Validation of the CFD program PHOENICS 2008
for the determination of wind loads on buildings
Dipl.-Ing. Frank Zimmermann, Heilbronn, D und Dipl.-Ing. Frank Kanters, Heerlen, NL
Validation of PHOENICS-2008 for the
determination of wind pressures on buildings, by
Frank Zimmermann, Heilbronn, D and
Dipl.-Ing. Frank Kanters, Heerlen, NL;
an English-language version by Brian Spalding.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Contents
Foreword
Introduction
Boundary conditions
Slender tower
4.1 Wind-tunnel measurements
4.2 CFD calculations
4.3 Comparison with DIN 1055-4
Cube-shaped buildings
5.1 Wind-tunnel measurements
5.2 CFD calculations
5.3 Comparison with DIN 1055-4
Rectangular buildings H = 0.5 B
6.1 Wind-tunnel measurements
6.2 CFD calculations
6.3 Comparison with DIN 1055-4
Summary of the results
and conclusions
References
06.07.2008
Zimmermann-Becker GmbH Beratende Ingenieure TGA
Heilbronn Hamburg Leipzig
1
Validation of the CFD program PHOENICS 2008
for the determination of wind loads on buildings
Dipl.-Ing. Frank Zimmermann, Heilbronn, D und Dipl.-Ing. Frank Kanters, Heerlen, NL
1.0 Foreword
DIN 1055-4 03/2005 permits the determination of wind loads on buildings of rectangular-plan shape
with sufficient accuracy. It gives however no guidance regarding buildings of more-complex shape.
Since knowledge of the wind loads is necessary for proper design, especially for tall buildings,
recourse therefore has in the past had to be made to measurements in wind tunnels, in which the
non-uniformity of wind profile and the presence of surrounding buildigs should be represented.
These requirements, together with the need for a large large number of measurement locations,
make the method costly.
For these and other reasons, better accuracy then +/- 15 % is not to be expected.
The development of Computational Fluids Dynamics, and of sufficiently powerful computer hardware,
now permit wind loads on buildings to be computed without great expense. The use of the large-eddy
turbulence model together with parallel processing leads to especially good results.
In the present report, the results of calculations made by means of the PHOENICS-2008 CFD-software
package are compared with experimental data and with the prescriptions of DIN 1055-4, and are
shown thereby to be sufficiently accurate.
Such calculations can be made for buildings of any shape.
06.07.2008
Zimmermann-Becker GmbH Beratende Ingenieure TGA
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Validation of the CFD program PHOENICS 2008
for the determination of wind loads on buildings
Dipl.-Ing. Frank Zimmermann, Heilbronn, D und Dipl.-Ing. Frank Kanters, Heerlen, NL
2.
Introduction
A validation exercise requires knowledge of varied and reliable experimental data as standards of comparison.
In the present investigation, the following sources were used:
1. NISTIR 6371, United States Department of Commerce, Technology Administration,
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Building and Fire Research Laboratory, Gaithersburg, [2].
2. Numerical Prediction of Wind Loading on Buildings and Structures,
The working group for numerical prediction of wind loading on buildings and structures,
Subcommitee for wind engineering data unit for structural design,
Archtectural Institute of Japan, 1998, [3].
3. DIN 1055-4, 03/2005, Einwirkungen auf Tragwerke, Teil 4: Windlasten, [4].
In [2] the numerical determination of wind loads by means of Large-Eddy Turbulence simulation is
compared with wind-tunnel measurements and with the large-eddy caculations by Shah und Ferziger [5].
Two building models were used: a tower of 10 x 10 x 80 m and a cube of 30 x 30 x 30 m.
A further comparison was made with the investigation of the AIJ – Report, Architectural Institute of Japan, [3]
for a rectangular-shaped building of 30 x 30 x 15 m which compared CFD calculations with wind-tunnel
measurements.
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Validation of the CFD program PHOENICS 2008
for the determination of wind loads on buildings
Dipl.-Ing. Frank Zimmermann, Heilbronn, D und Dipl.-Ing. Frank Kanters, Heerlen, NL
2.
Introduction (continued)
The validation was conducted by making calculations with the program Phoenics 2008 from CHAM, London
for the following buildings:
A. Tall Building 10 x 10 x 80 m
1.1 with vref = constant (uniform Flow)
1.2 with wind profile (shear Flow),
Exponent n = ¼ , roughness zo = 0,05 m
B. Cubical Building 30 x 30 x 30 m
1.1 with vref = constant (uniform Flow)
1.2 with wind profile (shear Flow),
Exponent n = ¼ , roughness zo = 0,05 m
C. Low Flat Building 30 x 30 x 15 m
1.1 with vref = constant (uniform Flow)
1.2 with wind profile (shear Flow),
Exponent n = ¼ , roughness zo = 0,05 m
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Validation of the CFD program PHOENICS 2008
for the determination of wind loads on buildings
Dipl.-Ing. Frank Zimmermann, Heilbronn, D und Dipl.-Ing. Frank Kanters, Heerlen, NL
3.
Boundary conditions
The large-eddy model was chosen because of its advantages [6] . Calculations with the k-epsilon model
lead to more or less the same conclusions provided that one reaches convergence. The LE model is
specially suitable for fine grids.
The LE – Model proved to be more robust, and to converge faster than K-epsilon.
The choice of grid is of great importance in wind simulations.
PHOENICS uses a basically Cartesian grid; and it has two especially valuable features for providing fine
grids where they are needed and for handling surfaces which cut the grid planes obliquely. They are,
respectively:
FINE-GRID EMBEDDING and PARSOL.
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Validation of the CFD program PHOENICS 2008
for the determination of wind loads on buildings
Dipl.-Ing. Frank Zimmermann, Heilbronn, D und Dipl.-Ing. Frank Kanters, Heerlen, NL
Pressure contours and vectors between louvres
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Validation of the CFD program PHOENICS 2008
for the determination of wind loads on buildings
Dipl.-Ing. Frank Zimmermann, Heilbronn, D und Dipl.-Ing. Frank Kanters, Heerlen, NL
3. Boundary conditions (contd)
These features are illustrated in the picture on
the right. PARSOL smooths the corners.
The building shown has the dimensions
30 x 30 x 30 m and is turned through 45 ° .
The grid-cell size is 1 m.
FGE allowed the grid to be refined still further,
without significantly altering the results.
The favourable grid generation and the absence
of surrounding buildings allowed
exemplary convergence to be achieved
within 1000 sweeps.
For many applications other forms of grid are needed, such as cylindrical-polar for pipe-flow and body-fitted
for more complex shapes.
For flow around buildings however the combination of FGE and PARSOL is ideal.
06.07.2008
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Validation of the CFD program PHOENICS 2008
for the determination of wind loads on buildings
Dipl.-Ing. Frank Zimmermann, Heilbronn, D und Dipl.-Ing. Frank Kanters, Heerlen, NL
4.0 Tall building
4.1 Wind-tunnel measurements
Comparison between the predictions of PHOENICS and
the wind-tunnel measurements of NIST3671.
Comparisons were made for both uniform-flow and
shear-flow wind profiles.
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Validation of the CFD program PHOENICS 2008
for the determination of wind loads on buildings
Dipl.-Ing. Frank Zimmermann, Heilbronn, D und Dipl.-Ing. Frank Kanters, Heerlen, NL
2
3
1
2
3
4
4
3
1
2
Wind
Side
Windkanal, uniform Flow nach NIST6371
06.07.2008
Front
back
Above: calculations with PHOENICS for uniform flow
Left: data from NIST6371
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Validation of the CFD program PHOENICS 2008
for the determination of wind loads on buildings
Dipl.-Ing. Frank Zimmermann, Heilbronn, D und Dipl.-Ing. Frank Kanters, Heerlen, NL
2
3
1
2
3
4
4
3
1
2
Wind
Side
Windkanal, shear Flow nach NIST6371
06.07.2008
Front
back
Above: calculations with PHOENICS for shear flow
Left: data from NIST6371
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Validation of the CFD program PHOENICS 2008
for the determination of wind loads on buildings
Dipl.-Ing. Frank Zimmermann, Heilbronn, D und Dipl.-Ing. Frank Kanters, Heerlen, NL
4.0 Tall Building
4.2 CFD calculations
The results computed by PHOENICS are compared with
the CFD calculations of NIST6371.
Comparison was made for both uniform and shear–low
wind profiles.
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Validation of the CFD program PHOENICS 2008
for the determination of wind loads on buildings
Dipl.-Ing. Frank Zimmermann, Heilbronn, D und Dipl.-Ing. Frank Kanters, Heerlen, NL
2
3
1
2
3
4
4
3
1
2
Wind
Side
Berechnung, uniform Flow nach NIST6371
06.07.2008
Front
back
Above: calculations with PHOENICS for uniform flow
Left: data from NIST6371
Zimmermann-Becker GmbH Beratende Ingenieure TGA
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Validation of the CFD program PHOENICS 2008
for the determination of wind loads on buildings
Dipl.-Ing. Frank Zimmermann, Heilbronn, D und Dipl.-Ing. Frank Kanters, Heerlen, NL
2
3
1
2
3
4
4
3
1
2
Wind
Side
Berechnung, shear Flow nach NIST6371
06.07.2008
Front
back
Above: PHOENICS calculations for shear flow
Left: data from NIST6371
Zimmermann-Becker GmbH Beratende Ingenieure TGA
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Validation of the CFD program PHOENICS 2008
for the determination of wind loads on buildings
Dipl.-Ing. Frank Zimmermann, Heilbronn, D und Dipl.-Ing. Frank Kanters, Heerlen, NL
4.0 Tall Building
4.3 Comparison with DIN 1055-4
The results computed by PHOENICS are compared with
the values given by DIN 1055-4 .
The comparison is made for the uniform-flow wind profile.
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Validation of the CFD program PHOENICS 2008
for the determination of wind loads on buildings
Dipl.-Ing. Frank Zimmermann, Heilbronn, D und Dipl.-Ing. Frank Kanters, Heerlen, NL
Plan view
Table 3 – External-pressure coefficients for vertical walls of a rectangular building
1
4
3
1
2
2
2
3 3
4
Wind
Table 4 – External-pressure coefficient for flat roof
Data from DIN 1055-4, März 2005
06.07.2008
region
Zimmermann-Becker GmbH Beratende Ingenieure TGA
Heilbronn Hamburg Leipzig
Side
Front
back
PHOENICS for uniform Flow
15
Validation of the CFD program PHOENICS 2008
for the determination of wind loads on buildings
Dipl.-Ing. Frank Zimmermann, Heilbronn, D und Dipl.-Ing. Frank Kanters, Heerlen, NL
5.0 Cube-shaped building
5.1 Wind-tunnel measurements
Comparison of the predictions of PHOENICS
with the wind-tunnel measurements of NIST 6371.
Comparisons were made for both shear- and
uniform-flow wind profiles.
06.07.2008
Zimmermann-Becker GmbH Beratende Ingenieure TGA
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Validation of the CFD program PHOENICS 2008
for the determination of wind loads on buildings
Dipl.-Ing. Frank Zimmermann, Heilbronn, D und Dipl.-Ing. Frank Kanters, Heerlen, NL
Windkanal, uniform Flow nach NIST6371
06.07.2008
Left: wind-tunnel data
for uniform flow
according to NIST6371
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Validation of the CFD program PHOENICS 2008
for the determination of wind loads on buildings
Dipl.-Ing. Frank Zimmermann, Heilbronn, D und Dipl.-Ing. Frank Kanters, Heerlen, NL
Left: wind-tunnel data for
shear flow according to
NIST6371
Windkanal, shear Flow nach NIST6371
06.07.2008
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Heilbronn Hamburg Leipzig
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Validation of the CFD program PHOENICS 2008
for the determination of wind loads on buildings
Dipl.-Ing. Frank Zimmermann, Heilbronn, D und Dipl.-Ing. Frank Kanters, Heerlen, NL
5.0 Cube-shaped building
5.2 CFD - calculations
Comparison of the predictions of PHOENICS
with the CFD – calculations of NIST 6371.
Comparisons were made for both shear- and
uniform-flow wind profiles.
06.07.2008
Zimmermann-Becker GmbH Beratende Ingenieure TGA
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Validation of the CFD program PHOENICS 2008
for the determination of wind loads on buildings
Dipl.-Ing. Frank Zimmermann, Heilbronn, D und Dipl.-Ing. Frank Kanters, Heerlen, NL
Berechnung, uniform Flow nach NIST6371
06.07.2008
Left: calculation for uniform
flow according to NIST6371
Zimmermann-Becker GmbH Beratende Ingenieure TGA
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Validation of the CFD program PHOENICS 2008
for the determination of wind loads on buildings
Dipl.-Ing. Frank Zimmermann, Heilbronn, D und Dipl.-Ing. Frank Kanters, Heerlen, NL
Berechnung, shear Flow nach NIST6371
06.07.2008
Left: calculation for shear flow
according to NIST6371
Zimmermann-Becker GmbH Beratende Ingenieure TGA
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Validation of the CFD program PHOENICS 2008
for the determination of wind loads on buildings
Dipl.-Ing. Frank Zimmermann, Heilbronn, D und Dipl.-Ing. Frank Kanters, Heerlen, NL
5.0 Cube-shaped building
5.3 Comparison with DIN 1055-4
Comparison of the calculation results of PHOENICS
with the values given in DIN 1055-4
for uniform wind profile.
.
06.07.2008
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Validation of the CFD program PHOENICS 2008
for the determination of wind loads on buildings
Dipl.-Ing. Frank Zimmermann, Heilbronn, D und Dipl.-Ing. Frank Kanters, Heerlen, NL
Table 3 – External-pressure coefficients for the vertical walls of a rectangular building
Table 4 – Flat-roof coefficients
Values given in DIN 1055-4, March 2005
06.07.2008
PHOENICS für uniform Flow
Zimmermann-Becker GmbH Beratende Ingenieure TGA
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
23
Validation of the CFD program PHOENICS 2008
for the determination of wind loads on buildings
Dipl.-Ing. Frank Zimmermann, Heilbronn, D und Dipl.-Ing. Frank Kanters, Heerlen, NL
Comparison of Cp;1 and Cp;10 values
Cp:10
06.07.2008
Cp;1
Zimmermann-Becker GmbH Beratende Ingenieure TGA
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Validation of the CFD program PHOENICS 2008
for the determination of wind loads on buildings
Dipl.-Ing. Frank Zimmermann, Heilbronn, D und Dipl.-Ing. Frank Kanters, Heerlen, NL
Cp;10 values
06.07.2008
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Validation of the CFD program PHOENICS 2008
for the determination of wind loads on buildings
Dipl.-Ing. Frank Zimmermann, Heilbronn, D und Dipl.-Ing. Frank Kanters, Heerlen, NL
Wind
Wind
These images show clearly the dependence of the Cp values on the wind direction!
The values in DIN 1055-4 are given only for +/- 45 degrees.
06.07.2008
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Validation of the CFD program PHOENICS 2008
for the determination of wind loads on buildings
Dipl.-Ing. Frank Zimmermann, Heilbronn, D und Dipl.-Ing. Frank Kanters, Heerlen, NL
6.0 Slab-shaped building
6.1 Wind-tunnel measurements
Comparison of the results of calculations made by PHOENICS
With wind-tunnel measurements according to NIST 6371,
for both shear- and uniform-flow wind profiles.
06.07.2008
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Validation of the CFD program PHOENICS 2008
for the determination of wind loads on buildings
Dipl.-Ing. Frank Zimmermann, Heilbronn, D und Dipl.-Ing. Frank Kanters, Heerlen, NL
Windkanal, uniform Flow nach AIJ
Wind-tunnel. Uniform flow according to AIJ
06.07.2008
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Validation of the CFD program PHOENICS 2008
for the determination of wind loads on buildings
Dipl.-Ing. Frank Zimmermann, Heilbronn, D und Dipl.-Ing. Frank Kanters, Heerlen, NL
Windkanal, shear Flow nach AIJ
Wind-tunnel. Uniform flow according to AIJ
06.07.2008
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Validation of the CFD program PHOENICS 2008
for the determination of wind loads on buildings
Dipl.-Ing. Frank Zimmermann, Heilbronn, D und Dipl.-Ing. Frank Kanters, Heerlen, NL
5.0 Slab-shaped building
5.2 CFD - calculations
Comparison of the calculation results of PHOENICS
with the CFD calculations according to NIST 6371,
for both shear- and uniform-flow wind profiles.
06.07.2008
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Heilbronn Hamburg Leipzig
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Validation of the CFD program PHOENICS 2008
for the determination of wind loads on buildings
Dipl.-Ing. Frank Zimmermann, Heilbronn, D und Dipl.-Ing. Frank Kanters, Heerlen, NL
Berechnung, uniform Flow nach NIST6371
06.07.2008
Left: uniform flow according to
NIST6371
Zimmermann-Becker GmbH Beratende Ingenieure TGA
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Validation of the CFD program PHOENICS 2008
for the determination of wind loads on buildings
Dipl.-Ing. Frank Zimmermann, Heilbronn, D und Dipl.-Ing. Frank Kanters, Heerlen, NL
Berechnung, shear Flow nach NIST6371
06.07.2008
Left: uniform flow according to
NIST6371
Zimmermann-Becker GmbH Beratende Ingenieure TGA
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32
Validation of the CFD program PHOENICS 2008
for the determination of wind loads on buildings
Dipl.-Ing. Frank Zimmermann, Heilbronn, D und Dipl.-Ing. Frank Kanters, Heerlen, NL
6.0 Slab-shaped building
6.3 Comparison with DIN 1055-4
Comparison of the calculation results of PHOENICS with the
values given in DIN 1055-4, for uniform-flow wind profile
06.07.2008
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Validation of the CFD program PHOENICS 2008
for the determination of wind loads on buildings
Dipl.-Ing. Frank Zimmermann, Heilbronn, D und Dipl.-Ing. Frank Kanters, Heerlen, NL
Values given by DIN 1055-4, März 2005
06.07.2008
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PHOENICS for uniform Flow
34
Validation of the CFD program PHOENICS 2008
for the determination of wind loads on buildings
Dipl.-Ing. Frank Zimmermann, Heilbronn, D und Dipl.-Ing. Frank Kanters, Heerlen, NL
6.0 Summary of the results; and conclusions
There exists a multitude of CFD programs; and within them are to be found many different turbulence models
Therefore to prove the general applicability of CFD for the prediction of wind forces on buildings will not
be possible until there exists a standardised validation process of the kind which VDI 6020, for example,
provides for the simulation of buildings and apparatus.
Nevertheless it would be unwise to disregard a calculation method which has delivered excellent and
verified results in an enormous number and variety of applications.
Indeed, publications from the USA, Japan and Switzerland have shown that CFD calculations of the wind
loads on buildings have given acceptable results.
In the absence of the above-mentioned standardised validation procedure, there remains the possibility of
validating a specific CFD program under precisely-specified boundary conditions. Such a validation must
demonstrate conformity with standards and with wind-tunnel measurements.
These measurements, of course, stand equally in need of validation.
06.07.2008
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Validation of the CFD program PHOENICS 2008
for the determination of wind loads on buildings
Dipl.-Ing. Frank Zimmermann, Heilbronn, D und Dipl.-Ing. Frank Kanters, Heerlen, NL
6.0 Summary of the results; and conclusions (continued)
For buildings of complex form, CFD shows the critical locations instantly and without additional expense.
In wind-tunnel investigations one must know, or guess, these locations beforehand so as to set a limit to
the number of measurement positions.
The picture on pages 18 and 19 show clearly that measuring positions in the guitter region were either
omitted, or were in the wrong positions; whereas the CFFD calculations according to [2] bring to light the
problems presend by sharp edges.
The absence from DIN 1055-4 of the low-pressure zone in the gutter region is probably to be explained
by the desire of the investigator to simplify the measuring procedure.
06.07.2008
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Validation of the CFD program PHOENICS 2008
for the determination of wind loads on buildings
Dipl.-Ing. Frank Zimmermann, Heilbronn, D und Dipl.-Ing. Frank Kanters, Heerlen, NL
6.0 Summary of the results; and conclusions (continued)
The validation of CHAM‘s PHOENICS program has shown good agreement with the investigations of
NISTIR 6371 and AIJ for the buildings which were studied, i.e. those which could evaluated by
reference to DIN 1055-4.
The agreement with DIN 1055-4, when this is properly interpreted, is of course better, being
within than 15 %
Validation of the CFD program PHOENICS 2008
for the determination of wind loads on buildings
06.07.2008
Zimmermann-Becker GmbH Beratende Ingenieure TGA
Heilbronn Hamburg Leipzig
37
Validation of the CFD program PHOENICS 2008
for the determination of wind loads on buildings
Dipl.-Ing. Frank Zimmermann, Heilbronn, D und Dipl.-Ing. Frank Kanters, Heerlen, NL
6.0 Summary of the results; and conclusions (concluded)
This means that the use of PHOENICS for the present application, namely the Hamburg Central Plaz
Central Plaza, Hamburg, guarantees conformity with DIN 1055-4 März 2005, if the following conditions
are observed:
1. Sufficiently large model with blockage < 5 %.
2. Grid size on the wall surface <= 1m,
by using FINE GRID EMBEDDING
3. Representation of slanting surfaces by way of PARSOL
4. Use of the Large-Eddy-Simulation turbulence model
5. Calculation with varying wind direction (in steps of 15 degrees)
6. Calculation of the wind velocity profile of ground-level category IV
for plane surfaces and/or
7. In order to determine the influence of surrounding buildings, calculation with
a wind-velocity profile of ground-level category II
06.07.2008
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Validation of the CFD program PHOENICS 2008
for the determination of wind loads on buildings
Dipl.-Ing. Frank Zimmermann, Heilbronn, D und Dipl.-Ing. Frank Kanters, Heerlen, NL
References:
[1] Kiefer, H., Windlasten an quaderförmigen Gebäuden in bebauten Gebieten, Dissertation 2003,
Universität Karlsruhe
[2] NISTIR 6371, United States Department of Commerce, Technology Administration,
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Erstellt vom Building and Fire Research Laboratory, Gaithersburg [2]
[3] Numerical Prediction of Wind Loading on Buildings and Structures,
The working group for numerical prediction of wind loading on buildings and structures,
Subcommitee for wind engineering data unit for structural design,
Archtectural Institute of Japan, 1998 [3]
[4] DIN 1055-4, Einwirkungen auf Tragwerke, Teil 4: Windlasten, März 2005
[5] Shah, Kishan, B. and Joel H. Ferziger, A Fluid Mechanicians View of Wind Engineering:
Large Eddy Simulation of Flow Past a Cubic Obstacle, J. Wind Engineering and Industrial
Aerodynamics, Vols. 67 & 88, pp 211 – 224,1997
[6] Gary Easom, Improved Turbulence Models for Computitional Wind Engineering,
Dissertation 2000, University of Nottingham
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