Anatomy and Physiology
The Integumentary System Guided Notesheets
The Integumentary System: An Overview
 The integumentary system makes up ______% of your body weight and covers ________ square meters
in area.
 The two main parts of the integumentary system are:
 ___________________________ (or skin)
 Three main layers:
1.______________________________________(most superficial)
2.______________________________________ (second most superficial)
3.______________________________________ (deepest)
How does this system help other systems?
Cardiovascular:___________________________________________
Nervous system: __________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Functions of Skin:
________________________________________
Cushions and insulates, is waterproof.
Protects from ____________, ______________, __________, __________________
Screens UV by producing _____________________
Ultraviolet (UV) light synthesizes what? ___________________________
Skin regulates body heat
Prevents unnecessary water loss
Allows sensory reception via nerve endings
Allows excretion of salts, water and chemicals
Stores lipids. What skin layer? ___________________________
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Accessory structures (located on or near skin surface)
1. _____________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________
The cutaneous membrane (skin) has two parts:
 ______________________________________________
 ______________________________________________
The integument is not isolated. What other structures are interspersed in it?
 _______________________
 _______________________
The structure deep to the dermis is the __________________.
 Also known as the ________________________.
 Function? ________________________________________
 Is the hypodermis part of the integument?_______________
 Why is it discussed here? ___________________________
In the diagram below, label the parts of the integument.
 What are the general functions of the integument?
 ________________________________________________
 ________________________________________________
 _______________________________________________
 ________________________________________________
 ________________________________________________
The Epidermis
 What type of tissue is the epidermis?_____________________________
 Functions? ______________________________________
 Layers of the Epidermis
 List the 5 layers of the epidermis from the “inside out”, starting at the basal lamina
(note, we only have diagrammed four in the clay models):
1. Stratum _______________
2. Stratum _______________
3. Stratum _______________
4. Stratum _______________
5. Stratum _______________
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Label the layers of the epidermis in the drawing below
 Stratum germinativum or stratum ______________________
 Define these terms as they relate to this epidermal layer:
1. Fingerprints- _____________________________________
2. Merkel cells- _____________________________________
3. Melanocytes-_____________________________________
 Stratum spinosum means “________________” layer
Produced by division of stratum _______________________
Cells shrink until cytoskeletons stick out
Continue to divide, increasing the thickness of _______________________
 Define Langerhans cells- ________________________________________________________
 Statum granulosum or “__________________” layer
 Describe the changes that occur in cells in this layer:
1. Cells stop _____________________________________________
2. Cells start _____________________________________________
3. What do they produce? ______________________________
Which is a tough, fibrous __________________________ that makes up
__________________________ and ________________________
Specialized, cross-linked fibers in dense granules are called: ______________________
 Stratum lucidum or “______________” layer
 Found only in skin of which parts of body? ___________________and _________________
 Describe this layer: Found only in _______________________________
 Covers the stratum ___________________________
 What two layers is the stratum lucidum found between?
___________________________and_______________________________
 Stratum corneum means “____________” layer
 Describe:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Note Taking Break! Read the following questions. Turn to your neighbor and discuss the answers, based on
your knowledge of the integumentary system so far.
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Where in the body do you have the thickest stratum corneum?
____________________________
Why does your skin come off in sheets if you get severely sunburned?_____________________
Why is the stratum spinosum
“spiny”?_______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
What layer is ONLY found on palms and soles of feet? What does it look
like?__________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
What is the impact to your skin if you take a long swim in fresh water?
_____________________________________________________________________________
…in salt water (the ocean)? _______________________________________________________
Why? ___________________________________________
 Epidermal growth factor (EGF)
 What are the effects of EGF on the epidermis?
1. ______________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________
 How is EGF used to treat burns? (What are the functions?)
1. ______________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________
Don’t forget! The four basic types of tissue…
Epidermis is: _________________________________
Or stratified __________________________________
Whereas dermis is _____________________________ tissue.
 Dermal organization
 Where is the dermis located? Deep in relation to the________________________
 What are its two major layers?
1. ________________________
2. ________________________
Rich supply of nerves and vessels.
Fiber types:
1.
2.
3.
Plays a critical role in temperature regulation due to _______________________
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Papillary layer:
1. Where does the papillary layer get its name?
________________________________________________________
2. What kind of tissue makes up this layer?
______________________________________________________
Reticular layer
1. Of what does it consist?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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This layer is much thicker in “thick skin”
______________________________________________________________________________
 Drug administration through the skin
 How do “transdermal patches” work to administer drugs?_______________________________
 What are 2 examples of drugs administered by these patches?
1. ________________
2. ________________
 Define these terms as they relate to nerves of the skin
1. Sensory receptors- _______________________________
2. Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscles-_________________________________________
Fingerprints, palmprints and footprints
Dermal papillae lie atop dermal ____________________________, elevating the overlying epidermis into
epidermal ridges.
This is where ___________________________ forms.
Fingerprints are genetically determined.
Flexion creases occur in the deep dermis from continual folding.
The dermis is the receptive site for the pigment of __________________________.
Recap: The three fibers of the dermis are:
1.
2.
3.
The Subcutaneous Layer
 Another name for this layer is ________________________, which means
_____________________________ (from Greek). Subcutaneous means
__________________________________________ (from Latin).
 Also called “____________________ __________________________”, from
“___________________________” (Latin) for band. It is a sheet of connective tissue.
 Is it part of the integument? __________________________
 What is its importance to the integument? _________________________________________________
 Describe the subcutaneous layer:
 It consists of _____________________________________ which stores ___________ and
anchors ____________________, made up of _____________________tissue and
____________________ (fat) cells.
 It contains large numbers of _________________________
 It is described as a ________________________________
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Why is the deepest region of the subcutaneous layer useful for injecting drugs into?
______________________________________________________________________
Fast—15-30 seconds for IV, 3-5 minutes absorption for subcutaneous (“subcut”).
Irritant drugs
What are the risks? _____________________________________________________
Skin color: Three skin pigments and one fact about them:
1.
2.
3.
Melanin in granules passes from melanocytes (same number in all races) to keratinocytes in
stratum basale.
Digested by ____________________________________
Variations in color
Protection from UV light vs. vitamin D?
 Capillaries and Skin Color
Oxygenated red blood contributes to skin color. Blood vessels dilate from heat, and skin reddens. Blood
flow decreases, and skin pales.
 Thinking questions: Capillaries, dermal circulation and skin illness
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What can cause the following skin coloration conditions?
1. Blushing ________________________________________
2. Turning “white as a sheet” __________________________
3. Cyanosis ________________________________________
4. Freckles _________________________________________
5. Jaundice _________________________________________
6. Pituitary tumor____________________________________
7. Addison’s disease_________________________________
8. Dark bronzing without sun exposure
________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
9. Loss of normally dark skin pigment (called ___________)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
 The epidermis and vitamin D
 In what way is some sunlight necessary to good health?
1. ______________________________________________
 In what way is UV radiation detrimental to skin health?
1. ______________________________________
2. ______________________________________
Accessory Structures or Skin Appendages
 Derived from the _________________________ but extend into the ____________________________
 Hair follicles and hair
 Hair structure: Label the diagram below of a hair.
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Types of hairs. Define the following hair types:
1. Vellus- ________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________
3. Terminal- ______________________________________
Hair growth: Averages _____ mm/week
Active phase: ___________________________
Resting phase, then shedding
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Hair loss: Thinning is age related. Male pattern baldness—genetic.
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Hair color
1. What causes basic hair color?__________________________________________
2. How is this determined? ______________________________________________
3. What causes gray or white hair?
______________________________________________
Functions of hair. List 3 functions of hair:
1. ______________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________
What are the two main parts of hair?
1. _________________________, found ___________________________
2.__________________________, projecting ________________________
What is the function of the arrector pili muscle?
_________________________________________________________
Hair production and follicle structure
Summarize the formation of a hair:
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
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Label the parts of a hair in the diagram below.
Three concentric layers:
1.
2.
3.
 Nails
Label the diagram below of nail structure.
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What are nails made of? ____________________________
Corresponds to _______________________________________ in non-human animals.
Grows from nail __________________.
 Glands in the skin
 Sebaceous (oil) glands
Label the diagram below of a sebaceous (oil) gland.
Sebaceous glands are found everywhere in the body except:
_____________________and___________________.
They produce __________________________ by holocrine gland excretion.
This product is oily and serves to _______________________ hair and skin.
 Sweat (sudoriferous) gland
 Entire skin surface except nipples and part of external genitalia
 Prevents _________________________
 500 cc to 12L per day (mostly water)
 Only mammals have them
 Produced in response to stress as well as heat
Label the diagram below of a sweat gland.
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Terms to define:
Sweat gland______________________________________________________________________
Apocrine sweat glands- ___________________________________________________
Merocrine or _______________ sweat glands__________________________________________________
1. Three facts about merocrine sweat glands:
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
Modified Apocrine glands: _________________ secrete earwax,
___________________________ secrete milk.
Repair and Disorders of the Integumentary System
 Burns and grafts
Threat to life: Catastrophic loss of body fluids, dehydration and fatal circulatory shock, infection.
 Define these terms associated with burns and grafts:
First-degree burn- _______________________________
Second-degree burn- _____________________________
Third-degree burn- _______________________________
Skin Cancer
Most dangerous type:_________________________________________
What are the four ways to determine a cancerous skin tumor?
A___________________________________________
B___________________________________________
C___________________________________________
D___________________________________________