Outline



The “Labor Problem” and
the Clayton Act
The Class War Continues:
Ludlow,Colorado
WWI







PBS Early Labor: Dubofsky &
Kessler…get worksheet from me
1.
2.
Great Migration
Institutionalizing Conflict
Boston Police Strike
Railway Labor Act
Welfare Capitalism
National Labor Relations Act
(Wagner Act)
More choices…Labor’s
Strategy
On Reserve
1.
3.
Extra Credit Option…watch a
movie answer 1 question…get 4
points
Matewan
http://www.videodetective.com/movies/trailers/matewan-
trailer/570
1.
6 pm Monday LC 326A
2.
Need 7 to commit for it to
happen
1.
Will put on LUO reserve for 2
pts
Injunctions

Injunctions


Court orders issued by judges that prohibited any activity that might
cause irreparable harm
Injunctions were regularly used to block union activities


“Typically these writs also prohibited union leaders from encouraging or
advising any form of collective action”(Zieger and Gall 2002: 29)

Limit union organizing, boycotts, sympathy strikes and picketing during a strike

Basis for bringing in militia and army
One judge described an injunction as “Gatling gun on paper” note next slide
(Who Built America 1992: 125)
The Clayton Act

Unions lobbied hard to end injunctions

In 1914, Congress passed the Clayton Act

Section 6 of the Clayton Act provides that: "The labor of a human
being is not a commodity or article of commerce. Nothing contained in
the antitrust laws shall be construed to forbid the existence and
operation of labor organizations; nor shall such organizations, or the
members thereof, be held or construed to be illegal combinations or
conspiracies in restraint of trade, under the antitrust laws.”

The act was supposed to end the use of injunctions, but courts interpreted it
narrowly and state courts continued to use injunctions… nothing changed

Katz and Kochan 2004
One of many Coal Wars…

“Labor Problem” Generates Conflicts in Colorado Where Miners
Join Together to Demand



Recognition of the Union…A CONTINUING THEME
8 Hour Day
Right to use any store, doctor or boarding house



Had been required to use company stores, doctors and housing
Demand about mine safety and regulation
Official call to go on strike - September 17, 1913

“All mineworkers are hereby notified that a strike of all the coal miners
and coke oven workers in Colorado will begin on Tuesday, September
23, 1913 … We are striking for improved conditions, better wages,
and union recognition. We are sure to win.”
Ludlow and the Freedom of Association


What did the
authorities do to
Mother Jones?
Again…does this seem
like a sensible way to
address the “labor
problem?”
Ludlow Massacre

New York Times' account of the massacre - April 21,
1914

The Ludlow camp is a mass of charred debris, and buried
beneath it is a story of horror imparalleled [sic] in the history
of industrial warfare. In the holes which had been dug for
their protection against the rifles' fire the women and
children died like trapped rats when the flames swept over
them. One pit, uncovered [the day after the massacre]
disclosed the bodies of ten children and two women.
President Wilson Appoints Committee on
Industrial Relations





John D. Rockefeller defends "open shop" before Congressional
committee - April 6, 1914
Rockefeller: "These men have not expressed any dissatisfaction with
their conditions. The recostrike has been imposed upon the company from
the outsiderds show that the conditions have been admirable … A …
"There is just one thing that can be done to settle this strike, and that is to
unionize the camps, and our interest in labor is so profound and we
believe so sincerely that that interest demands that the camps shall be
open camps, that we expect to stand by the officers at any cost."
Chairman: "And you will do that if it costs all your property and kills all
your employees?"
Rockefeller "It is a great principle."
President Wilson Appoints Committee on
Industrial Relations

One of three Government reports concluded:

"Where (labor) organization is lacking dangerous discontent is found on
every hand; low wages and long hours prevail; exploitation in every
direction is practiced; the people become sullen, have no regard for law
and government, and are, in reality, a latent volcano, as dangerous to
society as are the volcanoes of nature to the landscape surrounding them."

"We hold that efforts to stay the organization of labor or to restrict the
right of employees to organize should not be tolerated, but that the
opposite policy should prevail, and the organization of the trade unions
and of the employers' organizations should be promoted...This country is no
longer a field for slavery, and where men and women are compelled, in
order that they may live, to work under conditions in determining which they
have no voice, they are not far removed from a condition existing under
feudalism or slavery.“

Final Report of the Commission on Industrial Relations, 1915
World War erupts…US enters in 1917

Need for soldiers, workers, coal, war production…
1890, Blacks in America: 90% in South
The Great Migration North:
Blacks Move North for Jobs
1600000
1400000
1200000
1000000
800000
600000
400000
200000
0
1870s 1880s 1890s 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s
Philly: The Great Migration
Growth in Black Population, Philadelphia
1910
Black
Population
84,000
% of Philly
Pop.
5.5%
1920
134,000
7.4%
1930
220,000
11.3%
World War I

Mobilization for War Required Production


Coal, steel, ships, garments, food, you name it…
Gompers and AFL make a “no strike pledge”…but
there is a Massive Strike Wave
Metal Trades, Ship-building, coal
 6 million workdays lost


You’re an advisor to President Wilson…what do you
recommend?
World War I

Develop Institutions to Reduce or Channel Conflict:
National War Labor Board

Set up to prevent labor disputes that might weaken the
country’s military effort

Self organization and collective bargaining became public
policy


Employers forbidden from interfering with union organizing
Substituted settlements based on non binding mediation

form of intervention in labor management disputes whose objective is to
help the parties reach a settlement
Changing the Rules

“the right to organize was freely conceded by the
government and even insisted upon…The gods were
indeed fighting on the side of labor.”


-William Z. Foster, meatpacking organizer
Union Membership Grows by 70% between 1914
and 1920
1917
 1920


2.9 million
5 million
Machinists grow by six fold, Garment workers double in size
NWLB Dissolved

After the War, the NWLB is eliminated


Why? The business community opposes its continuation
But Labor Problem is not eliminated & Large Scale
Conflicts Remerge

1919-10,000 strikes involving 8 million workers


Most strikes in any year up that point
General Strike in Seattle

a strike by all or most workers in a community or nation.


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=efM5EsZPfbA
Steel, Ship-workers even Police…lets explore Boston
Boston Police Vote to Strike on
9/08/19…1,134 to 2…Why?

Wages




Hours




Second through 5th year earned $1200 ($14,382 in today’s dollars)
Most anyone could earn was $1400 ($16,779 in today’s dollars)
Had to pay $200 for own uniforms ($2400 in today’s dollars)
73 hours a week (day men)
83 hours a week (night men)
98 hours a week (wagon men)
“Such men are deprived of enjoying the comforts of their home
and family.

Boston Police Union President
More Importantly…Should Police Be
allowed to form unions?

What are some reasons you might answer yes?

What are some reasons you might answer no?
More Importantly…Should Police Be allowed
to form unions?

Union Recognition

Union position:



Police officers are workers with same values and aspirations as private
sector workers
Unions were needed to deal with issues of wages, hours and working
conditions
Opponents:

Police officers are government workers who are not employees



Unionized police would have divided loyalty


Not employed, but appointed
Nobody profits from their efforts
Might not be willing to enforce injunctions and break strikes
Strikes by police would be catastrophic
Boston Police Strike: September 9, 1910

Police Strike

Public unrest follows



Governor Coolidge fires all strikers and hires
permanent replacement workers
Though unionized garment worker will not sew uniforms
for “scabs” …the strike is lost
Under pressure, AFL revokes charter of other Police
Unions…things will not change for 40 years…
The Roaring Twenties…

Decade begins with 5 million in unions…by 1931 only 2.1
million are in unions…Why?

No government support…NWLB dissolved

Old Fashioned Management offensive defeats many strikes

Firings, beatings, shootings, firing workers, etc.


921 injunctions issued in 1920…about the same number issued in the
previous 40 years
Yellow dog contracts?
Freedom of Contract?

Yellow Dog Contracts
 Employers
required a loyalty oath stating that the
employee would not join or participate in union
activities
 Courts
could enforce these common law contracts, and
the employee could be fired
 Formed
the basis for legal action against organizers
for interfering with a contractual relationship
Welfare Capitalism Emerges in 20s

Personnel practices such as job ladders, pension & insurance
benefits introduced by management with the hope that
these would lead employees to shun unions
(Katz & Kochan, p.468)

Employee Representation Plan (ERP)


Labor/management committees established to discuss welfare
programs, develop schemes for improving efficiency, adjudicating
minor disputes and grievances. (Folks, p,177)
Union avoidance via Company Unions

An organization of employees that is either dominated or strongly
influenced by management.
(Herman, p.524)
Some Common Ground…



AFL Business Unionism and Management Driven
Welfare Capitalism differ in the degree of power
and autonomy that workers get…
But they share in common a desire to address the
“labor problem” without open class warfare…
Both seek to build institutions that can reduce conflict
generated by employment relationship…
Outline

Channeling Conflict, 1920s






Railway Labor Act
Channeling Conflict, 1930s

National Labor Relations Act
(Wagner Act)
More choices…Labor’s
Strategy
AFL and CIO
Sit Down and Fight: Video
Clip
Social Unionism


CIO PAC
Matewan on reserve



Get sheet from me
Dubofsky/Kessler video
sheet…Hand in now
Review Question…big part of
grade



Some are doing an excellent job
Some haven’t done any…what are
you waiting for?
Some are not doing thoroughly…do
them thoroughly
Channeling Conflict…

Railways as key
 Largest Employer in US in 1917


Constant labor conflict a problem for national economy



250,000 workers
Railroads are the main mode of transportation
During WWI Government Operates RR
1919 the RR Unions Supports Continued Government Control of
the Railroads


Unions would help manage them
In wake of Bolshevik revolution…this a very radical demand…
The Railway Labor Act

Passed by Congress in 1926

Specifies that the employees have the right to organize unions without
employer interference and to bargain through the representatives of their own
choosing

Establish procedures to reduce conflict in the railroads

Compulsory arbitration
 Procedure used to settle labor disputes in which a third party makes
a binding decision

Unions drop demands for nationalization

An important step towards “rational” labor relations in one of nation’s most
important industries
Side Note: AFL and the Family
Wage

Trying to be attentive to not just “generic workers,”
but too different segments of the working class
 Blacks,

Immigrants, women…
1. In the section Prosperity in Chapter 2, the authors
mention something called the family wage. What
does this term refer to? In your opinion, was a
family wage something unions should have
demanded, or was it something that worked against
the interests of women?
RLA as step toward “institutionalizing conflict”….Next
step facilitated by the collapse of the American
economy….
The “Labor Problem” Intensifies

Great Depression

By 1932, ½ of all factories closed down

By, 1933, 15 million people are unemployed

Between 25% and 33% of all workers are out of work

Wages fall by 60%

Approximately 50% of Americans are living below the
poverty level
Conditions are Intolerable

“We cannot endure another winter of hardship such
as we are passing through.”
 Republican
Governor of Washington
The “Labor Problem” Intensifies

Workers and unemployed organize hunger marches
and demonstrations across the nation
 50,000
march in NYC
 60,000 march in Detroit
 With
banners of Lenin…
 Who was Lenin?
A “New Deal” for workers…

Franklin Delano Roosevelt elected in 1932
Administration full of people with experience with WWI
War Labor Board & state level reform
 Belief that industrial conflict could managed


1933, National Industrial Recovery Act

Many parts all designed to use government to re-organize
the economy

Section 7 A states workers have right to organize and
collectively bargain
7A was like Yeast in Bread…

Unions launch organizing campaigns
 Organizing

Employers refuse to abide by 7A & oppose
unionization efforts
 Believe

and strikes pick-up
law is unconstitutional
Result: Intense labor conflict
 1934
strikes reach historic highs
From Business Unionism to something
more “dangerous”?

Teamsters organize truck drivers in Minneapolis

Goal is not class struggle, but Business unionism


A union to represent the bread and butter interests of truck
drivers.
Employers refuse to recognize union…the result…A
General Strike
Revolution as possible…?

General Strikes in 1934:


Minneapolis
San Francisco shuts down ports up and down west
coast

Note video clip
Revolution in the Air?


“You have seen strikes in Toledo, you have seen
Minneapolis, you have seen San Francisco, and you
seen some of the southern textile strikes…but…you
have not yet seen the gates of hell opened, and that
is what is going to happen from now on.”
-Congressmen Conner, testifying before a Senate
Committee
Solidifying a New Deal

1935 NIRA Struck Down by Courts


Wagner Act or National Labor Relations Act(1935)


Senator Wagner (D-NY) quickly offers new bill…what is it? What
does it do?
a federal law that among other things guaranteed workers to
organize unions, join unions and collectively bargain.
Turning point in American History

A conscious effort to strengthen unionism by Federal Government

Still the framework we operate under
What Drove Wagner


“There can no more be democratic self government in
industry without workers participating therein, than there
could be democratic government in politics without
workers having the right to vote.”
“That is why the right to collectively bargain is at the
bottom of social justice for the workers as well as the
sensible conduct of business affairs. The denial or
observance of this right means the difference between
despotism and democracy.”
(Tomlins, p.105)

What do you think? Do you agree with Wagner?
Wagner Act (1935)
Section 1: The denial by some
employers of the right of
employees to organize and the
refusal by some employers to
accept the procedure of
collective bargaining lead to
strikes and other forms of
industrial strife and or unrest,
which have the intent or the
necessary effect of burdening
or obstructing commerce…
Wagner Act (1935)

The inequality of bargaining power between
employees who do not possess full freedom of
association or actual liberty of contract and
employers who are organized in the corporate or
other forms of ownership substantially burdens and
affects the flow of commerce, and tends to
aggravate the recurrent business depressions, by
depressing wage rates and the purchasing power of
wage earners…
Wagner Act (1935)
It is declared to be the policy of the United States to
eliminate the causes of certain substantial
obstructions…by encouraging the practice and
procedure of collective bargaining and by
protecting the exercise by workers of full freedom
of association, self organization, and designation
of representatives of their own choosing, for the
purpose of negotiating the terms of and conditions
of their employment or other mutual aid or
protection.
Wagner Act/National Labor Relations
Act, 1935

Most non-agricultural private-sector employees
ensured the right to organize
 Anyone
know/guess which racial or ethnic groups this will
leave behind?
Wagner Act/National Labor Relations
Act, 1935

Most non-agricultural private-sector employees
ensured the right to organize
 Bow
to Southern Democrats boxes African American
Sharecroppers out of deal…
NLRA, 1935

Section 7

Employees have the “right to self organization” and the right to
“bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing,
or to engage in other concerted activities for the purpose of
collective bargaining”

Right to strike, picket, etc.
O.K…What happens if these rights are violated? Can
employers hire temporary replacement workers? What
about permanent replacement workers? Can workers strike
company B to support workers at company A?…All things
we’ll consider
NLRA, 1935: Section 8


Employers must bargain in good faith

Duty to bargain with the intent of reaching an agreement.

O.K…So what can and can not be the subject of bargaining? Still to be
determined?
Unfair Labor Practices by Employers are Specified


Can’t interfere with right to unionize. Can’t set up company unions. Can’t
discriminate against union members.
O.K…so what happens if an ER does this…?
NLRA, 1935


O.K…what if different workers want different unions
to represent them…
Section 9
Union representatives selected by majority vote of
designated bargaining unit
 Victorious unions wins exclusive representation rights


O.K…How will bargaining unit be defined? All Hospital
workers? Just the nurses? Nurse and orderlies but not
cafeteria workers?
NLRB Created…
National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)


Government agency created to enforce provisions of the Act

5 persons appointed by the President of the U.S. & confirmed
by the Senate
Guiding principles

Organize elections & recognize majority representation

Investigate claims of unfair labor practices and impose
sanctions or punishments for violations of the NLRA
President Roosevelt as Pro-Union

“If I went to work in a
factory, the first thing I’d do
would be TO JOIN A
UNION”


-Franklin Roosevelt
It’s not clear if he ever
really said this, but union
leaders made poster
declaring that he did
Opportunity for AFL


AFL primarily comprised of Craft Unions
representing skilled workers
But economy now comprised of large, mass
production industries full of immigrants, women
and Blacks
 Ford’s
River Rouge plant employed 100,000 in one
factory…
 Most of them were unskilled or semi-skilled
 Choices….
Wagner Act as the opportunity of a
lifetime?
AFL leaders hold negative views of unskilled and immigrant workers

“The scramble for admittance to the union is on. We do not want
to charter the riff-raff or good for nothings, or those for whom we
cannot make wages or conditions



Daniel Tobin, Head of the AFL Teamsters Union
Tobin referred to the “the rubbish that have lately come into other
organizations.”
“My wife can always tell from the smell of my clothes what breed
of foreigners I have been hanging out with.”

William Collins, AFL organizer
Choices


AFL: You are a (skilled white/unskilled white, Hispanic,
Black, woman, Asian) worker in a Ford Factory.
Organizers from the AFL have visited your factory,
and told you that your best strategy is to divide the
workforce of 100,000 into 13 different unions, each
of which should bargain with Ford independently. This
will give skilled workers an edge. Unskilled workers,
the majority, will be lowest priority.
See next slide
AFL Craft Unions
Ford



Divide workers in
one car factory
into 13 separate
craft unions.
Plant A
Try to bargain
separately…
Unskilled, women,
Blacks, Asians and
others are low
priority
Plumbers
Union
Local 1
Painters
Union
Local 1
Machinists
Union
Local 1
Plant B
Janitors
Union
Local 1
Plumbers
Union
Local 2
Painters
Union
Local 2
Machinists
Union
Local 2
Janitors
Union
Local 2
Choices


AFL: You are a (skilled white/unskilled white, Black, woman,
HispanicAsian) worker in a Ford Factory. Organizers from the
AFL have visited your factory, and told you that your best
strategy is to divide the workforce of 100,000 into 13
different unions, each of which should bargain with Ford
independently. This will give skilled workers an edge.
Unskilled workers, the majority, will be lowest priority.
Organizer Lewis: You are a (skilled white/unskilled white,
Black, woman, Asian) worker in a Ford Factory. Organizers
from the new group tell you that the AFL strategy is flawed.
Division into separate unions weakens your power. It is too
easy to divide and conquer. Skilled and unskilled, regardless
of race, should form one industrial union. This will give workers
the power to shut down production, and will force Ford to deal
with you. See next slide
Congress of Industrial Unions

Organize all workers along
industrial lines (one factory,
one local union)


Including women, Blacks,
immigrants and others
Demand that Ford
negotiate a deal that
applies to all of its
factories
Ford
BARGAIN PERTAINS
TO
FORD
UAW-Ford
Plant A
Plant B
Plant C
UAW 1
UAW 2
UAW 3
Choices


AFL: You are an (unskilled White, Black, woman, Hispanic,
Asian) worker in a Ford Factory. Organizers from the AFL
have visited your factory, and told you that your best
strategy is to divide the workforce of 100,000 into 13
different unions, each of which should bargain with Ford
independently. This will give skilled workers an edge.
Unskilled workers, the majority, will be lowest priority.
Organizer Lewis: You are an (unskilled White, Black,
woman, Hispanic, Asian) worker in a Ford Factory.
Organizers from the new group tell you that the AFL
strategy is flawed. Division into separate unions weakens
your power. It is too easy to divide and conquer. Skilled
and unskilled, regardless of race, should form one industrial
union. This will give workers the power to shut down
production, and will force Ford to deal with you.
Choices


AFL: You are a skilled White worker in a Ford Factory.
Organizers from the AFL have visited your factory, and told
you that your best strategy is to divide the workforce of
100,000 into 13 different unions, each of which should
bargain with Ford independently. This will give skilled
workers an edge. Unskilled workers, the majority, will be
lowest priority.
Organizer Lewis: You are a skilled White worker in a Ford
Factory. Organizers from the new group tell you that the AFL
strategy is flawed. Division into separate unions weakens your
power. It is too easy to divide and conquer. Skilled and
unskilled, regardless of race, should form one industrial union.
This will give workers the power to shut down production, and
will force Ford to deal with you.
CIO Challenge to the AFL


Debate over craft or industrial organizing came to a
head at the 1935 AFL convention in Atlantic City.
United Mine Workers President John Lewis lost a crucial
vote to organize the auto and rubber industries along
industrial lines…

Punches Out President of Carpenters Union


Next time you’re in AC…walk as far south as you can on the
boardwalk…there is a memorial to the events
With several other AFL leaders, Lewis formed the more
militant Committee of Industrial Organizations which
ultimately become the Congress of Industrial
Organizations (CIO)
The CIO Challenge to the AFL…

CIO


Federation of national labor unions created in 1938 with the
goal of promoting industrial unionism
Industrial Union (as opposed to craft union)

Unions that represent workers across a number of different skill
levels and/or occupations

Sometimes One Industry, One Union (US)


Auto Industry = Autoworkers Union…not machinists union, painters union,
electricians union, etc
Sometimes One Sector, One Union (Germany, Sweden)

Metalworkers Union…not autoworkers union, steelworkers union, machinists
union
The Rise of the CIO…

Attitudes toward minorities or women?
The Rise of the CIO…

Attitudes toward minorities or women?

Official Position
 Class…or
at least Industry based Solidarity should
trump other concerns
 Racial,
ethnic & gender differences inconsequential
 “Black
and White Unite and Fight”
The CIO Challenge to the AFL…

CIO


Federation of national labor unions created in 1938 with the
goal of promoting industrial unionism
Industrial Union (as opposed to craft union)

Unions that represent workers across a number of different skill
levels and/or occupations

Sometimes One Industry, One Union (US)


Auto Industry = Autoworkers Union…not machinists union, painters union,
electricians union, etc
Sometimes One Sector, One Union (Germany, Sweden)

Metalworkers Union…not autoworkers union, steelworkers union, machinists
union


6. The United Autoworkers first great victory
occurred in Flint Michigan. What made this
strike unique? Why do you think the strike was
successful?
Video Clip
The Rise of the CIO


From Poverty Level
Wages to Middle Class
Wages
The CIO, the United
Autoworkers (UAW) and
General Motors
Union membership as a percentage of the
nonagricultural labor force, 1930-2002
Unions Force Re-slicing of Economic Pie

$ 1billion
Estimated that
transferred from
capitalist class to working class in 1937 alone
 This
a
 Alters
BIG deal…
American Society
 Improves
the standard of living of millions…helps
create a middle class
But for the CIO…it is not just abuot
wages…

AFL…Business unionism

using collective bargaining to improve the wages, hours and working
conditions of members who belong to a particular union. Focus on breadand-butter issues

“pure and simple” agenda of improving wages and working conditions
(Zieger 2002: 25)

Limited political activity and no vision of large scale social transformation

Early AFL ascribed to something called Voluntarism


opposition to government relief and welfare legislation and stressing the need for
workers to depend on their own economic strength (Zieger 2002:62)
Often little inter-union solidarity

“craft unions routinely crossed one another’s pickets and endlessly disputed
jurisdictions”
(Folks, 145)

8. In what ways did the CIO’s attitude toward
political action differ from that of the AFL?
Briefly explain one of the reasons that CIO
adopted this attitude?
CIO: Beyond Business Unionism

…workers and Labor Union members have many
problems affecting their lives in addition to wages, hours
and working conditions, and related matters involving the
employer. These are the wide range of the citizen in the
community. The CIO Council becomes the voice of the
Labor movement about housing, public and personal
health, child care, education, public and private welfare,
city and community planning, recreating, and a large
number of things which are the concern of the worker as
citizen where he lives.

Ted Silvey, CIO Leader, 1948
The CIO: From Voluntarism to
Political Action

“It is difficult to conceive of any functioning labor
organization which does not take part in politics. For
the leaders of of labor, politics was, and is, the other
side of of the trade union coin.”


CIO pamphlet
CIO more aggressively fights to elect people who
are more tolerant of unions and to use government
to solve social problems
Goal is to reform capitalism, not abolish it
 More public housing, health care, civil rights, jobs, etc.

From Business Unionism to Social
Unionism

a form of unionism that focuses on using collective
bargaining to improve the wages, hours and working
conditions of members who belong to a particular
union WHILE also engaging in campaigns that will
improve the conditions of the working class a whole.

GOAL IS TO ADVANCE A BROADER SET OF ECONOMC
INTERESTS…ABOVE AND BEYOND THOSE DEALT WITH BY
COLLECTIVE BARGAINING
The CIO and Politics

In 1936 CIO puts $74 million
behind FDR (2007 dollars)

1943 CIO Political Action
Committee formed

CIO committee created to register
voters, educate them, and get them out
to vote

In some cities, extremely well
organized

City broken down into districts…districts
into wards…wards into blocks…each
block had community steward in charge
of mobilizing union vote
Brokering a “New Deal”

CIO was Key Part of New Deal coalition that passed legislation
creating

Old Age Pensions (Social Security)

Unemployment Insurance

Why would providing money to unemployed workers be helpful to the labor
movement?

Aid for Dependent Mothers (Welfare)

Fair Labor Standards Act (AFL initially opposes based on commitment to
voluntarism, CIO supports)

Minimum wages; maximum hours; prohibitions on child labor

Agricultural workers and public employees not covered by the wages and hours
standards


8. In what ways did the CIO’s attitude toward
political action differ from that of the AFL?
Briefly explain one of the reasons that CIO
adopted this attitude? Who had it right, the
AFL or the CIO?
Risk for the CIO of getting so politically
involved in support of the Democratic Party?
Next



Unions and WWII
Social Unionism…Just how far?
Unions in Post War America