Chapter 9 Sustaining
Biodiversity
The Species Approach
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 Legal and illegal capture and sale of wild species of
plants and animals for huge profits
 Deforestation
 Habitat fragmentation
 Pollution
 Overexploitation
 Exotic pet trade
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 Caused by roads, logging, and urban development that
reduces large habitats into smaller divided areas
 Deforestation
 Habitat fragmentation
 Pollution
 Overexploitation
 Exotic pet trade
3
 A biodiversity hot spot is defined as:
 An island habitat that suffers from low immigration rates
 An area that has extinction rates lower than the global
average
 An area that has suffered from wetland degradation
 Areas that are already highly endangered centers of
biodiversity
 A tropical area near the equator
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 Still abundant in its natural range but is declining in
numbers:
 Endemic species
 Endangered species
 Indicator species
 Threatened species
 Invasive species
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 Non-native Kudzu plants out-competing local
southeastern plants for resources.
 Endemic species
 Endangered species
 Indicator species
 Threatened species
 Invasive species
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 Species that serve as early warnings that the
ecosystem or community is being degraded
 Endemic species
 Endangered species
 Indicator species
 Threatened species
 Invasive species
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 Has so few individual survivors that the species could
soon become extinct
 Endemic species
 Endangered species
 Indicator species
 Threatened species
 Invasive species
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 When a species is no longer found in an area it once
inhabited but is found elsewhere in the world it is
known as:
 Biological extinction
 Global extinction
 Ecological extinction
 Local extinction
 Mass extinction
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 Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an
endangered species:
 Specialized niches
 R-strategists
 High on the trophic level
 Rare
 Narrow distribution
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 Scientists have determined a species-area relationship
that a 90% habitat loss causes the extinction of
approximately 50% of the species in that habitat. This
relationship model is based on the theory of:
 Natural selection
 Island biogeography
 Thermodynamics
 Evolution
 Conservation of energy
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 According to conservation biologists, which of the
following is NOT a major cause of premature
extinction?
 Habitat destruction
 Invasive species
 Human population growth
 Over-harvesting
 Natural disasters
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 Which of the ecosystems characteristics would be most
vulnerable to invader species?
 I early successional systems
 II climate similar to habitat of invader
 III Low biodiversity
 I only
 II only
 III only
 I and II only
 I, II, and III
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 Severe damage to lichens is especially common in
cities with chronic air pollution; lichens are sensitive to
the toxic gases that are present in these pollutants.
Lichens are an example of:
a. Endangered species
b. Indicator species
c. Keystone species
d. Invasive species
e. Indigenous species
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 Small patches of habitat surrounded by areas of
unsuitable habitat are known as
 Biomes
 Biodiversity hot spots
 Endangered islands
 Habitat islands
 Ecological easements
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 Which of the following statements is incorrect
concerning invasive species?
 They are introduced species such as corn, wheat, and
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rice that supply a large % of US food supply
Most invasive species have no natural predators or
competitors in their new environment
Invasive species are also referred to as biotic pollution
Very few invasive species have any negative economic
impact on the country affected
Invasive species are introduced intentionally or
accidentally to the new environment
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 The continuous natural extinction rate of species which
is typically balanced by the formation of new species is
known as:
 Mass extinction
 background extinction
 Ecological extinction
 Biological extinction
 Instrumental extinction
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 The passenger pigeon is an example of
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Extinct species
Threatened species
Endangered species
Indicator species
Endemic species
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 The captive breeding program was successfully used
to increase what endangered species population?
 Brown pelican
 Bald eagle
 Passenger pigeon
 Dodo
 California condor
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 Areas that have been set aside for the protection of
threatened or endangered species are known as:
 National parks
 National zoos
 National wildlife refuges
 National recreation areas
 National forest reserves
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 Concentrated areas of biodiversity and rare or
potentially endangered species are called:
 Hot spots
 Ectones
 Biomes
 Ecological zones
 Natural captial
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 CITES is:
a. An international treaty banning the hunting and trade of
endangered species
b. A set of regulations controlling the introduction of exotic
species
c. A pact that supports preservation of critical wildlife habitat
d. An international organization dedicated to the
preservation of endangered species
e. A city-wide ordinance that regulates exotic pets in
residential areas
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 The traditional consumption of bushmeat was once a
sustainable practice, however all of the following have
led to the overexploitation, EXCEPT:
 A rapidly growing populations
 Supplying local restaurants
 Access from logging roads
 Community destabilization due to HIV/AIDS
 Increased need to decline of fisheries
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 The listing of which species are considered endangered or
threatened is the job of the following governmental organization(s)
in the US:
 I National Marine Fisheries Service
 II US Fish and Wildlife Services
 III Environmental Protection Agency
 I only
 II only
 III only
 I and II
 I, II, and III
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 All of the following describe the US Endangered Species
Act, EXCEPT:
 The Act was passed in 1973 and has been amended 3 times
 The decision to add a species to the Endangered Species List
is determined by the US Park Service
 A species may not be placed on the Endangered Species List
for economic or political reasons; it must be based on biological
factors, such as destruction of habitat
 The Act makes it illegal for Americans to sell or buy any product
made from an endangered or threatened species
 The Act gives private land owners incentives to preserve
species found on land through compromise agreements such
as Habitat Conservation Plans
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 Based on the graph, 50% of natural capital due to
human activities are comprised of these two groups:
 Reptiles and Birds
 Plants and Mammals
 Mammals and Reptiles
 Fish and Birds
 Mammals and Fish
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 The value of an organism, species, or ecosystem
based on its existence, regardless of its usefulness to
humans, is its
 Instrumental value
 Intrinsic value
 Economic value
 Bequest value
 None of the above
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 Instrumental value of a species can be divided into use
and nonuse values. Which of these is use value?
 Willingness of people to pay to protect natural capital for
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future generations
Satisfaction derived from knowing that a species exist
Ecological services provided by species, such as
pollination by honeybees
The beauty of natural scenery, such as a coral reef
Inspiration provided by the sounds of birdsongs