids lose

• Lusitanians & Celtiberians resist Rome’s take over after the Second Punic War!
• 1 st Spanish War 197-179 BC
– 50,000 troops
– Roman Corduba
• 2 nd Spanish War 154 – 133 BC
– Viriathus & the assassins
• 3 rd Punic War 149 – 146 BC

• Attalus allies with Rome during the Second Punic
War 214 BC
• Attalus supported Rome in all of its Eastern
Campagins!
• Attalus dies 133 BC and gives his country to Rome
• 129 BC the Province of
Asia created!

• Civil War in Southern Greece:
Who will control the
Peloponnesus?
• Achaeans v Spartans
• Rome demands peaceful settlement
• Achaeans refuse: War 149 – 146
BC
• Illyria, Macedonia, and Greece all Roman protectorates under jurisdiction of Macedonian
Governor!

• Governor a former
Consul or Praetor
• Ruled by edict
• 1 year term
• Financial
Administration
• Maintain Peace
• Aided by Legates (Jr.
Senators) & Queastors
• Appeal to Rome itself

Taxes:
Poll Tax
Land Tax
Taxes in Kind – tithe
 Publicani – tax collectors

• 146 BC all laws from the provinces are codified into one set of laws
• Attempts made to deal with conquerored people on a consistent basis
• Extortion & Extraction
Courts created as Appeals
Courts in Rome for provincials.

• Ask for permission to settle in Northern Italy
• Ask to give horses, cattle, and soldiers to Rome
• Senate refuses to accept offer – Another failure!
• Wars begin:
– 113 BC – 30,000? killed
– 109 BC – 40,000? killed
– 105 BC – 80,000 killed

• Julius Caesar
• Octavian
• Augustus Caesar
• Tiberius
• Claudius
• Nero
• Vespasian
• Nerva
• Trajan
• Hadrian
• Antoninus Pius
• Marcus Aurelius
• Commodus
the good, the bad and the ugly

Tiberius Gracchus and Gaius Gracchus

Social Chaos or Social Reform
• Limits on Land Ownership
– 300 Acre tenant farms
– 60,000 slaves work plantations on Sicily (Revolt
135 – 133 BC)
• Free Land to the Unemployed
• Political Rights for Equites – The new rich!
• Citizenship to All Italians
• Plebeians v Patricians
• Senate Control over Roman Affairs

• Gold is discovered in the
North African Kingdom of Numidia
• Roman citizens massacred
• Senate generals bungle the punishment of
Jugurtha
• Viewed as the Senate failure

• Roman General
• Creates a volunteer army to fight
Jugurtha
• Wins the Consulships:
– 105 to 100 BC
• Defeats Cimbri in Northern Italy and Tuetons in Southern France –
101 BC

• Has political opponents assassinated in the election of 99
BC.
• This was too much for even for the Plebeians
• Marius retires until the
Social War 91-88 BC

• With support of the military and its leader Sulla, Senate retakes control of the Roman Empire
• Civil War (The Social War 91 – 88
BC) leads to Italian Civil Rights
– Marius People’s Choice
– Sulla Senates Choice
– A promise of Italian citizenship ends this conflict, Senate turns on Marius
• Sulla chosen to lead Roman troops
Marius Banished/Escapes to North
Africa

Marius leads a revolt in Rome!
Sulla is sent!
Mithridates of Pontus
Attacks Asia Minor!

Marius kills off Sulla’s Friends,
Opposition party members, and
Senators!
• Marius takes over Rome and declares himself dictator
• Sulla returns to Rome after victories in Asia
Minor
• A Reign of Terror Begins as the Senate is restored to power by Sulla
• Plebeians stripped of power

• Lepidus leads a revolt in Northern
Italy!
• Pompey puts down the revolt
• Sertorius leads a revolt in Spain
• Pompey puts down the revolt
• Spartacus leads a revolt of slaves in 70 BC
• The Senate is unable to put down the revolt without Pompey!

• A slave and gladiator
• Led a slave revolt in Italy that
Panics all of Italy
• Senate armies are defeated by a SLAVE!
• Pompey & Crassus save
Rome
• Spartacus & 5000 of his followers crucified at quarter mile intervals from Rome to
Brundisium along Via Appia

• Run for consulships in
70 BC despite never having served in
Government!
• Both are elected and the Senate enters a period of decline!!

Pirate problems for Rome
• 69 BC Senate bungles the Pirate raids on the
Italian coast
• Fear promotes appoint of Pompey as Dictator with a 3 year term!!
• In 89 days it’s over
Pompey wins!!!

Pompey goes east!
Mithridates of Pontus
Attacks Asia Minor in a series of conflict
74-66 BC!

• By 63 BC defeats
Mithridates
• Annexes Palestine
• Takes over the Selucids of Mesopotamia
• Returns to Rome to a hostile Senate: no triumph, no land for his veterans

• Pompey declares as a candidate for consul
• Julius Caesar governor of
Spain and Marion
Loyalist declares as other candidate for consul
• Senate declares consuls of
59 commissioners

• Pompey – his triumph, land for his veterans, and governship of Spain (ruled from Rome)
• Caesar – five year governship of Gaul “the land of forest and barbarians”
• Crassus – the right to collect taxes in Asia
Minor with a 10% rebate and a chance to attack the Parthians

• Fame
• Fortune
• An Army within walking distance of
Rome
• An extended
Governorship
• Power

• Defeats Ariovistus in 58
BC to take southern Gaul
• Defeats the Belgeans 57
BC to annex central Gaul
• Caesar invades England 55
& 54 BC
• Germanic tribes unite
Caesar is victorious 51 BC

• Meeting in Luca 56 BC
– 5 more years as governor
– Caesar in Gaul, Pompey in
Spain, & Crassus in Syria
• After victories over the
Gauls and the death of
Crassus, Pompey and Caesar clash.
• Pompey joins the Senate in a
Civil War begins.

• Ordered home to stand trial
– Caesar returns with his
Gallic Legions
• Pompey & Senate abandon
Rome and flee to Greece
• Pharsalus 48 BC – Pompey flees to Egypt
• Caesar Vacations in Egypt
• Caesar returns to Rome master of an Empire!

• Appointed Dictator,
Consul, & Censor - Caesar appears to many to be an
Emperor!
• March 15, 44 BC
• Killed by his friends
• Killed to prevent one man rule
• Caesar’s death ends the
Republic his assassins attempt to save!
http://www.history.com/media.do?id=tdih_mar15_broadband&action=clip

Rome

• Caesars assassins attempt to reestablish the Republic
• Marc Antony pardons the assassins
• 19 year old Octavian the adopted son of
Caesar demands revenge

• Antony, Octavian, and
Lepidus join forces to take on Caesar’s assassins
• Assassins flee East
• Triumvirate solidifies control of the West
• Philliphi 42 BC
Triumvirate defeats assassins

• After Philliphi,
Lepidus forced out
• Antony takes the East
• Octavian takes the
West
• Troubles for Octavian:
• Luis Antony attempts assassination
• Sextus Pompey leads revolt in Sicily

• Antony to marry
Octavia, Octavian’s sister
• Each to keep a segement of the
Empire: Antony east and Octavian west!

• Parthians attack
Roman holdings in the
East
• Antony is discouraged fighting
• Needing a vacation he goes to Egypt and meets???
• Cleopatra

• Falls for Cleopatra
• Divorces Octavia
• Gives Egypt its independence
• Angers Rome &
Octavian who declare war
• Actium 31 BC.

• Julius Caesar, Claudius and their relatives
• Rule Rome from 44 BC – 68 AD.
• Julius to 59 BC - 44 BC
• Octavian/Augustus 44 BC – 14 AD
• Tiberius 14 – 37 AD
• Caligula 37 – 41 AD
• Claudius 41 – 54 AD
• Nero 54 – 69 AD

• With Antony’s death
Octavian becomes master of Rome
• Octavian begins the
Principate
• Octavian begins the Pax
Romona
• The Julio-Claudian
Dynasty 45 BC – 69 AD

• Found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble.
• Paid Virgil to write the Aneid
• Brought Peace – Tranquility – Security to
Rome and the Empire (31 BC – 14 AD)
• Secured natural defensible borders
• Reduced army from 500,000 to 300,000

• Peace
• Prosperity
• Natural Defensible
Borders
• Shrinks army from
500,000 to 300,000
• Lives so long only ruler some people will know! 44 BC – 14 AD

The 5 Good Emperors
Nervan-Antonian dynasty
• Nerva - first emperor to select his successor by their capabilities and potential, rather than paternal relations
• Trajan – greatest extent of empire
• Hadrian – world traveler, Hadrian’s Wall (England)
• Antoninus Pius – promoted arts, science, theatre
• Marcus Aurelius – stoic, worked for the people
• Commodus – end of the “good”

-
Commodus was a political and military outsider, as well as an extreme egotist with neurotic problems. For this reason, Marcus Aurelius' death is often held to have been the end of the Pax
Romana

Roman Coliseum
• The Colosseum or Coliseum, originally known as the Flavian
Amphitheatre is a giant amphitheatre in the centre of the city of
Rome. Originally capable of seating 45,000-50,000 spectators.
• The Colosseum remained in use for nearly 500 years with the last recorded games being held there as late as the 6th century — well after the traditional date of the fall of Rome in 476.
• As well as the traditional gladiatorial games, many other public spectacles were held there, such as mock sea battles, animal hunts, executions, reenactments of famous battles, and dramas.
• Built in 72 AD – 80 AD
• Vespasian and Titus

The Forum built in the reign of Trajan and Trajan’s Column!

• Picked by Augustus
• Augustus picks Germanicus to follow Tiberius
• Germanicus is young, cool and hip…Tiberius is old and sad
• Germanicus dies while on a mission to Armenia for
Tiberius
– Many believe Tiberius set him up
– Agrippina makes a big stink!

• With Germanicus dead,
Tiberius’ son Drusus seems to have the inside
• Sejanus leader of the
Praetorian sees a chance too!
• Sejanus seduces the wife of
Drusus who poisons her husband for love!
• By 31AD Tiberius has elevated
Sejanus to Consul (#2)

• Dumb moves in History
– Sejanus dumps Drusus wife!
– Tiberius receives an anonymous letter
• A Reign of Terror is Begun!
• Tiberius nominates two successors
• Gaius/Caligula gets job by winning of the support of the
Praetorian Guards.

• Starts out really well, rules in the spirit of Augustus now deified
• Becomes ill and goes just a little nutty
• Nominated horse to consulship
• Spends money on foolish projects and on….extravagancies
• Praetorians & Senate move against the whole family in 41 AD.

• Not bad for a guy who hides behind and curtain crying
• Not bad for a guy who is slightly off mentally
• Clever enough to offer a raise to the military
• Clever enough to create a bureaucracy to run the state

• Had not dated much, who’d go out with a nut?
• Out one night he met
Messalina on a street corner, love at first sight!
• Marrying Messalina is a disgrace and eventually her behavior causes her to disappear
• Marries his niece,
Agrippina II
• Adopts Agrippina’s son
Ahenobarbarous…mistake

• Troubles with Mom
• Losing my mind
• All I Love is the theater
• Rule of 63 AD
• Trouble and Revolt

• Nero was nuts and had to go!
• Galba leader of the
Armies of N. Italy replaces Nero
• Galba goes Nero
• Otho declared Emperor
• Cuts Praetorians pay and raises taxes and puts the state in order

• Founder of the Flavian
Dynasty
• Rulers from 69 AD –
96 AD
• Turns power over to sons Titus and
Domitian

• Vespacian dies the same day Mt.
Vesuvius erupts
• Titus takes over
• Destroys temple in
Jerusalem and invades
Scotland and Wales
• Killed by his brother
Domitian