Chapter 12

Definition: an abnormal and uncontrollable growth of cells or
tissue that can lead to death.
 Tumor: a mass of tissue that serves no purpose.

Benign versus malignant tumors
 Benign tumor: mass of cells enclosed in a membrane that prevents
their penetration of other tissues.
 Malignant tumor: (Neoplasm) cancerous, can invade surrounding
tissues.
 Every case of cancer begins as a change in a cell that allows it to grow
and divide when it should not.
Chapter 12
2

Metastasis: Primary tumor
 Definition: the spreading of cancer cells, occurs
because cancer cells do not stick to each other as
strongly as normal cells.
▪ Cells break away from primary tumor and invade
surrounding tissues or travel through the blood and
lymphatic system.
▪ Secondary tumor or metastases
Chapter 12
3
 Classified according to the types of cells.
▪ Initially retain some of the original properties of the host cell.
▪ Carcinomas - most common - arises from the epithelial tissue
that cover body surfaces. Linings, tubes, cavities and secretion
glands.
▪ Sarcomas: arise in connective and fibrous tissues. Bone, muscle,
cartilage and membranes covering muscle or fat.
▪ Lymphomas: Cancers of the lymph nodes (neck, armpit, and
groin).
▪ Leukemia: cancer of the blood-forming cells in bone marrow.
Chapter 12
5
1.4 million Americans are diagnosed yearly
More than half will be cured.
About 40% will die as a result of cancer.
1 in 2 men and 1 in 3 women will be develop cancer
during their lifetime.
 American Cancer Society estimates




 90% of skin cancer could have been prevented
 87% of lung cancer could have been prevented
Chapter 12
6
Chapter 12
7

Most common cause of cancer death in the U.S.
 162,000 deaths per year
 Risk Factors
▪ Tobacco smoking contributes to 87%.
▪ Combined with environmental carcinogens multiply by a factor of 10.
 Detection and Treatment (Difficult to detect)
▪ Symptoms are not detected until cancer has reached the invasive
stage.
▪ Persistent cough, chest pain, or recurring bronchitis.
▪ Diagnosis - chest x-ray or sputum examination - fiber-optic
bronchosectomy.
Chapter 12
8
9

Treatment:
 Difficult to treat.
 Caught early treated by surgery
▪ Only 16% are detected prior to
spreading
▪ Radiation and chemotherapy are
used in addition
 Detected early 50% of patients
are alive for approximately 5
more years.
 Overall the survival rate is only
15%
Chapter 12
10

Second leading cancer causing
death.
 Risk Factors
▪ Directly linked to diet and
genetic predisposition.
▪ 90% occurs after 50 yr. of age.
▪ Heredity
▪ Lifestyle
▪ Up to 1/3 of the population is
genetically prone.
 Detection and Treatment
▪ Diet low in fat and High in fiber
▪ Screening
▪ Sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy
Chapter 12
11




Second most common cancer in women
Causes almost as many deaths in women as lung cancer
1:7 American women will develop it during her lifetime (213,000).
1:30 Will die from the disease (41,000 deaths).
 Risk Factors
Most common in women over 50
▪ 5 year survival rate is 79%
▪ Common causes: Genetic predisposition, High fat, High calorie diet
and Sedentary lifestyle, Alcohol use, early onset of menstruation,
First child after 30 and obesity
▪ Estrogen-cancer in estrogen-responsive sites
▪
http://www.videojug.com/interview/breast-cancer-basics
Chapter 12
12

Detection and Treatment
 Early detection.
▪ Monthly breast self-exam for all women over 20.
▪ Clinical breast exam by a physician every 3 yr.
▪ Mammography- Every 1-2 years 40-50 yr. old.
▪ Over 50 every year.
 Treatment
▪ Ultrasonography
▪ Biopsied
 Survival rate
▪ 98% if the cells did not metastasized
▪ 88% for all stages at 5 years
▪ 80% at 10 years
Chapter 12
13
Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WUoqsBxgXWI



Most common cancer in men.
235,000 new cases per year
More than 27,000 deaths per year
 Risk Factors
▪ Age
▪ Diet
▪ Lifestyle
▪ Genetic predisposition
 Early detection is key. Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) Blood test
 Treatment - surgical removal of the prostate and radiation
 Survival
▪ All stages near 100% after 5 years
http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=5103355n
Chapter 12
15

Cervical cancer - sexually transmitted.
▪ Most cases stem from infection by the papillomavirus transmitted by unprotected sex.
▪ Smoking
▪ Infection by genital herpes
 Cervical cancer most common in women in their 20’s and 30’s.
▪ Factors: sexual intercourse before 18, multiple sex partners,
cigarette smoking and low socioeconomic status.
 Screening:
▪ PAP Test
▪ Cervical dysplasia
▪ All sexually active women ages 18-65 should be tested
 Treatment
▪ Surgery
Chapter 12
17

Uterine, or Endometrial:
 Occurs after 55
 Risk factors similar to breast cancer
 Determined by Pelvic Exam
 Treatment is surgery

Ovarian Cancer:
 Difficult to detect and diagnosis, No warning signs
 Family history or genetic factors
 Determined
▪ Pelvic Exam
▪ Blood test – tumor marker called CA-125
 Treatment is surgery & radiation
Chapter 12
18

Most common form




1 million cases per year
62,000 are melanoma
Easily detected and highly curable
Exposure to ultraviolet rays during
childhood
 Common cause - sunburns and
suntans
 Types:
▪ Squamous and basal cell
carcinomas
▪ Melanoma - more dangerous
form
 Prevention
▪ Avoid long term overexposure to
sunlight
▪ Blistering and peeling sunburns
 Detection and Treatment
▪ ABCD screen test
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DsznOhIs-6E
Chapter 12
http://abcnews.go.com/Health/story?id=5661274
19
Squamous cell carcinoma
Chapter 12
Basal cell carcinoma on cheek
20
Moles vs. Melanoma
Melanoma

The Role of DNA
 Each cells has 23 pairs of chromosomes
▪ Each controls the way a cell will work
▪ A gene

DNA Mutations and Cancer
 Changes the way the cells function
 Mutagens – radiation, certain viruses and
chemical substances
 Oncogenes – a gene involved in the
transformation of a normal cell into cancer
 Tumor suppressor genes – type of
oncogene that restrains cellular growth
Chapter 12
23

Dietary Fat and Meat
 High in fat and meat has a direct impact of rates of
cancers.




Alcohol
Fried Foods
Dietary Fiber
Fruits and Vegetables
▪
▪
▪
▪
Chapter 12
Anticarcinogens
Carotenoids
Antioxidants versus Free radicals
Phytochemicals
24



Ingested Chemicals
Environmental and Industrial pollution
Radiation - UV rays or man made
Chapter 12
25

Detecting:




Diagnosing:
A sore that does not heal




Unusual bleeding or
discharge
Biopsy
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Computed tomography (CT)
Ultrasonography
Treatment:




Self-monitoring
CAUTION acronym
Change in bowel/bladder
habits
Surgery
Chemotherapy
Radiation Therapy
New and Experimental:


Gene therapy
Bone marrow and Stem Cell
transplants
 Biological therapies
 Proteasome inhibitors
 Enzyme activators/blockers
Chapter 12
Thickening of tissues
(schlerotic change)
Indigestion or difficulty
swallowing
Obvious change in a
wart/mole
Nagging cough
http://video.healthination.com/answers/cancer-treatments.html
26

Lifestyle choices
 Avoid tobacco
 Controlling diet and weight
 Regular exercise
 Protecting skin from the sun
 Avoiding environmental and occupational carcinogens
Recommended screening tests
 Be aware of the early signs and symptoms
Chapter 12
27
Chapter 12 Connect Worksheet Due on
Wednesday, December 5th