1900-1920

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Origins of Progressivism
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Progressive attitudes and motives
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Muckrakers
Social Gospel
Municipal, state, and national reforms
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Political: suffrage
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Social and economic: regulation
Socialism: alternatives
Black America
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Washington, Du Bois, and Garvey
Urban migration
Civil rights organizations
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Women's role: family, work, education, unionization, and suffrage
Roosevelt's Square Deal
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Managing the trusts
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Conservation
Taft
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Pinchot-Ballinger controversy
Payne-Aldrich Tariff
Wilson's New Freedom
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Tariffs
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Banking reform
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Antitrust Act of 1914

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Progressive
WCTU
Carrie Nation
Muckrakers
McClure’s Magazine
Ida Tarbell
Lincoln Seffens
Upton Sinclair
The Jungle
Supreme Court and workers after 1900
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(RR) Interstate
Commerce Act 1887
(RR) Hepburn Act
1906
(RR) Elkins Act 1903
Meat Inspection Act
1906
Pure Food and Drug
Act
Woodrow Wilson Admin
16th Amendment (Income
Tax)
17th Amendment
(Senators, Direct Election of)
18th Amendment
Political Reforms
Initiative
Referendum
Recall
Women’s Issues
Suffragette
Susan B. Anthony
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Food and Drug
Administration
Conservation
William Howard
Taft 1908-1912
Bull Moose Party
Election of 1912
Black America
Alice Paul
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(Prohibition)
19th Amendment
(Women’s Suffrage)
New Freedom
Clayton Anti-Trust Act
Federal Trade
Carrie Chapman Catt
NAWASA
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Plessey v. Ferguson
Booker T.
Washington
Tuskegee Institute
Commission
William McKinley
Assassination
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Federal Reserve System
Federal Income Tax
Theodore Roosevelt
Admin
Square Deal
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W.E.B. DuBois
Niagara Movement
NAACP
Souls of Black Folks
Marcus Garvey

3.
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Compare and contrast the attitudes of THREE of the following toward the wealth that was created in the United
States during the late nineteenth century.
Andrew Carnegie
Eugene V. Debs
Horatio Alger
Booker T. Washington
Ida M. Tarbell
“In understanding the nature of a reform movement it is as important to know what it seeks to preserve as to know what it seeks to change.” Compare the Populist and Progressive reform movements in light of this statement.
The response to the negative consequences of the rise of industrialism led to a series of reform movements, culminating in the Progressive Movement. Discuss the goals of progressivism and how these goals were or were not realized.

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Different reform movements (not United)
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Both Democrats and Republicans
Moral and Social
Reforms
Christian
Middle Class
WASPs
Women’s Rights
Feminists
Political
End Corruption
Increase
Democracy
Economic
Stabilize the
Banking and
Economy
Curtail Power of
Big Business
Labor Recognition
Reduce attractiveness of
Socialism

Main
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Bi-Partisan - Both parties had members
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Progress – things are getting better
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Society was capable of improvement
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Government Intervention was needed-
 to limit big Business
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Regulations on business
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To end political corruption
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Expand democracy = 19 th Amendment, Initiative, Referendum,
Recall
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Solve social problems of alcohol abuse

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Progressive movement a reaction to the excesses of industrialization. (Society could not afford Laissez Faire policy)
Attacked Monopoly, Corruption, Social Injustice, Waste
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( negative effects of Industrialization)
“Strengthen the state- to use government as an agency of
Human Welfare”
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Poverty
Corruption- Municipal, State and Federal
Working conditions
Wanted to manage the economic cycle, organizing the Economy,
Federal Reserve
Immigrant living conditions
Immigrant “ social issues associated with immigrants, pejorativedirty, non-
English speakers, Alcohol abuse…
WASP movement- concerned with changes- a movement to regain control…

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Rapid industrialization (Laissez Faire economics) and urbanization (Social Darwinism) causes intolerable problems
Middle class WASPs were driving force behind movement
Need for reform
Need for order
Need to remedy industrial problems
Psychological view= “Tension Frustration Thesis” desire to regain power lost due to changes in society, corporations, immigrants, urbanization”

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16 th Amendment= Income Taxes (reduce tariffs and now taxes would replace lost income of tariffs)
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17 th Amendment= Direct Election of Senators
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18 th Amendment= Prohibition of Alcohol
19 th Amendment= Women’s Vote

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List main ideas about TR Domestic policy.
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Big Business
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Conservation
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Labor
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Bullmoose Party

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McClures, Cosmopolitan, Collier (magazines)
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Social ReformsProhibition, support for immigration reform
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Women’s Suffrage
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Anti-CorruptionFederal, State, City Reform
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Trust Bustinglimiting big business
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Working Conditions , child labor, pollution, prostitution, slums, industrial accidents

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McClure's = magazine that exposed problems
Lincoln Steffen'swriter who exposed corruption in city government (The Shame of the Cities)
Ida Tarbellwriter who exposed abuse of power by Standard Oil – Rockefeller
Jacob Riisexposed problems of the poor in
NYCHow the other half lives (picts)
Ida B. Wells – exposed problems of Lynching

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Journalist
Exposed lynching of African
Americans in the south
Tried to work for Federal
Law
Not much support
Link to her book

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Goal to expand Democracy
Federal Reforms and counter Corruption
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17 th Amendment (income Tax)
19 th Amendment (Women’s Vote)
State Reforms
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Initiativecitizens can bring
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Referendumvote of the citizens on an issue
Recallvoters can remove an elected official from office-
Direct Primary Electionsremoves power form bosses
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Expands democracy
City
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City Managersan appointed manger to prevent corruption in the cities.
Commissionappointed community members to Government bodies- to reduce corruption (outside party politics)

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Campaign Finance reforms
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Campaign Spending Reform
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Contribution Reforms
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Secret ballots (Australian Ballot)

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Poverty, Alcoholism, Child Labor, Prostitution, Public
Health, Birth Control, Prohibition
Middle class women, more educated, different vocations, nurses, teaching, medicine, social work…
Leaders
Susan B. Anthony (Early Suffragette)
Elizabeth Cady Stanton (Early Suffragette) (Seneca Falls
Convention NY)
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Declaration of Sentiments 1848s)
Jane AddamsHull House (Social Reformer)
Ida B. Wells (protested lynching)
Margaret Sanger (Birth Control advocate)
Alice Paul (Suffragette)
Mary Chapman Catt (Suffragette)

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War HeroCubaRough RidersSan Juan Hill
Governor of New York-
Secretary of Navy
McKinley’s-Vice President 1900.
Assassination of McKinley 1901- by AnarchistTR becomes youngest president
Activist Conservative-wants to reform but not too much-not radical change

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Believed Government can help
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Believed in Gospel of Wealth
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Feared Social Revolution
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“ Bully Pulpit ” platform from which to persuasively advocate an agenda.
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Roosevelt often used the word "bully" as an adjective meaning superb/wonderful.

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“It is the duty of the president to act upon the theory that he is the steward of the people, and
…to assume that he has the legal right to do whatever the needs of the people demand, unless the
Constitution or the laws explicitly forbid him to do it.”

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Roosevelt’s agenda for the country
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“ a Square Deal for all ” involved progressive legislation:
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Fair treatment of Labor and Business
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Steps in to help mediate a Coal Miners strike
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Instead of just helping business he calls for fair treatment of labor (unions)
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He calls for Arbitration

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Regulating Business
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Regulating Food
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Regulating Rail Roads
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Helping Unions
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Conserving Natural Resources

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TR wanted to limit the trusts
Used Sherman Anti-Trust Act
Supported the Department of Commerce- to regulate railroads
Bureau of Corporationsto regulate corporations
In 1902 Roosevelt ordered the break up of the massive Northern Securities Company and in 1904 he was supported by the Supreme Court which ordered the company dissolved

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TR was a proponent of saving the wilderness
New lands Reclamation Act (set aside National Forests and reserves)
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Gifford Pinchot – forest conservationist
Created the Forrest Rangers
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R oosevelt , the United State's first conservation-minded president established the first national park in 1902 (the Crater Lake
National Park in Oregon) and created the National Park Service .
He preserved 230 million acres of national land and set a conservation ethos for the American people. He was known for saying “the movement for the conservation of wildlife and the larger movement for the conservation of all out natural resources are essentially democratic in spirit, purpose, and method.”

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1906
Highlighted the problems associated with the Meat
Packing Industry in Chicago
Exploitation of immigrants
Poor working conditions
Spurred Changes:
Pure Food and Drug Actregulated food industries
Food and Drug Administration Test and Certify
Drugs
Meat Inspection ActInspection and labeling of Meat

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Hand picked successor to
Roosevelt
Conservative Republican-Pro business (Less Progressive)
Taft angered TR over the
Conservation issue-
Scandal firing of a TR conservation appointment-
Ballinger-Pinchot Affair

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TR comes out of retirement
“ New Nationalism ” = more radical reform agenda than before The Progressive (“ Bull Moose” Party (mod
Republicans)
Social Justice can only occur through government intervention
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More regulation of business
Tariff reduction
Regulate Women and child labor
Raise taxes- Inheritance and income taxes

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TR was mad a
TAFT
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Taft was too conservative
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He decided to run again in 1912

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Taft
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GOP candidate
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TR
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Took votes from
Taft

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TR and Taft
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Split the GOP
Vote
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All the Democrats vote for Wilson
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Wilson wins

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PHD-Professor then President of Princeton- Political
Science
Governor of New Jersey
Agenda= “New Freedom”
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Wanted to end corruption
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Economic policyregulate trusts
= Big Business
Destroy Monopoly
Lower tariff = tax on imported goods
Federal Reserve Act 1913 = reorganize banking to protect
American finances
Federal Trade Commissionregulate business – prosecute unfair trade
Supported Clayton Anti Trust Act – new law to regulate Big
Business

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Interstate Commerce Commission: Gov Agency to oversee = regulate on RR. (TR)
Elkins Actregulate RR – no specials to friends (TR)
Hepburn Actregulate RR- no free passes- Bribery (TR)
Meat Inspection Act-
Pure Food and Drug ActGov regulate food industry, and drugs- The Jungle- Upton Sinclair-
Clayton Anti-Trust Actattacks Big Business (Wilson)
Federal Trade Commission-
Federal Reserve SystemOrganizes the Banking system, regulate the money supply
Federal Income Tax

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Manages the money supply (a bank for banks)
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Tries to manage the economic cycle
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Through putting money into the economy lower interest rates (stimulus) or pulling money out of economy – raising interest rates.

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National American Women’s Suffrage Association
(NAWSA)
Long movement
Begins as a state movement- Southern opposition and
Northern cities
Changes to Federal Constitutional Amendment 19 th
Amendment
Wilson (Democrat) will back the amendment 1917
Becomes part of Constitution 1920

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WCTUWomen’s Christian Temperance Union long time advocate of anti-alcohol movement
Anti-Saloon League
Carrie Nation (hatchet) (WCTU)
“Lips that touch liquor will never touch mine”
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18 th Amendment Passed during WWI

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Christian movementcontrast to Gospel of Wealth
Task of Christianity is to rescue the poor”
Create the kingdom of god on Earth
Salvation Army- example
“Salvation ws not merely an individual matter but also a question of Constituting a just Society.”
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Gospel of Wealth
View of Wealthy
God rewards with wealth
Individual should work hard to get ahead
Philanthropy-wealthy return wealth to up lift society-
Universities…
“It’s your duty to get rich”

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AMENDMENT XVI Passed by Congress July 2,
1909. Ratified February 3, 1913.
Note: Article I, section 9, of the Constitution was modified by amendment 16.
The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration.

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AMENDMENT XVII Passed by Congress May 13, 1912. Ratified April 8,
1913.
Note: Article I, section 3, of the Constitution was modified by the 17th amendment.
The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures.
When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct.
This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the
Constitution.

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AMENDMENT XVIII Passed by Congress December 18, 1917. Ratified January
16, 1919. Repealed by amendment 21.
Section 1.
After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited.
Section 2.
The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
Section 3.
This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.

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AMENDMENT XIX Passed by Congress June 4,
1919. Ratified August 18, 1920.
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The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United
States or by any State on account of sex.
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Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

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Plessy v. Fergeuson
African American lived predominantly in the
South
Whites controlled
Southern Government and Voting
Segregation-
Poll Tax
Literacy Tests
Grandfather Laws
Lynching

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Different Approaches
Booker T. Washington- early moderate 1880’s
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W.E.B. Dubois- progressive period- more activism
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Marcus Garvey:

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Booker T. WashingtonEarly
African American leader, former slave
Up Form Slavery
“Agitation of questions of Racial equality is extremist folly”
Moderate
1881 Founded Tuskegee Institute-
Vocational school for blacks
Worked for African American progress, economic priority
Wanted economic growth- learn skills, work hard, Acquire property
The Atlanta Compromisefamous speech
Whites liked his ideas
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W. E. B. DuboisNAACP
PHD Harvard
Militant leader
Advocated political and social change for blacks
Wanted to end discrimination for blacks
Niagara Movement leads to the
NAACP
(NAACP) National Association for the Advancement of Colored
People
The Souls of Black Folks
NAACP Used Federal Courts to pressure changes in rights
Believed in creating the “Talented
Tenth” to fight for AA rights

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“Is it possible and probable that nine millions of men can make effective progress in economic lines if they are deprived of political rights, made a servile caste, and allowed only the most meager chance of developing their exceptional men.”
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Agitation on the social equality question is
“the merest folly… in purely social matters we can be separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to Mutual
Progress.”