Organisation and Management
Presentation
Leadership Styles and Theories.
Aim
 To discuss the transformational leadership
style used within the 2 chosen clips using a
female leader and a male leader.
Introduction
‘Leadership is the process of influencing the activities of an
organized group in its efforts toward goal-setting and goal
achievement’ (Huczynski and Buchanan 2007, p695).
‘Leadership theory is a way of describing why people behave
as they do and how it is that others can set them to behave
as they do’ (Handy 1976, p.123).
However, according to Alvesson and Deetz (2000) a
definition is impractical, misleading and would inevitably
obstruct new ideas and interesting ways of thinking.
Transformational Leadership
Theory
Attributes: Charismatic, Inspirational and Use of Personal Attributes
•
The following clip shows Michelle Obama inspiring and motivating an audience in
South Africa
•
She inspires people to do their best and achieve their goal is a sign of an excellent
leader. Michele Obama displays charismatic leadership qualities. Despite
apparent differences she is able to connect deeply with young women in South
Africa and motivate them to take on difficult challenges. She uses an empathetic
approach, as well as great interpersonal skills.
•
She recognises ,shares and supports the goals of her followers and her aim is for
them to feel supported, understood and valued. She has the capacity to connect
with young women and aims to inspire them by who she is and what she conveys.
 American first lady delivers an inspirational
speech to young, South African women
Michelle Obama
Motivational Speech
Click on image to view
the video clip
Inspirational Statements…
‘As you hear the stories
of lions like Madiba,
Sisulu and Luthuli, you
may think you can
never measure up to
such greatness…’
‘… You can be the
generation that ensures
that women are no
longer second class
citizens…’
‘... You can be the
generation that holds
your leaders
accountable for open,
honest government at
every levels…’
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
(1943)

From this video clip ‘Love and belonging’ needs seem to be Obama’s approach of
getting the young women in South Africa wanting to achieve, together with ‘Esteem’
needs. (Pinnow, 2011)
Components of Transformational
leadership
1.
Inspirational Motivation

This is the leaders’ ability to have a clear vision that they are able to
articulate to subordinates and also able to help them to experience the
same passion and motivation to fulfil these goals.

In this clip Michelle Obama aims to inspire young women to participate and
engage in the fight against ignorance, poverty and AIDS. Her goal is to
empower people from disadvantage background and influence them in
developing and bringing out their strength and potential.
2. Idealized Influence
•
This is the leaders position as a role model for subordinates and the leader is
trusted and respected by them and they emulate the leader and take in and
make an integral part of the leaders’ attitudes, ideas and beliefs .
•
Michelle is using her position and reputation to influence the young women in
South Africa. She infuses optimism into these young women aiming boost their
morale. Although she is aware and attentive to the current reality, she inspires
people to do not resign themselves to present circumstance but look forward to
a brighter future.
3. Individualized Consideration
•
Transformational leadership also involves offering support and
encouragement to individual followers.. Transformational leaders
demonstrate genuine concern for the needs and feelings of followers.
This personal attention to each follower is a key element in bringing
out their very best efforts.
4. Intellectual Stimulation
 Transformational leaders
encourage creativity among
followers. The leader encourages
followers to explore new ways of
doing things and new
opportunities to learn.
Pacino plays an American football coach and offers his
team an inspirational speech pre-match in his usual
stylish approach
Tony D’Amato played by
Pacino Game of Inches
Click on the
image to view
the video clip
So how does he do it?
In the locker room speech, we can identify the
different styles and approaches he used to
motivate his team to perform and win:
 INSPIRATIONAL LEADERSHIP
 TRAITS APPROACH
 COACHING
TRAITS APPROACH
Leaders are born to be leaders with inherited
characteristics such as:
 Intelligence
 Initiative
 Self-assurance
 Above average height or well below (sorry
Al!)
 Imagination
 energy
TRAITS APPROACH
Leaders are born to be leaders with inherited
characteristics such as:
 Intelligence
 Initiative
 Self-assurance
 Above average height or well below (sorry
Al!)
 Imagination
 energy
COACHING
 A focus on skills and goals
 Al offered a personal story to show he was
genuine and endear self to the team
 He gave them important individual goals and
a collective team goal
 The relationship between the coach and the
coachee is built on truth, openness and trust.
Application to Social Work
 The coach used his motivational skill to address
the members of the team. Fisher (2009)
acknowledged the importance of theories of
motivation to social work managers. She argues
that to promote productivity among members of
the team, managers must use their motivational
skills to focus the team on the task at hand.
Douglas McGregor (1987) – Y Theory
Participative Management Style
Y theory – integration of the individuals and organisational goals. It is a good
style for promoting co-operation from individuals. The leaders role is to
create conditions to satisfy motivational needs which in turn helps to allow
people to achieve their own goals through meeting the needs of the
organisation (Mullins, 2010)
The Y theory is a motivational, inspiring leadership style.
The leader has to show:
 Self belief
 Integrity
 Openness
 Vulnerability
 Purpose
 Recognition
 Belief
 Shared leadership
Al Pacino shows all these qualities in the clip to motivate the team to succeed.
Life is just a game of inches.
So is football.
Because in either game
life or football
the margin for error is so
small.
I mean
one half step too late or to
early
you don't quite make it.
One half second too slow or
too fast
and you don't quite catch it.
The inches we need are
everywhere around us.
They are in ever break of
the game
every minute, every second.
Conclusion
We have looked at two clips each depicting different leaders. They
are both clearly successful in motivating their audiences.
Leaders are only identified by their position, as they are part of a
hierarchy. However, questions that can be asked are:
Are leaders really so different to us?
Do they have those special qualities that you and I do not possess?
Do they lead us –or-are we happy to be led?
Bass (1996) argues that “women leaders are more democratic and
participative than their male counterparts-or at least are perceived
to be so” (cited in Wilson 2010, p.151). Women leaders are inclined
to use their personal qualities such as charisma, interpersonal,
empathy and compassion instead of the power invested in them by
the organisation. On contrary men leaders have a tendency to use
this power to achieve their aims and objectives.
Both leaders have displayed transformational leadership styles.
However, differences can be noted between them:
• Coach Tony D’Amato has been appointed to be the leader of
his team. While Michelle assumes a leadership position by
virtue of being the First Lady of the USA.
• Coach D’Amato uses personal life reflections to motivate his
team while Michelle chose to highlight the plight of other
successful black leaders.
In spite of the gender difference of the two leaders in the clips
and the qualities they bring to the role of leader, successful
leaders are required to adopt an assortment of styles and
approaches in addition to their own personal experience.
References.
 Armstrong S (2001) Are You a "Transformational" Coach?
The Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance,
Vol. 72, 2001.
 Adair J. (1993) Effective Leadership, how to develop leadership




skills, London: How to books.
Bass, B. M. (1985) Leadership and Performance Beyond
Expectation, New York: Free Press.
Bass B.M. (1996) Improving organisational effectiveness
through transformational leadership, London: Sage.
Burns M J (1982) Leader, New York, Harper Perennial
Fisher, E. A (2009) Motivation and leadership in Social Work
Management: A Review of Theories and Related Studies.
Administration in social work, P.33:347-367, Taylor and
Frances.
 Hartley and Bennington (2010) Leadership for
Healthcare, London, Policy press

http://blogs.psychologytoday.com/blog/cutting-edgeleadership/200903/are-you-transformational-leader
T.
 Pinnow (2011) Leadership what really matters a
handbook on systematic leadership; London, Springer
Publisher