Organisation and Management
Presentation.
Leadership Styles and Theories.
Aims
• To distinguish different leadership styles using
three clips showing leadership.
• To compare the leadership styles between the
chosen clips.
Introduction
‘Leadership is the process of influencing the activities of an
organized group in its efforts toward goal-setting and goal
achievement’ (Huczynski and Buchanan 2007, p695).
‘Leadership theory is a way of describing why people behave as
they do and how it is that others can set them to behave as they
do’ (Handy 1976, p.123).
However, according to Alvesson and Deetz (2000) a definition is
impractical, misleading and would inevitably obstruct new ideas
and interesting ways of thinking.
Leadership Theories
Transformational
leadership
Leaders inspire followers
to achieve exceptional
performance – Bass 1996.
Attributes
• Charismatic
• Inspirational
• Use personal attributes
Example
• The following clip shows Michelle
Obama inspiring and motivating an
audience in South Africa
• Click here to view clip
•
•
She inspires people to do their best
and achieve their goal is a sign of
an excellent leader. Michele Obama
displays charismatic leadership
qualities. Despite apparent
differences she is able to connect
deeply with young women in South
Africa and motivate them to take
on difficult challenges. She uses an
empathetic approach, as well as
great interpersonal skills.
She recognises shares and supports
the goals of her followers and her
aim is for them to feel supported,
understood and valued. She has the
capacity to connect with young
women and aims to inspire them by
who she is and what she conveys.
Inspirational Statements…
‘As you hear the stories
of lions like Madiba,
Sisulu and Luthuli, you
may think you can
never measure up to
such greatness…’
‘… You can be the
generation that ensures
that women are no
longer second class
citizens…’
‘... You can be the
generation that holds
your leaders
accountable for open,
honest government at
every levels…’
Components of Transformational
leadership
1.
Inspirational Motivation
•
This is the leaders’ ability to have a
clear vision that they are able to
articulate to surbodinates and also
able to help them to experience the
same passion and motivation to
fulfil these goals.
•
In this clip Michelle Obama aims to
inspire young women to participate
and engage in the fight against
ignorance, poverty and AIDS. Her
goal is to empower people from
disadvantage background and
influence them in developing and
bringing out their strength and
potential.
2. Idealized Influence
•
This is the leaders position as a
role model for subordinates and
the leader is trusted and respected
by them and they emulate the
leader and take in and make an
integral part of the leaders’
attitudes, ideas and beliefs .
•
Michelle is using her position and
reputation to influence the young
women in South Africa. She infuses
optimism into these young women
aiming boost their morale.
Although she is aware and attentive
to the current reality, she inspires
people to do not resign themselves
s to present circumstance but look
forward to a brighter future.
3. Individualized Consideration
•
Transformational leadership also
involves offering support and
encouragement to individual
followers.. Transformational leaders
demonstrate genuine concern for
the needs and feelings of followers.
This personal attention to each
follower is a key element in
bringing out their very best efforts.
4. Intellectual Stimulation
• Transformational leaders encourage
creativity among followers. The
leader encourages followers to
explore new ways of doing things and
new opportunities to learn.
References
•
•
•
http://blogs.psychologytoday.com/blog/c
utting-edge-leadership/200903/are-youtransformational-leader
Adair J. (1993) Effective Leadership,
how to develop leadership skills,
London: How to books.
Bass B.M. (1996) Improving
organisational effectiveness through
transformational leadership, London:
Sage.
Conclusion:
• Adair (1993) asserts that leadership
should be action centred. This is
where the leader inspires others by
their own enthusiasm, commitment
and the ability to communicate
enthusiasm to people. The leader
must have personality and character
and must have integrity, wholeness
and a moral sense (Burns 2004).
• Bass (1996) argues that “women
leaders are more democratic and
participative than their male
counterparts-or at least are perceived
to be so” (cited in Wilson 2010,
p.151). Women leaders are inclined
to use their personal qualities such as
charisma, interpersonal, empathy
and compassion instead of the power
invested in them by the organisation.
On contrary men leaders have a
tendency to use this power to
achieve their aims and objectives.
Al Pacino
Game of Inches
Pacino plays an American football coach
and offers his team an inspirational
speech pre-match in his usual stylish
approach
So how does he do it?
In the locker room speech, we can identify the
different styles and approaches he used to
motivate his team to perform and win:
• INSPIRATIONAL LEADERSHIP
• TRAITS APPROACH
• COACHING
TRAITS APPROACH
•
•
•
•
•
•
Leaders are born to be leaders with inherited
characteristics such as:
Intelligence
Initiative
Self-assurance
Above average height or well below (sorry Al!)
Imagination
energy
TRAITS APPROACH
•
•
•
•
•
•
Leaders are born to be leaders with inherited
characteristics such as:
Intelligence
Initiative
Self-assurance
Above average height or well below (sorry Al!)
Imagination
energy
COACHING
• A focus on skills and goals
• Al offered a personal story to show he was
genuine and endear self to the team
• He gave them important individual goals and a
collective team goal
• The relationship between the coach and the
coachee is built on truth, openness and trust.
Douglas McGregor (1987) – Y Theory
Participative Management Style
Y theory – integration of the individuals and organisational goals. It is a good style for
promoting co-operation from individuals. The leaders role is to create conditions to
satisfy motivational needs which in turn helps to allow people to achieve their own
goals through meeting the needs of the organisation (Mullins, 2010)
The Y theory is a motivational, inspiring leadership style.
The leader has to show:
• Self belief
• Integrity
• Openness
• Vulnerability
• Purpose
• Recognition
• Belief
• Shared leadership
Al Pacino shows all these qualities in the clip to motivate the team to succeed.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=gdtQrSnEPCM
Life is just a game of inches.
So is football.
Because in either game
life or football
the margin for error is so
small.
I mean
one half step too late or to
early
you don't quite make it.
One half second too slow or
too fast
and you don't quite catch it.
The inches we need are
everywhere around us.
They are in ever break of
the game
every minute, every second.
Analysis
• The Coach as very reflective/self aware
• Learning through age/insight/personal awareness
• Urges team to work together/put aside differences in
order to succeed/reach ultimate aim
• Importance of recognising opportunities and taking
them
• Equates life - Football
MY CLIP ANALYSIS OF “DAMNED UNITED”
This video clip was originally set to highlight the leadership
qualities of Brian Clough. He was widely recognised by many
sports writers and fellow football managers as one of the best
managers in the history British football. His follower has
attributed his many achievements down to his style of
management. As shown in this clip, the leader could be said
to be displaying a directive style of leadership. So what is
“Directive Style of Leader?
•
Directive Leadership Style
•
•
•
Leaders or managers attains desired objectives by telling
members of the group what to do and how to do it.
They are authoritarians by approach.
Management level is a significant feature and predictor
of this leadership style ie, his reference to his captain
whom is a leader of the team in the field of play.
(Oshaghemi, 2008).
References
Fisher, E. A (2009) Motivation and leadership in Social Work
Management: A Review of Theories and Related Studies.
Administration in social work, P.33:347-367, Taylor and Frances.
Oshagbemi, T. (2008) The impact of personal and organisational
variables on leadership styles of managers. International Journal of
Human Resource Management, 19:10, 1896-1910
•
The manager in this video used his motivational skill to
address the members of the team. Fisher (2009)
acknowledged the importance of theories of motivation
to social work manager. She argues that to promote
productivity among member of the team, managers
must use their motivational skills to focus the team on
the task at hand. In this video, the manager/leader
pointed out to the team that at far as he is concerned,
their past achievements was fraudulent. He pointed to
them that if they want to write their names in to the
history book, the must put aside whatever medal they
had won in the past and start all over again.
Maslow five hierarchy of needs pointed that to keep the
members of a team motivated, the leader must
recognise that once a need is met, the motivation for
that need will diminish. In this regard, the leader in the
clip recognised that because the team has won many
accolades, there is a danger that some member of the
group may lose their motivation, hence the need to
rubbish their achievements and refer to the team as
“unworthy champions (Fisher, 2009)
Belbin (2000)
Groups
Teams
Medium or large in number
Limited in number
Unselected members
Members are selected
Fixed leader
Leader rotates
The characteristics of a team are evident in “The Damned United” as there is clearly a
fixed number of football players who would have been specifically recruited based on their
skills and abilities.
The coach motivates the players by using Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
(1964) as he points out the strengths that a player has and gives the team belief
in themselves. According to Vroom,
Valence
+ Expectancy
+
Instrumentality
=
Motivation