• The Qing dynasty was a target for attack in the new nationalism that
emerged in China at the turn of the twentieth century
• The empire was overthrown and a Chinese republic with Sun Yat-sen
as its first leader was created (1911).
•
Sun Yat-sen ruled
according to three
principles;
• Democracy
• Nationalism
• Livelihood
• He identified as “the root
of nationalism” the
ethnic identity of Han
Chinese.
•
Sun Yat-sen urged
fellow Chinese that “we
must try to improve the
economic structures of
society so as to preclude
a social revolution in
the future” which would
be done through the
process of land
valuation
• During the Republic a majority of China was controlled by warlords.
• These warlords, pushed him out of office (1913).
• But his ideas formed the basis of the “Chinese Nationalists Party,
Kuomintang,” which ruled much of China during the early twentieth
century.
• Many Chinese emigrated during the late nineteenth century.
• Settling in Cuba and Brazil, Mexico, and America.
• Most emigrants were men who left wives and families in
China.
• Chinese communities or ethnic enclaves (“Chinatowns”)
formed in many cities.
• In these areas people spoke Chinese, could easily find
Chinese food, and could pursue their way of life.
• The United States Congress banned Chinese immigration by
passage of the “Chinese Exclusion Act” (1882).
• The act, was repealed in 1943, but shows the ethnic and racial
discrimination in the United States.
• Japan’s
transition to a
modern,
industrialized
nation took
less than half
a century to
accomplish.
• The shogun (the country’s supreme military leader) became uneasy with the
increased number of Japanese Christian converts.
• He made a decision to isolate Japan from outside influences.
• The rules and regulations issued by the Tokugawa shogunate reflect its goal to
freeze Japanese society in the interests of stability.
• During this period, Japan continued some trade with the Chinese.
• The urbanization of Japanese society during the Tokugawa era
provided a solid foundation for Japan’s industrial growth in the late
nineteenth century.
•
•
•
•
After two centuries of isolation, Japan yielded to American pressure led
by Commodore Matthew Perry (1853).
Four U.S. ships forced their way into Tokyo Bay, asking for Japanese
ports to open for trade.
Faced with the power of the U.S. warships, the Japanese gave in to
U.S. demands.
The “black ships” depicted in this picture represent the United States.
•
•
Extraterritoriality and privileges for the foreigners were built into the
early treaties.
Leading to antiforeigner feelings in Japan.
•
•
Military dictators
(shoguns) had ruled
Japan since the
twelfth century.
19th century shoguns
were unable to
govern in the face of
conflict with
European.
•
Unpopular for signing treaties with the West, the last shogun
abdicated and the emperor was restored to power (1867).
•
•
•
Emperor Mutsuhito established
“Meiji Era (1868-1912).
Western treatment of China caused
to use Western models to transform
Japan.
Japan in a better position than
China or the Ottoman Empire in its
encounter with Western
imperialism because Japan was of
less interest to the Western powers.
• Meiji Reforms:
• Abolished feudalism
(1868).
• Establishing equality before
the law.
• Established a constitutional.
• Modern military.
• A postal service.
• Western-style education
system.
• Promoted industrialization.
• A railroad network (1869).
•
•
•
•
Samurai were given a lump-sum payment and legally dissolved their
position (1871).
They were not allowed to carry their swords.
Others resisted change.
The last battle between the samurai shogunate forces and those loyal
to the emperor was a defeat for the samurai, as victims of
modernization (1873).
•
Industrialization, most of it paid
by government financing.
1. Government subsidies for
training new workers in the
key industries.
2. Technical schools and
instituted universal
education.
• High agricultural tax financed
these investment.
• New central government was
located in Tokyo.
•
•
Once new industries were flourishing, they were sometimes sold to “zaibatsu”,
powerful family business organizations.
Japan was the only country outside of Europe and North America to
successfully launch its own Industrial Revolution.
•
•
Japan grew from isolationism to imperialism.
Following the pattern seen in other new industrial nations like
Germany and Italy. It began to look outward for territorial gains.
• Korea asked China to
help it put down a
rebellion.
• The Japanese objected,
leading to the SinoJapanese War (1895).
• The Chinese gave up the
island of Formosa
(Taiwan).
• Japan defeated Russia in a naval war (1904-1905), known as the
Russo-Japanese War.
•
•
Treaty of Portsmouth (1905), (negotiated by President Teddy Roosevelt) gave
the Liaotung Peninsula to Japan, territory in Manchuria, and Korea as a
protectorate.
The defeat plunged Russia into the Revolution of 1905.
•
Japanese colonial policies in Taiwan and Korea in the late nineteenth and early
twentieth centuries show that Japanese colonialism matched or exceeded the
brutality of European colonialism.
That concludes Qing Dynasty &
Meiji restoration.