UNIT 32: FORENSIC EVIDENCE
COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Assignment Tasks
And
Scheme of Work Overview
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Learning Outcomes
On completion of this unit, a learner should:
1 Be able to gather ‘forensic’ evidence from a simulated crime scene using appropriate methods and
present the results
2 Understand the chemical techniques used in the analysis of evidence from a crime scene
3 Understand the physical techniques used in the analysis of evidence from a crime scene
4 Understand the biological techniques used in the analysis of evidence from a crime scene
This what the students will learn during Unit 32, this contains information for P, M and D levels.
1 Be able to gather ‘forensic’ evidence from a simulated crime scene using appropriate methods and
present the results
Documentation: collecting; recording; storing and distributing data by electronic means
Evidence: targeting and recovery of trace materials; characterisation and comparison; marks and
impressions
Health and safety: eg Health and Safety Act 1974; eg COSHH Regulations 1996; eg Management of
Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1992; disposable protective clothing
Preservation of scene and sampling: observation and recording of the scene; restriction of access; search
for material of potential evidential value; packaging and labelling; storage and transmission to
laboratory
Analysis and evaluation: prevention of contamination; security; records; full documentation of
procedures and methods
2 Understand the chemical techniques used in the analysis of evidence from a crime scene
Spectrometry: instrumental techniques; mass spectrometry; infrared; ultraviolet; colorimetry
Chromatography: separation of mixtures eg paper, column, thin layer (TLC), gasliquid (GLC), high
performance liquid (HPLC)
Toxicology: science of poisons; detection; effects; antidotes
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3 Understand the physical techniques used in the analysis of evidence from a crime scene
Audiometry: instrumental methods of recording sound information
Photography: images of traffic; surveillance; public order offences; support team at major incidents;
high quality record of exhibits eg taking devices apart
Ballistics: interior and exterior ballistics; firearms; cartridges; calibre; discharge; residue
Electronics: electronic imaging; enhancement techniques to improve photography and video; television
monitors; cameras; alarms
Metrology: study of weights and measures
4 Understand the biological techniques used in the analysis of evidence from a crime scene
Analysis: paper; entomology; genetics (DNA sequencing, genetic fingerprints)
Histology: study of tissues and tissue types; fingerprints (four basic patterns); blood group analysis
Skeleton and anthropology: physiology of bone and skeleton
Microscopy: measurement and comparative microscopy
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Contents Page.
Page 2 – 3.
Page 4.
Page 5 .
Learning Outcomes and Unit Content
Contents Page.
How to use these assignments
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How to use the assignments.
In each assignment there are the same forms, below is guidance on how each form should be used.
1. Teachers Level Sheet (one for the whole unit) – this lists the requirements that each student
needs to complete in order to pass that level, this is the gold standard of what a Pass, Merit and
Distinction are. If students meet these even though they don’t complete all the tasks then they
still pass. These are used as the objectives
2. Student Cover Sheet (one per assignment) – gives the student the information on the
assignment and what the big picture is. The start date and target completion date need to be
filled in before handing to students and this needs to be signed and dated by you when they
complete the assignment. This needs to goon the front of each assignment.
3. Student tick list (one per assignment) – gives objectives (blue boxes) and lists the outcomes (in
the tables) that the student needs to complete in order to meet each level. Care has been taken
to ensure that if a student completes all the tasks then they will have met all the objectives. This
also needs to be signed by you and the student for each level and submitted with the work.
There is space at the bottom to show what the student needs to do to either complete the level
or move onto the next one.
4. Lesson guidance (one per assignment) – lists the activities that should be completed in each
lesson. This is guidance only. All students will have a paper copy of the big picture, objectives
and the outcomes from the two sheets above but you may still want to display these to the
whole class.
5. Resources (one per assignment) – any resources needed to complete the tasks, will be referred
to in the lesson guidance.
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Teachers Level Sheet – Unit 32 Forensic Science
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Student Cover Sheet.
Forensic Science– Assignment 1
Student Name
Level
Course Title
Unit Title
Assignment Number
Topic or Theme
Big Picture
Group
BTEC National Award and Certificate
Applied Science
Unit32: Forensic Science
1
(P1,M2, D,1,)
A forensic investigation requires several different professionals who each play a role in the case. During
this assignment you will look at the roles of Scene of Crime offers and Forensic scientists
Scenario
You have just been accepted as a trainee forensic scientist. Your first task in this position is to prove
what you have learnt so far in training but also on the job. You must produce a portfolio of your work
so far that highlights how to collect and analyse data. If you can prove yourself then your employee is
willing to allow you to attend the scene of a crime and assist in the collection and analysis of
evidence.
For this you will be required to write a report of how you collected and analysed the evidence. You
will then need to draw and justify your conclusions in the report which will later be submitted to
court.
Task one – collect evidence from crime scene as a SOCO
Task two – Analyse evidence from a crime scene as a Forensic Scientist
Task three- Write a report of your finding to be submitted to court
Good luck on your first case
Date issued
Date Submitted
Signed by
Teacher
Signed by
Student
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Task one – Gathering evidence from a crime scene student tick sheet
Arrive at crime scene and carryout the following steps
P1 carry out a forensic
examination of a simulated
crime scene, using appropriate
methods to gather biological,
physical and chemical evidence
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Secure crime scene using appropriate equipment
Sketch and photograph the crime scene
Correctly mark and photograph evidence found at crime scene using
either quadrant, link, strip/line, grid, spiral or wheel method
Collect evidence found at the crime scene using the appropriate
equipment
Collect the teacher observation form
Produce a report of how you collected the evidence using your photos. You should
write a brief description of what you are doing in each picture
Your report produced for P1 must describe fully each procedure and piece of
equipment you used to secure and collect evidence from the crime scene. This
should include use of protective clothing and health and safety
M1 describe the procedures
used to gather evidence from a
simulated crime scene
Show clear diagrams in your portfolio of how forensic scientists gather evidence
from a crime scene. This should include how evidence is documented, transported
and stored. You must include the following; Note-taking, Sketching, photographs,
targeting and recovery of evidence, packaging and labelling
Summarise the following terms and describe the importance of each; Common
approach path, Contamination, Cross contamination, Gel filter, Chain of continuity,
Latent, First attending officer, restriction of access
Complete worksheet 1
D1 justify the procedures used
to gather evidence from a
simulated crime scene
In your report you must justify the procedures and equipment used in the
collection and gathering of each evidence. This should include what would
happen if you did not follow procedures in terms of safety and
contamination.
Explain three alternative methods/equipment that you could have used to
better your investigation
Discuss the term over looking evidence and how this risk can be reduced by
using the right methods correctly
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Task two – Analyse evidence from a crime scene as a Forensic Scientist
P2 outline the main techniques
used to analyse chemical
evidence
P4 outline the main techniques
to analyse physical evidence
P6 outline the main techniques
used to analyse biological
evidence
Briefly describe the following chemical techniques and how they could be
used to analyse evidence
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Spectrometry
Colorimetry
UV and IR spectroscopy
Chromatography
Chemical enhancement
Chemical presumptive tests
toxicology
Briefly describe how the following physical techniques and how they could be
used to analyse evidence
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Photography
Ballistics (guns, microstamping, discharge residue, wound patterns,
trajectory)
Document examination (handwriting, signatures, printed
documents)
Briefly describe the following biological techniques could be used to analyse
evidence
P3 carry out practical work used to
analyse chemical evidence
gathered from a simulated crime
scene
P5 carry out practical work used to
analyse physical evidence
gathered from a simulated crime
scene
P7 carry out practical work to
analyse biological evidence
gathered from a simulated crime
scene
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Blood group analysis
DNA sequencing
Fingerprints
Hair and fibre
Bones and skeleton physiology
microscopy
Followed methods for the different analytical techniques outlined above and
have a completed teacher observation sheet for the experiments
Follow your plans above to analyse the pieces of chemical, biological and
physical evidence found at the crime scene
Record your results accurately in a suitable format
Teacher comments
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Analysis of evidence Merit Criteria
You must give a detailed explanation of all the major techniques
that you described in P2,4,6 (the chemical, physical and biological
techniques) You will also need to
 Give two examples of when forensic scientists may use the
methods given
 Give an appropriate example of your forensic application
to the simulated crime scene
M2 explain the main techniques
used to analyse chemical evidence
M4 explain the main techniques
to analyse physical evidence
M6 explain the main techniques
used to analyse biological evidence
Using the information you have gained in P1 you must now plan how you
will analyse each item of evidence from the crime scene. This will need to
be represented as a method sheet
M3 present valid conclusions
drawn from the analysis of
chemical evidence gathered from
a simulated crime scene
M5 present valid conclusions
drawn from the analysis of
physical evidence gathered from a
simulated crime scene
M7 present valid conclusions
drawn from the analysis of
biological evidence gathered from
a simulated crime
You must draw conclusions from each analysis that you have
carried out. This needs to
 Link suspects to the evidence
 Eliminate suspects from the evidence
 Use the evidence and data in the conclusion
Make sure that you support your conclusions with evidence and
reasoning. You must do this for the Merit
Teacher Comments for Improvement
Analysis of evidence Distinction Criteria
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Evaluate all of the techniques that you have used in your
investigation and explain why the techniques used were suitable
D2 evaluate the techniques used
to analyse chemical evidence
D4 evaluate the techniques used
to analyse physical evidence
D6 evaluate the techniques used
to analyse biological evidence
D3 D5 D7 justify the choice of
techniques used to analyse the
chemical, biological and physical
evidence gathered
Justify your choice of equipment and whether you would use the
same apparatus/technique again and if so or not explain why.
Discuss alternative techniques that you could also have used
explaining how they could have assisted your case
In your portfolio you will need to produce a table that discusses the
advantages and disadvantages of each method that you have used.
This will need to be off all methods outlined in P2,4,6.
Explain how the techniques you have used could be applied to
different types of criminal investigations
Teacher Comments for Improvement
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Task three- Write a report of your findings to be submitted to court
Produce a case file of the investigation. This will need to include
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P8 report on a chemical, physical
and biological forensic examination
A description of your crime scene examination
A description of analysis
Results from your investigation
Conclusions from your report
You will need to submit everything from your crime scene and laboratory
analysis documentation as part of your case file.
Give evidence in the mock court room explaining your role in the criminal
investigation
You will need to give clear and logical justification for the conclusions that
you have drawn from the evidence you have collected and analysed. In
doing so you must
M8 justify the conclusions drawn in
the report.
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Support your conclusion with evidence and reasoning
comment on the relevance of each piece of evidence to the
case in your report
consider whether evidence may be circumstantial and
alternative motives behind the evidence
Evaluate your investigation in terms of precision, techniques and
accuracy
D8 evaluate their findings, including
aspects of probability.
Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of your results and
conclusions
TeacherDiscuss
Comments
for Improvement
your conclusions
in terms of possible, probable, likely
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Lessons and
dates
Learning Outcomes
You should be able to:
Introduction to unit
1
Activities
Introduction to unit and learners
booklet passed out. Deadlines given
Practical – every contact leaves a trace
Reliability of witness
Homework
Write an
introduction for your
portfolio. Who you
are and what your
portfolio will contain
Hand in 17/09/10
2
3 +4
4, 5, 6,7
 P1 carry out a forensic examination
of a simulated crime scene using
appropriate methods to gather
biological, physical and chemical
 M1 Describe the procedures used to
gather evidence from a simulated
crime scene
Practical – processing a crime scene and
collecting evidence
 P1 carry out a forensic examination
of a simulated crime scene using
appropriate methods to gather
biological, physical and chemical
M1 Describe the procedures used to
gather evidence from a simulated
crime scene
Practical – processing a crime scene and
collecting evidence
 P1 carry out a forensic examination
of a simulated crime scene using
appropriate methods to gather
biological, physical and chemical
 M1 Describe the procedures used to
gather evidence from a simulated
crime scene
 D1 Justify the procedures used to
gather evidence from a simulated
crime scene
Lesson 4-5
Complete
photography
worksheet (M1, D1)
Main points
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Note-taking
Sketching
Photographing
Main points
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Searching for evidence
Targeting and recovery
Packaging and labelling
Practical – independently process and
collect evidence from a crime scene.
Portfolio – complete
your portfolio of
how to process a
crime scene
You receive a call from your chief
inspector regarding a crime that has
occurred. You rush to the crime scene
to find a young caucasian male with a
single bullet wound to his head. You are
in charge of discovering all evidence to
find out whether it was murder or
suicide
Tool marks, blood, hair, fingerprints,
fibre, saliva, bullet casing, gun powder,
drugs
Learner observation sheet to be
completed
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Lesson 6-7
Write up – How to process a crime
scene for the portfolio using success
criteria from student sheets
8
27/09/11
9
03/10/11
 P2 Outline the main techniques used
to analyse chemical evidence
 M2 Explain the main techniques
used to analyse chemical evidence
 D2 Evaluate the techniques used to
analyse chemical evidence
Practical – Chromatography techniques
in forensic science
 P2 Outline the main techniques used
to analyse chemical evidence
 M2 Explain the main techniques
used to analyse chemical evidence
Practical – Colorimetry as a chemical
analysis technique
D2 Evaluate the techniques used to
analyse chemical evidence
10
04/10/11
 P2 Outline the main techniques used
to analyse chemical evidence
 M2 Explain the main techniques
used to analyse chemical evidence
 D2 Evaluate the techniques used to
analyse chemical evidence
Paper chromatography and TLC
Procedure sheet needs to be completed
as well as a brief description of how it
works
Procedure sheet needs to be completed
as well as a brief description of how it
works
Fingerprint chemical enhancement
Practical – Different methods of finding
fingerprint
Iodine
Ninhydrin
Crystal violet
Procedure sheet needs to be completed
as well as a brief description of how it
works
11, 12
10/10/11
 P2 Outline the main techniques used
to analyse chemical evidence
 M2 Explain the main techniques
used to analyse chemical evidence
 D2 Evaluate the techniques used to
analyse chemical evidence
Produce a document
for your portfolio
showing the four
different types of
fingerprints.
You must show on
the document how
forensic scientists
match prints
Hand in 13/10/10
Practical – chemical presumptive tests
of body fluids
Blood analysis
Saliva testing
Urine testing
Write up – use of presumptive tests in
forensic science
13
11/10/11
 P2 Outline the main techniques used
to analyse chemical evidence
 M2 Explain the main techniques
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Research and describe how forensic
scientists use the following procedures
Ensure portfolio of
chemical evidence is
complete
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14,15
17/10/11
18/10/11
16, 17
31/10/11
used to analyse chemical evidence
 D2 Evaluate the techniques used to
analyse chemical evidence
Spectrometry
 P4 Outline the main techniques used
to analyse physical evidence
 M4 Explain the main techniques
used to analyse physical evidence
 D4 Evaluate the techniques used to
analyse chemical evidence
Introduction to Ballistics
 UV spectroscopy
 Infrared spectroscopy
 Mass Spectrometry
Hand in 15/10/10
Practical – observation of bullet casings
Research and explain how forensic
scientists use the following
 Microstamping
 Discharge residue
 Wound patterns
 trajectory
 P6 Outline the main techniques used
to analyse biological evidence
 M6 Explain the main techniques
used to analyse biological evidence
 D6 Evaluate the techniques used to
analyse biological evidence
 P4 Outline the main techniques used
to analyse physical evidence
 M4 Explain the main techniques
used to analyse physical evidence
 D4 Evaluate the techniques used to
analyse chemical evidence
Practical – hair and fibre identification
and analysis
Produce a table to
look at advantages
and disadvantages of
different methods of
analysis in forensic
science. It should
include uses, pros,
cons, alternatives.
You should also have
a minimum of 8
methods
Hand in 12/11/10
18
01/11/11
19
7/11/11
 P4 Outline the main techniques used
to analyse physical evidence
 M4 Explain the main techniques
used to analyse physical evidence
 D4 Evaluate the techniques used to
analyse chemical evidence
Document examination
 P6 Outline the main techniques used
to analyse biological evidence
 M6 Explain the main techniques
used to analyse biological evidence
 D6 Evaluate the techniques used to
analyse biological evidence
Practical - blood typing and DNA
profiling
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Practical – Handwriting analysis
Research what led to
Harold Shipman
conviction – hint old
typewriter
15
20
14/11/11
21-28
14/11/11 –
05/12/11
 P6 Outline the main techniques used
to analyse biological evidence
 M6 Explain the main techniques
used to analyse biological evidence
 D6 Evaluate the techniques used to
analyse biological evidence
Fingerprint patterns
 P3,5,7 Carry out practical work used
to analyse evidence gathered from a
simulated crime scene
 M3,5,7 Present valid conclusions
drawn from the analysis of evidence
gathered from a simulated crime
scene
 D3,5,7 Justify the choice of
techniques used to analyse the
chemical evidence gathered
 P8 Report on a chemical, physical
and biological forensic examination
 M8 Justify the conclusions drawn in
the report
 D4 evaluate their findings, including
aspects of probability
These next sessions are where you will
complete your own forensic
investigation. It is vital you attend each
one. If you know you are going to miss
a session please could you ask
permission 
Bones and skeleton physiology
Deadline for
the
assignment:
05/12/11
lesson 1 and 2
processing crime scene
Lesson 3
Plan how to analyse evidence the
evidence
Lesson 4-5
Analysis of the evidence
Lesson 6-7
Draw conclusions and completion of
their report and assignment
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Assignment 1 Student Tick List
Distinction
D1 justify the procedures used to
gather evidence from a crime
scene and show how a systematic
application of procedures can
minimise the risk of missing
forensic evidence
D2 evaluate the techniques used in
the analysis of forensic evidence
and identify the types of evidence
or circumstances in which each
might be appropriate
In your portfolio you will need to produce a table that discusses the
advantages and disadvantages of different methods in forensic
science. This should cover all of the content in M2.
Evaluated the methods and techniques that you have used in your
investigation. Include alternative techniques that you could also
have used
Support your conclusions with evidence and reasoning.
Ensure that your report is precise and concise
Discuss your conclusions in terms of possible, probable, likely
Evaluate your investigation in terms of precision, techniques and
accuracy
D3 draw valid conclusions based
upon the evidence from their
forensic examination of a crime
scene and present the results
appropriately
D4 evaluate
the information
Teacherhow
Comments
for Improvement
could be communicated more
clearly, including aspects of
probability.
Present your results in a suitable format
Draw conclusions from your results
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In your portfolio you must include pictures and diagrams to help
you explain the different methods used in the analysis of forensic
evidence. You will need to ensure this covers the following
 Spectrometry
 Chromatography
 Toxicology
 Finger printing
 DNA sequencing and blood grouping
 Microscopic evidence
 Photography
 Ballistics
 Audiometry
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
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Anthropology
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Procedure for TLC of lipstick
1. Prepare the solvent for the chromatographic analysis. The solvent is a mixture designed to aid the separation of dye
components used in lipsticks. Prepare by mixing the following solvents:
 15ml isoamyl alcohol
 15 ml acetone
 7.5 ml deionised water
 15 drops of 6M ammonium hydroxide
2. Place about 15ml of the elution solvent in a beaker and cover.
3 Take a small sample of each of the samples provided and place in the sample bottle provided. Add about 5-8 drops of
petroleum ether to each sample. Use a glass rod to “pound” the lipstick sample so that as much of the lipstick dye goes
into solution. Add a further 3-4 drops of the solvent prepared in step 1, above, and shake the sample bottle to ensure
that the components in the lipstick are extracted. Leave for about 10 minutes.
4. Draw a faint line about 1 cm from the bottom of the TLC plate with a pencil. This is the baseline. Take care not to
disturb the silica gel surface. At the top of the plate write 1,2,3,4…. to indicate your sample number.
5. Using a TLC spotter, spot each lipstick sample from the coloured lipstick solutions on the TLC plate. You will need to
spot several times, ensuring to let the spot dry between applications (use hairdryer provided).
6. Place your TLC plate in the solvent in the beaker, ensuring that the solvent is below the baseline.
While waiting for the TLC plates:
7 Examine the evidence provided – a cigarette with a lipstick smear. Determine, by colour-matching the three most
likely matches to the lipstick smear “evidence”. Use the stereomicroscope to examine the samples and the UV light to
examine for any fluorescent components.
8 Using a clean scissors or scalpel, remove the lipstick smear from the clothing. Keep the top layer containing the smear
only. Following the same procedure as above (Step 3) dissolve the lipstick sample in approximately 5 drops of petroleum
ether followed by 2-3 drops of the elution solvent.
9. Remove the remaining cloth and spot the solvent from the lipstick on a TLC plate along with the most likely matches.
The “cloth sample” should be spotted at least five times – taking care to ensure that the spot remains small. A hairdryer
can be used to dry the sample between spotting. This should be done in the fume hood.
10. When the solvent front is about 1 cm from the top of the TLC plates, remove the plate from the beaker and
immediately mark the solvent front with a pencil. The TLC plate can be dried completely using a hairdryer in the fume
hood.
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Results


Compare the spots from the unknown lipstick sample with the four known lipsticks.
At the centre of each spot that you observe, place a dot with a pencil. There may be more than one spot for a
given sample. Some dyes may be visible only under UV light.
 Calculate the Rf value for each spot, note the colour of each spot, and tabulate the results.
Rf = Distance travelled by a spot (cm)
Distance travelled by the solvent front (cm)
Questions
· Do any of the lipsticks from the three teachers match the lipstick found? Justify your reasoning.
· What type of dyes are generally used in cosmetics such as lipsticks?
The work that you have completed today need to be compiled into your portfolio of techniques. Remember if you
want to achieve the Merits it is up to YOU to do individual research on the other types of chromatography and
include these in your portfolio 
Good luck
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Chemical enhancement of fingerprints
Black powder
Developing the print:
Procedure
1. Dip the brush in the powder and lightly dust the microscope slide containing the print. Use only a very small amount
of powder. Be gentle when dusting the slide. A swirling motion with the brush works well.
2. To lift the print from the slide to the index card, unroll about 5Ó to 6Ó of clear packing tape and place the end to the
right of the thumb print on the slide and allow the tape to cover the whole print. Slide a thumb over the tape and
smooth it down over the print to force out all air bubbles.
3. The print can be removed by pulling up on the roll end of the tape and then placing it on the blank index card in the
same manner as the tape was placed over the latent print. Make sure the tape is secure. Cut the tape from the roll.
4. Determine the pattern and identity of the print and record on the data sheet.
Ninhydrin
Developing the print:
When using ninhydrin, always wear gloves!
A. Prepare the "sandwich" papers by cutting two squares of white paper, each about 6-7 cm on a side. Label each paper,
along the edge, using pencil, with the word "sandwich."
B. Working over a sink, spray these two papers with the ninhydrin solution until they are soaked. Hold the papers and
allow to air dry.
C. Place the evidence (paper with the print) between the two sandwich papers, and place flat on the cloth
D. Iron the "sandwich," with the iron on the highest setting, for about 45 seconds, moving the iron back and forth the
entire time. Watch the papers carefully to make sure they do not burn.
E. Remove the evidence paper and examine the print.
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Superglue fumes
Developing the print:
1. Make a small cup of aluminum foil. Put seven to ten drops of superglue in this cup.
2. Place the cup in the fuming chamber (this can be an old aquarium, turned upside-down, a lidded box lined in foil, or a
chamber made for the purpose). For fastest results, put the cup of foil on a coffee cup warmer or candle warmer. Also,
put a cup of warm water in the chamber
3. Put the foil evidence in the chamber, being sure to not let the evidence touch the superglue. (If possible, hang the
evidence in the chamber.) Close the chamber and wait about 20 minutes (or 24 hours if the glue is not heated).
Crystal violet
Developing the prints:
Wearing gloves, dip the masking tape into the tray of crystal violet solution and let sit for two to three minutes. Remove
the tape, and immediately rinse with tap water. Place the tape (sticky side up) on a paper towel to dry.
Iodine fumes
Developing the print:
When using iodine, avoid inhaling fumes! Keep the jar closed as much as possible and do not inhale the iodine fumes.
Iodine sublimates (turns from solid to gas) very quickly and produces toxic fumes.
1. Wear gloves to carry out the following steps.
2. Place a few (5 to 8) crystals of iodine in a small jar.
3. Open the jar containing the iodine crystals and quickly put the paper into the jar so that it is not in direct contact with
the crystals. Replace the lid and allow the print to absorb the iodine vapor for about 5 to 10 minutes or until the print is
visible.
4. Once you can see the developed print, use forceps to remove the paper from the jar. Be sure to quickly replace the lid
on the jar to avoid inhaling the fumes. Leave the crystals in the jar
THIS MUST BE DONE IN A FUME CUPBOARD!!
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Forensic Photography
Describe below how to correctly photograph evidence at a crime scene
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In the boxes below find 4 different pieces of equipment that can be used in forensic photography. Explain how they
work and use pictures to help you
Why is it important that evidence is photographed?
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