AP US History Review
1. Study Guide: American Pageant 13th Edition
2. Study Guide #2
Court Cases
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Marshall Court (1801-1835)
- Chief Justice: John Marshall
- Supreme Court upheld supremacy of federal legislation over state legislation
Marbury vs. Madison (1803)
- Marbury sued for position in government
- Court established judicial review
- [one of few landmark] strengthened federal govt.
Dartmouth College vs. Woodward (1819)
- ruled that Constitution protected contracts from state encroachment
- safeguarded businesses from interference by state
Worcester vs. Georgia (1831)
- upheld rights of Cherokee tribe
- Jackson refused court’s decision
- case followed by removal of Cherokees from GA
Dred Scott vs. Sanford (1857)
- Scott sued for freedom due to master moving into non-slave territory
- Court ruled slaves = not citizens, they’re properties = cannot sue
- National legislation could not limit spread of slavery
- Invalidated NW Ordinance & 38”30’
- 14th Amendment invalidated Dred Scott decision
- major issue of Lincoln-Douglas Debates
1873 Slaughterhouse Cases & 1883 Civil Rights Cases
- both narrowed meaning & effectiveness of 14th Amendment
- both weakened protection given to African Americans under 14th Amendment
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
- dispute of legality of segregated railroad cars in LA
- upheld segregation, approving “separate but equal”
- sanctioned “separate but equal” public facilities
19th Century & Early 20th Century Cases
- decisions strengthened position of big businesses
Sacco & Vanzetti Trial (1920s)
- illustrated widespread fear of radicals & recent immigrants
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10 John T. Scopes Trial (1925)
- issue was legality of TN law prohibiting teaching of theory of evolution in state’s public
schools
- John T. Scopes = high school Bio teacher → indicted for teaching evolution
- trial illustrates cultural conflict in 1920s
11 Korematsu vs. United States (1944)
- Early 1942, Japanese Americans living in West Coast forced to detention camps due to
potential threat to security of the United States
- Supreme Court upheld constitutionality of relocation due to wartime
- Relocation is now a flagrant violation of civil liberties
12 Warren Court (1953-1969)
- period of intense judicial activism, Court use power to promote social programs
- notable and controversial decisions established rights for accused crimes
13 Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)
- reversed principle of “separate but equal” established in Plessy vs. Ferguson
- declared racially segregated [public] schools inherently unequal
- public school segregation is denial of equal protection of laws under 14th Amendment
14 Baker vs. Carr (1962)
- established “one man, one vote”
- required reapportionment of districts for some state legislatures
15 Griswold vs. Connecticut (1965)
- Supreme Court struck down state law prohibiting use of contraceptives [birth control]
- Court proclaimed “right to privacy” which soon provided basis for decisions regarding
women’s abortion rights
16 Miranda vs. Arizona (1966)
- Controversial Warren Court decision → establishing defendant’s “Miranda Rights”
- no confession could be admissible unless suspect made aware of his or her rights &
suspect waived them
17 Roe vs. Wade (1973)
- upheld abortion rights for women
- decision based (in one way or another) on right to privacy established in Griswold vs.
Connecticut
More Notes: 1
New Deal Programs
Refer to this: http://www.historyteacher.net/AHAP/Charts/chart-NewDealPrograms.pdf
Practice: http://evhs.schoolloop.com/file/1158275812782/6166662958234680748.pdf
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Labor Unions, Labor Laws, & Labor Strikes
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Knights of Labor
- Knights grew rapidly → peaked at 730,000 members in 1886
- grew rapidly due to combination of open-membership policy, continuing
industrialization of American economy, & growth of urban population
- welcomed unskilled & semiskilled workers (including women, immigrants, and AfricanAmericans)
- Knights were idealists believing that they could eliminate conflict between labor and
management
- Haymarket Square Riot blamed on the knights
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
- led by “mother” Jones, Elizabeth Flynn, Big Bill Haywood, and Eugene Debs
- IWW strove to unite all laborers (included unskilled workers & African-Americans)
- Goal: Create “One Big Union”
- IWW embraced rhetoric of class conflict and endorsed violent tactics (unlike Knights of
Labor)
- membership never exceeded 150,000 workers
- organization collapsed during WW1
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
- led by Samuel Gompers (leader of Cigar Makers Union)
- AFL = alliance of skilled workers in craft unions
- AFL concentrated on bread-and-butter issues (ex. higher wages, shorter hours, &
better working conditions)
The Great Railroad Strike (1877)
- provoked by Baltimore and Ohio’s Railroad decision
- first general strike in American History
- paralyzed nation’s commerce for 45 days
- governors in 10 states mobilize 60,000 militia to reopen rail traffic
Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)
- forbade unreasonable combinations or contracts in restraint of trade
- little immediate impact on regulation of large corporations
- primary use of act was to curb labor union (last decade of 19th Century)
Homestead Strike (1892)
- began due to dispute between Amalgamated Association of Iron & Steel Workers (the
AA) and Carnegie Steel Company
- AA refused to accept pay cuts and went on strike (Homestead, PA)
- ultimately culminated battle between strikers & private security guards hired by
company
Pullman Strike (1894)
- late 19th Century, American labor movement experience number of violent strikes → 2
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best known = Homestead Strike (1892) & Pullman Strike (1894)
- national economy fell into depression → Pullman Palace Car Company cut wages
while maintaining rents & prices in company town (12,000 workers lived)
- halted substantial portion of American railroad commerce
- President Grover Cleveland ordered federal troops to Chicago → to “protect” railcarried mail but in actuality, crush the strike
Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902
- strike by United Mine Workers of America in anthracite coal friends of eastern
Pennsylvania
- arbitrated with active involvement of President Theodore Roosevelt; marked first time
federal govt. intervened in labor dispute as neutral arbitrator
Wagner Act of 1935
- also known as National Labor Relations Act
- ensured workers’ right to organize and bargain collectively
- passage of act led to dramatic increase in labor union membership
Congress of Industrial Workers (CIO)
- CIO led by John L. Lewis
- organized unskilled and skilled factory workers in basic manufacturing industries (steel
& automobiles)
Split Between AFL & CIO
- AFL split apart at national convention (1935)
- majority of AFL leaders refused to grant charters to new union organizations on
industry-wide basis
- AFL favored organization of workers according to skills and trade
- CIO favored organization of all workers in particular industry
Taft-Harley Act (1947)
- purpose: curb power of labor unions
- supporters believed the following
a) Unions abusing their powers
b) widespread strikes endanger nation’s vital defense industries
c) some labor unions had been infiltrated by Communists
d) employers being coerced into hiring union
- organized labor opposed Taft-Harley Act
United Farm Workers
- workers organized and led by Cesar Chavez, Dolores Huerta, Philip Vera Cruz, & Larry
Itliong
- union of farm workers
- Chavez is recognized as significant civil rights leader
Key Facts about 20 Acts of Congress
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Navigation Acts (1651)*
- acts put mercantilism into practice (Colonial products that could be shipped only to
England listed)
- designed to subordinate colonial economy to that of mother country
Sugar Act (1764)
- first law passed by Parliament to raise revenue for British Crown
- designed to tighten enforcement of English custom laws in America
- British officials lowered duties (due to protests from colonists)
Stamp Act (1765)
- raise revenue to support British troops stationed in America
- Issue: Does Parliament have the right to tax the colonies without their consent?
- act repealed because colonial boycotts of English goods hurting British merchants
- act is important for the following
a) many colonists believed they were entitled to all rights & privileges of British subjects
b) colonists demonstrate willingness to use violence than legal means to frustrate
British policy
c) British maintained that colonies had no right to independence from parliamentary
authority
d) Patriot leaders claimed act denied them British birthrights
Coercive Acts (1774)
- British response to Boston Tea Party
- widely known to colonists as Intolerable Acts
- Parliament closed port of Boston & reduced power of self-government in
Massachusetts colony
- provided for quartering of troops in colonists’ barns & empty houses
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)*
- repealed Missouri Compromise of 1820 → heightens sectional crisis
- applied principle of popular sovereignty to territories
- permitted expansion of slavery beyond South states
- sparked formation of Republican Party
Homestead Act (1862)
- permitted any citizen or prospective citizen to claim 160 acres of public land and to
purchase it for a small fee after living on it for 5 years
- played a role in encouraging settlement of Western frontier
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
- first law to exclude group from America due to ethnic background
- prohibited immigration of Chinese to America
- strongly supported by working-class Americans
Dawes Act (1887)
- divided Native American tribal lands to individual holdings
- purpose was to assimilate American Indians to mainstream of American culture
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Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)
- Refer to #5 of Labor Unions
Pure Food & Drug Act (1906)
- example of Progressive era legislation
- prompted by public outrage unleashed by publication of Upton Sinclair’s novel The
Jungle
Federal Reserve Act (1913)
- created central Federal Reserve Board appointed by President
- established national system of 12 district banks, coordinated by central board
- Federal Reserve System made currency & credit more elastic
National Origins Act (1924)
- primary purpose was to restrict flow of newcomers from Southern & Eastern Europe
- established immigrant quotas that discriminated against Southern & Eastern
Europeans
- primary reason for decrease in numbers of European immigration
National Industrial Recovery Act (1933)
- NRA sought to combat Great Depression → fostering government-business
cooperation
- allowed businesses to regulate themselves through codes of fair competition
- NRA = not successful vs. Social Security = more enduring
Neutrality Acts (1930s)
- acts were expressions of commitment to isolationism
- isolationists drew support for position from Washington’s Farewell Address
Social Security Act (1935)
- part of New Deal program of reforms
- created federal pension system funded by taxes on worker’s wages and equivalent
contribution by employers
- aging of America in 1970s = threatening long-term solvency of Social Security
Wagner Act (1935)
- also known as National Labor Relations Act of 1935
- also known as Magna Carta of Labor → ensured workers right to organize and bargain
collectively
- led to rapid rise in labor union membership
Lend-Lease Act (1941)
- purpose: provide military supplies to Allies
- used primarily to help Great Britain and Soviet Union resist Nazi Germany
Taft-Hartley Act (1947)
- Refer to #12 of Labor Unions
Federal Highway Act of 1956
- created Interstate Highway System
- played key role in promoting suburban growth
United States Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
- National Origins Acts of 1920s severely restricted immigration into United States
- United States Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 abolished national-origins quota
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27 United States Amendments
Amendment 1 - Right to Freedom of Press+Assembly, Speech, & Freedom of Religion
Amendment 2 - Right to Bear Arms
Amendment 3 - No quartering of troops
Amendment 4 - No search without warrant
Amendment 5 - No double jeopardy & right to due process
Amendment 6 - Right to fair and speedy trial
Amendment 7 - Right to trial by jury
Amendment 8 - No cruel and unusual punishment
Amendment 9 - Rights not specifically states in Constitution can’t be assumed to not exist
Amendment 10 - States have rights not delegated to federal government by Constitution
Amendment 11 - Sovereign immunity (states cannot sue govt. without govt.’s consent)
Amendment 12 - Separate elections of President and VP
Amendment 13 - Abolishment of slavery
Amendment 14 - Equal protection under law & due process of law (everyone born in the US is a
citizen and has liberties, states cannot deprive a person of these liberties)
Amendment 15 - Universal manhood suffrage (everyone gets to vote regardless of their
ethnicity and previous servitude)
Amendment 16 - Congress has power to pass direct taxes (ex. income taxes)
Amendment 17 - Senators elected by voters in their state
Amendment 18 - Prohibition of alcohol
Amendment 19 - Women gains the right to vote
Amendment 20 - Beginning of President, VP, & Congress in terms of office begin in January
Amendment 21 - Repeals amendment 18
Amendment 22 - President serves 2 terms
Amendment 23 - District of Columbia allowed 1 electoral vote
Amendment 24 - Poll taxes removed
Amendment 25 - Presidential succession and filling vacant office of VP, VP = dies or removed
from office
Amendment 26 - Voting age is 18
Amendment 27 - Congressional pay raises [doesn’t go into effect until new term]
Color Identification
Bill of Rights
Civil/Post-Civil War Era/Amendments
Progressive Amendments
Amendments by Year
*Note: I don’t think knowing which era the amendments were made matter as long as you know what it
does and how it affected America. My teacher just divided it for us so I decided to just add it in.
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Political Parties
Link: https://www.dropbox.com/s/ratzkacirk4d3po/img076.jpg
United States President
President
Years
Political Party
Significance [of
Presidency]
George Washington
1789 - 1897
N/A
Executive needed
John Adams
1797 - 1801
Federalist
Alien & Sedition Acts
Thomas Jefferson
1801 - 1809
Democrat-Republic
power of Fed. Govt.
extended (LA purch.)
James Madison
1809 - 1817
Democrat-Republic
War of 1812
James Monroe
1817 - 1825
Democrat-Republic
Era of Good Feelings
John Q. Adams
1825 - 1829
Democrat-Republic
- corrupt bargaining
- spoils system
Andrew Jackson
1829 - 1837
Democratic
- extend power of
president
- American System
Martin Van Buren
1837 - 1841
Democratic
Panic of 1837
William H. Harrison
1841 - 1841
Whig
NOTHING
John Tyler
1841 - 1845
Whig
veto reformation of
national bank
James K. Polk
1845 - 1849
Democratic
Mexican-American
War
Zachary Taylor
1849 - 1850
Whig
Compromise of 1850
Millard Fillmore
1850 - 1853
Whig
Wilmot Proviso
Franklin Pierce
1853 - 1857
Democratic
- Gadsden Purchase
- Ostend Manifesto
James Buchanan
1857 - 1861
Democratic
- Dred Scott Decision
Abraham Lincoln
1861 - 1865
Republican
- Civil War
- Emancipation
Proclamation
Andrew Johnson
1865 - 1869
Democrat
- Tenure of Office Act
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- Reconstruction
Amendments
Ulysses S. Grant
1869 - 1877
Republican
Rutherford B. Hayes
1877 - 1881
Republican
James A. Garfield
1881 - 1881
Republican
Chester A. Arthur
1881 - 1885
Republican
Grover Cleveland
1885 - 1889
1893 - 1897
Democrat
Benjamin Harrison
1889 - 1893
Republican
William McKinley
1897 - 1901
Republican
- Hawaii annexed
(1898)
- Gold Standard Act
Theodore Roosevelt
1901 - 1909
Republican
Big Stick Policy
William H. Taft
1901 - 1913
Republican
- Harley-Taft Act
- Dollar Diplomacy
Woodrow Wilson
1913 - 1921
Democrat
- 14 Points
- World War 1
Warren G. Harding
1921 - 1923
Republican
Teapot Dome
Scandal
Calvin Coolidge
1923 - 1929
Republican
Bonus for WW1
veterans
Herbert Hoover
1929 - 1933
Republican
Stock Market Crash
Franklin D. Roosevelt
1933 - 1945
Democrat
New Deal Prgms.
Harry S. Truman
1945 - 1953
Democrat
Truman Doctrine
Dwight D.
Eisenhower
1953 - 1961
Republican
- VN War
- Little Rock Nine
John F. Kennedy
1961 - 1963
Democrat
- VN War
- Civil Rights
Lyndon B. Johnson
1963 - 1969
Democrat
VN War
Richard Nixon
1969 - 1974
Republican
- VN War
- ALMOST
impeached
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- detente
Gerald Ford
1974 - 1977
Republican
- pardoned Nixon
- Strategic Arms
Limitation Treaty
(SALT)
Jimmy Carter
1977 - 1981
Democrat
- Roe vs. Wade
- [appointed] many
African-Americans in
statewide boards &
offices
Ronald Reagan
1981 - 1989
Republican
Reaganomics
George H. W. Bush
1989 - 1993
Republican
- Kuwait
- USSR falls
Bill Clinton
1993 - 2001
Democrat
Omnibus Budget
Reconciliation Act of
1993
George W. Bush
2001 - 2009
Republican
9/11
Barack Obama
2009 - present
Democrat
First Black President
*Note: Presidents Grant, Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, Cleveland, & Harrison has the
“significance” box empty because they are considered the FORGETTABLE
presidents meaning that during that time, the Industrial Revolution overtook their
presidency (businesses did more things than the presidents themselves)!
More President Information: http://faculty.polytechnic.org/gfeldmeth/ap2.pdf
Modern Civil Rights Movement (1945-Present)
Key Civil Rights Leaders
1 Dr. Martin Luther King Junior - Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
2 Roy Wilkins - NAACP
3 Stokely Carmichael - Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
4 Huey Newton - Black Panther
5 Malcom X - Black Muslims
Black Leaders Who Favorited Separatism
1 Marcus Garvey - Back-to-Africa Movement
2 Elijah Muhammad - Black Muslim Movement
3 Stokely Carmichael - Black Power Movement
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Huey Newton - Black Panther Movement
Literature, Art, & Music
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Last of the Mohicans (1757)
- written by James Fenimore Cooper
- part of series of novels (Leatherstocking Tales)
- first to feature uniquely American characters
Common Sense (1776)
- written by Thomas Paine
- opposed monarchy
- persuaded colonists why Independence was needed
The Federalist Papers (1787)
- written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, & John Jay
- supported for ratification of the Constitution of 1787
The Liberator (1831)
- written & published by William Lloyd Garrison
- [called for] immediate compensation of emancipation of slaves
Hudson River School (mid-1800s)
- group of artists led by Thomas Cole
- painted landscapes emphasizing America’s beauty
- America’s first coherent school of art
Scarlet Letter (1850)
- written by Nathaniel Hawthorne
- novel about legacy of Puritans
Leaves of Grass (1855)
- written by Walt Whitman
- Whitman’s poems featured Romantic movement’s revolt against reason and embrace
of nature
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)
- written by Harriet Beecher Stowe
- strengthened Northern’s opposition to slavery
Walden (1854)
- written by Henry David Thoreau
- exposed Transcendentalism
- thoughts concerning value of life of simplicity and contemplation
10 The Influence of Sea Power upon History (1890)
- written by Captain Alfred Mahan
- argued that control of sea was key to world domination (HAHA)
- influential in promoting growth of US naval during late nineteenth century
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11 Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900)
- written by L. Frank Baum
- written as political commentary on free silver & plight to American farmers
12 The Jungle (1906)
- written by Upton Sinclair
- exposed appalling conditions in Chicago meatpacking industry
- classic example of muckracking novel
- bring about passage of Pure Food and Drug Act & Meat Inspection Act of 1906
13 Lost Generation of the 1920s
- key writers include F. Scott Fritzgerald (The Great Gatsby) & Sinclair Lewis (Babbit)
- disillusioned with American society in the 1920s
- criticized middle-class conformity & materialism
14 Harlem Renaissance (1920s)
- key writers include Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, Claude McKay, Josephine
Baker & James Weldon Johnson
- created distinctive African American literature
- expressed pride in African American culture
15 The Grapes of Wrath (1939)
- written by John Steinbeck
- describes plight of “Okies” forced to leave Dust Bowl-stricken Oklahoma in futile
attempt to find work in California
16 Silent Spring (1962)
- written by Rachel Carson
- protested contamination of air, land, & water w/ chemical insecticide such as DDT
- played key role in sparkling environmental movement in the United States
17 The Other America (1962)
- written by Michael Harrington
- poignant & influential on report of poverty in America
18 Letter from Birmingham Jail (1963)
- letter by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
- argued that citizens are “moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws”
19 Jazz
- Black musicians such as Joseph (“Joe”) King Oliver, W. C. Handy, & “Jelly Roll” Morton
helped create the jazz genre
- especially popular amongst youth → symbolized desire to break tradition
20 Rock & Roll (1950s)
- key musicians include Little Richard, Chuck Berry, & Elvis Presley
- first emerged during the 1950s
Notable Riots, Rebellions, & Crisis in American History
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Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)
- led by Nathaniel Bacon
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- began due to opposition of Governor William Berkeley
- first rebellion in American colonies
2 Stono Rebellion (1739)
- slave rebellion in S. Carolina
3 Pontiac’s Rebellion
- led by Ottawa’s leader, Pontiac
- conflict between Native Americans and British over settlement of Indian lands in Great
Lakes area
4 Shay’s Rebellion (1786)
- led by Daniel Shay
- veterans of American Revolution rebelled as they didn’t get their pay
- proved the AoC needed ratification
5 Whiskey Rebellion (1794)
- tax protest for whiskey
- proved that the Constitution was powerful
6 XYZ Affair (1797-1798)
- John Adams sent three advisers (Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, John Marshall, &
Elbridge Gerry) to France to see Talleyrand
- Advisers stopped by XYZ and asked for a bribe of $250,000 in order to see him
[Talleyrand]
7 Nat Turner’s Slave Rebellion (1831)
- Nat Turner led other slaves to kill white masters
- believed his “calls from God” was what helped him lead the rebellion
8 Nullification Crisis (1832)
- during Andrew Jackson’s presidency
- John C. Calhoun’s “South Carolina Exposition”
- states could nullify laws/tariffs they deemed as “unreasonable” → pisses off Jackson
9 Bleeding Kansas
- during Kansas-Nebraska act
- due to popular sovereignty
- North didn’t want Kansas as slave state
10 John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry (1859)
- John Brown → abolitionist
- armed slave revolt
- “encouraged” North into Civil War later on
11 Homestead Strike (1892)
- between Amalgamated Association of Iron & Steel Works (AA) and Carnegie Steel Co.
- result = major defeat for union and setback for efforts to unionize steelworkers
12 Pullman Strike (1894)
- between American Railway Union (ARU) & railroads
- Pullman Palace Car Company began wildcat strike → recent reductions in wages
13 Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961)
- group of Cuban exiles organized (US supported)
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- attempted to overthrow Fidel Castro
- failed miserably and made American’s think “WTF”
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
- USSR installed missile aimed at the United States
- John F. Kennedy demanded USSR remove them
- 1 week later, Kruschev removed them w/ America removing theirs in Turkey & Greece
My Lai Massacre (1968)
- American troops massacred innocent women and children in My Lai village (Vietnam)
- heard there were communists in the area when in truth, there were none
- pissed off the Americans and they thought “WTF” → suspected government lying to the
American people
Oil Crisis (1970s)
- political crisis in Middle East between them and America
- gas prices soared incredibly making Americans become fearful
Iran Hostage Crisis (1979)
- revolutionaries stormed American embassy in Tehran and held 52 Americans hostage
- hostages released in 1981 when Reagan becomes president → Americans find him a
“hero”
Women’s History
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Colonial America (1607-1789)
A. Anne Hutchinson
- challenged Puritan religious authorities in Massachusetts Bay
- Hutchinson soon banished as she challenged religious doctrine, gender roles, &
clerical authority → claimed she had revelations from God
B. Legal Status of Colonial Women
- [women] usually lost control of property when married
- married women had no separate legal identity apart from husband
- women could not hold political office, serve as clergy, vote, or serve as jurors
- single women & widows had legal right to own property
- women serving as indentured servant MUST remain unmarried until indentured
services are over
C. Chesapeake Colonies
- scarcity of women & high mortality rate among men → true in 17th century
- status of women = high vs. New England Colonies
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Early Republic (1789-1815)
A. Abigail Adams
- Abigail Adams → early proponent of women’s rights
- excerpt from famous letter to her husband [John Adams] included “... I desire you
would remember the ladies...”
- letter demonstrates that some colonial women hoped to benefit from republican
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ideals of equality and individual rights
B. Cult of Domesticity & Republican Motherhood
- cult of domesticity = idealization of women in roles as wives + mothers
- republican mother = women responsible for rearing children to be virtuous citizens of
new America → emphasize family & religious values + have positive moral influence on
American political character
- Middle-class Americans viewed home as refuge from world rather than productive
economic unit
- Catharine Beecher supported cult of domesticity
Women in Antebellum America (1815-1860)
A. Lowell System
- developed in early 19th century to promote & expand textile manufacturing
- first half of 19th century, textile mills [in Lowell] relied heavily on women & children
- 1820s & 1830s, majority of workers in MA textile mills = young unmarried women
- Irish immigrants began to replace New England fam girls in textile mills (prior to Civil
War)
B. Seneca Falls Convention (1848)
- organized and led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Lucretia Mott
- Seneca Falls Convention called for women’s rights in following
→ suffrage
→ right to retain property after marriage
→ equal educational opportunities
→ divorce and child custody rights
- “Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions” issued by Seneca Falls Convention
demanded greater rights for women; first sentence clearly states goal: “We hold these
truths to be self-evident: that all men AND WOMEN are created equal.”
C. Characteristics of Women’s Movement in Antebellum Period
- movement led by middle-class women
- promoted broad-based platform of legal & educational rights
- close links with antislavery & temperance movements
- held conventions in Northeast & Midwest but not in South
- supported all the followings:
→ right of women to vote
→ abolition of slavery
→ passage of temperance laws
→ right of married women to own property
D. Sarah Moore Grimke
- first women to publicly support abolition of slavery and women’s suffrage
Reformers & Suffragettes (1865-1920)
A. Jane Addams
- best known for founding Hull House in Chicago
- Hull House & other settlements became centers of women’s activism and reform
efforts to help urban poor
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- settlement house workers engaged in all the following
→ teaching classes on cooking and dressmaking
→ publishing reports on deplorable housing conditions
→ offering literacy & language classes for immigrants
→ establish day nurseries for working mothers
B. Fight for Suffrage
- frontier life tended to promote acceptance of greater equality for women
- only states with complete women’s suffrage before 1900 was located west of the
Mississippi → Wyoming (1869) = first state to grant women full right to vote
- 19th Amendment (1920) guaranteed women right to vote
C. Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)
- Carry nation = best known & most outspoken leaders of WCTU
- WCTU convinced many women that they had moral responsibility to improve society
by working for prohibition
D. Women & the Progressive Reforms
- Dorothea Dix worked tirelessly on behalf of mentally ill
- Ida B. Wells-Barnett = African American civil rights advocate & early women’s rights
advocate. Noted for opposition to lynching
- Women reformers actively involved in following Progressive Era reforms:
→ passage of child labor legislation at state level
→ campaigns to limit working hours of women & children
E. Women & Workplace
- late 19th & early 20th century, women employed outside of homes were unmarried
- women were most likely to work outside of homes as one of the following:
→ domestic servants
→ garment workers
→ teachers
→ cigars makers
- women least likely to work as:
→ physicians
→ lawyers
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Boom & Bust (1920-1940)
A. Flappers
- symbolized new freedom by challenging old traditional American attitudes about
women → favored short, bobbed hair, smoked cigarettes, & even new one-piece bathing
suits
- few women actually lives flapper lifestyle
- look = very fashionable among college coeds, office workers, & store clerks
B. Women & Workforce
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- percentage of single women in labor force declined between 1920-1930
- women did not receive equal pay & continued facing discrimination
- married women did not seek employment outside homes
C. Margaret Sanger
- outspoken reformer who openly championed birth control for women
D. Decline of Feminist Movement
- following factors caused a decline in feminist movement
→ passage of 19th Amendment
→ changing manners & morality symbolized by flappers
→ dissension among women’s groups concerning goals
→ decline of Progressive Era reform movement
E. Eleanor Roosevelt
- strong supporter of women’s rights during period of New Deal
Women & Workplace (1941-1960)
A. World War II
- stimulated widespread of women into factory work
- married women entered workforce in large numbers
- “Rosie the Riveter” = nickname given to women who worked in America’s factories
during the WW2 time era
B. The 1950s
- women encouraged to give up factory jobs and return home (after WW2) → devote
themselves as wives and mothers
Modern Women’s Rights Movements
A. Betty Friedan
- wrote The Feminine Mystique
- first president of National Organization for Women (NOW)
- one of founders of NOW → organization founded in 1966, challenging sex
discrimination in workplace
- known for criticism of traditional gender roles
B. Expansion of Women’s Rights since 1963
- following contributed to expansion of women’s rights since 1963:
→ Equal Credit Opportunity Act of 1974
→ Supreme Court Decision of Roe vs. Wade
→ Title VII of Civil Rights Act of 1964
→ Affirmative Action regulations
C. Equal Rights Amendments (ERA)
- did not pass so ERA is NOT an amendment
- Phyllis Schlafly led campaign to block ratification of ERA
D. Female Vice-Presidential Candidates
- Geraldine Ferraro = first woman nominated for VP by major political party →
Democrat Walter Mondale’s running mate in 1984
- Sarah Palin = first woman nominated for VP by Republican Party → John McCain’s
running mate in the 2008 presidential election
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13 Colonies
Colony
Year Found
Founder
Reason for
Settlement
Year of Royal
Colony
Virginia
1607
London
Company
Money
→ cash crops
1624
Massachusetts
1620
Puritans
religious
freedom
1691
New Hampshire
1623
John
Wheelwright
religious
freedom
1679
Maryland
1634
Lord Baltimore
(George Calvert)
religious
freedom & safe
haven for
Catholics
N/A
Connecticut
1635
Thomas Hooker
religious
N/A
freedom & voting
rights
Rhode Island
1636
Roger Williams
religious
freedom
N/A
Delaware
1638
Peter Minuit &
Sweden
Company
N/A
N/A
N. Carolina
1653
Virginians
reward &
religious
freedom
1729
S. Carolina
1663
8 Nobles w/
Royal Charter
(Charles II)
reward &
religious
freedom
1729
New Jersey
1664
Lord Berkeley &
Sir George
Carteret
religious
freedom & gift
from Duke of
York
1702
New York
1664
Duke of York
land from Dutch
1685
Pennsylvania
1682
William Penn
pay of debt for
quakers (King
Charles II)
N/A
Georgia
1732
James Edward
fresh start for
1752
18
Oglethorpe
poor people
More Information: 1 & 2
Helpful Notes (Class/After School-Notes) & By Others
- Jeffersonian vs. Jacksonian Democracy
- AoC, Constitution, & Bill of Rights: 1 & 2 & 3
- Colonial America & American Revolution: 1 & 2
- Terms to Know
- Civil War/Reconstruction
- Lives of Women (Time Period)
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