3-2. VOLCANOES &
EARTHQUAKES
3-2-1. Distribution
• Along the plate boundaries
• Within plates
http://picsdigger.com/keyword/transform%20plate%20boundary/
http://facstaff.gpc.edu/~pgore/Earth&Space/GPS/volcanism.html
http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~leeman/Man&Nature.html
http://www.colorado.edu/geography/class_homepages/geog_3251_sum08/
3-2-2. Types of Volcanoes
•
•
•
Rock types
• Basaltic
• Andesitic
• Rhyolitic
Shape & structure
• Cinder cone
• Lava dome
• Maar
• Shield volcano
• Stratovolcano
Activity
• Active
• Extinct
• Dormant
Capulin Volcano National Monument, New Mexico. Capulin Moun
tain, a huge cinder cone which last erupted between 58,000 to 6
2,000 years ago, rises more than 1,000 feet above its base
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinder_cone
The new lava dome inside Kelud's crater, consisting of two major parts. (Photo: Tom Pfeiffer)
http://www.volcanodiscovery.com/sq/kelud/1107/lava_dome/image2.html
Wabah maar in Saudi Arabia
http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/hydrovolcanic-landforms
View of Mauna Kea from Mauna Loa observatory
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shield_volcano
http://geopark.jeju.go.kr/?mid=KR010104
Mount Fuji, an active stratovolcano in Japan th
at last erupted in 1707–08
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratovolcano
3-2-3. Volcano Hazards
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/a
rticle-1297706/Hawaii-homeowner
-watches-molten-lava-destroy-hou
se-volcano-erupts.html
27 July 2010
Lava from Kilauea
Volcano, Hawaii
Mr Sleik's stairs burst into flames as the
lava creeps ever-closer to the modest w
ooden house
Dome Collapses Generate Pyroclastic Flows, Unzen Volcano, Japan (1994)
Lava Dome Grows Above Steep Slope
Pyroclastic Flows Rush Down New
River Valley
Trees and Buildings Burned by
Ash-Cloud Surges
http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/ha
zards/pyroclasticflow/unzen.
php
1902 Eruption of Mount Pelee, Martinique
http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/namerica/caribb/martnque.htm
before
A map of the affected area around Mount Pelée
printed in 1904
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pel%C3%A9e
after
1980 Eruption of Mount St. Helens, USA
Mt. St. Helens mushroom cloud, 40 miles wide and 15 miles high. Camera location: Toledo, Washington, 35 miles westnorthwest of the mountain. The picture is a composite of about 20 separate images.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_St._Helens
David A. Johnston hours before he was
killed by the eruption
Before and after
http://www.daviddarling.info/childrens_encyclopedi
a/Dig_a_Hole_to_China_Chapter1.html
The World’s Worst Volcanic Eruptions
As Measured by Death Toll
Year
Volcano
Country
Death Toll
1815
Tambora
Indonesia
92,000
1883
Krakatoa
Indonesia
36,000
79
Vesuvius
Italia
33,000
1902
Pelee
Martinique
33,000
1985
Nevado del Ruiz Columbia
23,000
1792
Unzen
Japan
15,000
1586
Kelut
Indonesia
10,000
1783
Laki
Iceland
9,350
1902
Santa Maria
Guatemala
6,000
1919
Kelut
Indonesia
5,000
http://www.epicdisasters.com/index.php/site/comments/the_worlds_worst_volcanic_eruptions.