Last Name:_____________________ First Name:_______________________ Date:_____________ Per.:____ From the Crusades to New Muslim Empires: U2C11, Part 2 of 3 (Pages 122-125) Saladin ransom King Richard I Reconquest Iberian Peninsula Queen Isabella investments massacre Inquisition decade 11.3- The Story of the Crusades – The Third Crusade (1189-1192) Over the next few decades1, Muslims in the Middle East began to unite under one leader. One great leader known as Saladin to Europeans was able to unite a many Muslim into one of the largest empires since the Seljuks. He united Egypt, Syria, and lands to the east and led a renewed fight against the crusaders. Saladin had a lot of success and took back most of Palestine. In 1187, his armies captured Jerusalem. Saladin did not kill his prisoners, as the crusaders had done. Instead, he freed many captives or sold them for ransom, money paid in exchange for the release of prisoners. Others were sold into slavery. Ethics: Would you rather be killed or sold as a slave? _______________________________________ The loss of Jerusalem shocked Europeans and began the Third Crusade. King Richard I of England, known as Richard the Lionheart, led the fight against Saladin. In 1191, Richard’s army forced the surrender of the Palestine town of Acre. Afterward, arrangements were made to exchange prisoners. After waiting for a time, Richard felt that Saladin was taking too long. Growing impatient, he ordered his men to kill 2,700 of his Muslim prisoners. Richard then fought his way toward Jerusalem, but his army was not strong enough to attack the city. Saladin’s army was also weakened from fighting. In September 1192, both men signed a peace treaty. The crusaders were able to keep some captured cities in Palestine and Christian pilgrims would be allowed to enter Jerusalem. Later Crusades The crusades to the Middle East continued for another 100 years. Some crusades were popular movements of poor people rather than organized military campaigns. None of the later crusades succeeded in recapturing Jerusalem. Muslims eventually recaptured their lost territory ending 200 years of Christian rule in the Holy Land. The Reconquista Crusaders went to war against Muslims in Europe and North Africa as well as the Middle East. One important series of wars was called the Reconquista (reconquest). Christians launched these wars to retake the Iberian Peninsula (modern-day Spain and Portugal) from Muslims. As you have learned, the Umayyads established a Muslim dynasty in Spain in the eighth century. A unique cultured flourished where Muslims, Jews, and Christians lived together in peace. However, non-Muslims had to pay a special tax. Over time, Christian rulers slowly got back lands that had been conquered by the Muslims. When the Umayyad government broke up in 1002 Christians tried to take advantage of the Muslim’s weakness. As time went on Christians reconquered some of their old territory and eventually expelled the Muslims from the Iberian Peninsula. In the late 1400s, Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand wanted to unite Spain as a Catholic country. They used the Inquisition, a church court, against Muslims and Jews who said they had converted, or switched, to Christianity. The Spanish Inquisition was extremely harsh. Judges, called inquisitors, sometimes used torture to find out whether or not Muslims and Jews had stopped practicing their old religion. Thousands of people were burned alive. By 1492, the last of the Muslims had either left the Iberian Peninsula or converted to Catholicism. Perspective: Which perspective would you least like to be from this reading? Why? _______________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 1 A decade is a period of ten years. 11.4- Christians and the Crusades For crusaders, the religious wars were a costly ordeal. But European Christians also benefited from the crusades. Crusaders suffered all the terrible effects of war. Many were wounded and died in battle. Others died from disease and the hardships of travel. The crusaders also had an economic impact on Europe. Knights began spending more money in order to get the supplies they needed for war. As a result, they began making loans and investments2. And Kings started tax systems in order to get money for the crusades. The crusades changed society as well. Kings became even more powerful as nobles and knights left home in order to fight in the Middle East. The increasing power of Monarchs helped end feudalism. Contact with eastern cultures also had a major impact of Christian’s way of life. In the Holy Land, Christians learned about many new things such as foods and goods. They discovered clothing made from cotton fabric made in Persia. They also developed a liking for melons, apricots, and sesame seeds. After crusaders returned home, European merchants earned enormous profits by trading for these goods. Changes Over Time: How did Europe change during and after the crusades?_____________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 11.5- Muslims and the Crusades The crusades brought fewer benefits to Muslims than they did to Christians. Although, Muslims did kick out the crusaders from the Middle East, they lost their lands in Iberia. In addition, the Muslims benefited very little from the Christians because they were a more advanced society. Impact on Muslims as a Group The crusades were a terrible time for many Muslims. An unknown number of Muslims were killed in battles and massacres. Crusaders also destroyed Muslim property. Through all the wars Muslims did learn of new weapons and military ideas such as having a permanent army for immediate protection. In addition, some Muslim merchants became very rich. They used the money to build mosques and schools. The crusades also brought political changes as many Muslims came together for the first time to fight the Christians. For example, the Ayyubid dynasty was started by Saladin and lasted until 1250. Perspectives and Details: Describe the crusades from a Christian perspective. Use a lot of details. _____________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ Perspectives and Details: Describe the crusades from a Muslim perspective. Use a lot of details. _____________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ In your own words, write down the meaning of the words below: Saladin:___________________________________________________________________________________ ransom:___________________________________________________________________________________ King Richard I:______________________________________________________________________________ Reconquest:________________________________________________________________________________ Iberian Peninsula:___________________________________________________________________________ Queen Isabella:_____________________________________________________________________________ investments:_______________________________________________________________________________ massacre:_________________________________________________________________________________ Inquisition:_________________________________________________________________________________ decade:___________________________________________________________________________________ 2 Investments are when someone spends money in a business, idea, property, etc. in hopes of making more money.